Robert FitzRoy

FitzRoy was a pioneering meteorologist who made accurate daily weather predictions, which he called by a new name of his own invention: "forecasts".^[2] In 1854 he established what would later be called the Met Office, and created systems to get weather information to sailors and fishermen for their safety.^[2] He was an able surveyor and hydrographer. As Governor of New Zealand, serving from 1843 to 1845, he tried to protect the Māori from illegal land sales claimed by British settlers.^[3]

Early life and career

Robert FitzRoy was born at

Robert's half-brother

In February 1818 at the age of 12, FitzRoy entered the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth, and in the following year he entered the Royal Navy. At the age of 14, he embarked as a voluntary student aboard the frigate HMS Owen Glendower, which sailed to South America in the middle of 1820, and returned in January 1822. He was promoted to midshipman while on the vessel, then served as such on HMS Hind.

He completed his course with distinction and was promoted lieutenant on 7 September 1824, having passed the examination with 'full numbers' (100%), the first to achieve this result. After serving on

At that time Beagle, under Captain Pringle Stokes, was carrying out a hydrographic survey of Tierra del Fuego, under the overall command of Captain Phillip Parker King in HMS Adventure. Pringle Stokes became severely depressed and fatally shot himself. Under Lieutenant Skyring, the ship sailed to Rio de Janeiro, where Otway appointed FitzRoy as (temporary) captain of the Beagle on 15 December 1828. By the ship's return to England on 14 October 1830, FitzRoy had established his reputation as a surveyor and commander.

During the survey, some of his men were camping onshore when a group of Fuegian natives made off with their boat. His ship gave chase and, after a scuffle, the culprits' families were brought on board as hostages. Eventually FitzRoy held two boys, a girl and two men (one man escaped.) As it was not possible to put them ashore conveniently, he decided to "civilise the savages", teaching them "English ... the plainer truths of Christianity ... and the use of common tools" before returning them as missionaries.^[4]

The sailors gave them names: the girl was called

In early May 1831 FitzRoy stood as

At the island of "Buttons Land" in Tierra del Fuego they set up a mission post, but when they returned nine days later, the possessions had been looted. Matthews gave up, rejoining the ship. He left the three "westernised" Fuegians to continue the missionary work.

While in the

Is it not extraordinary, that sea-worn, rolled, shingle-stones, and alluvial accumulations, compose the greater portion of these plains? How vast, and of what immense duration, must have been the actions of these waters which smoothed the shingle-stones now buried in the deserts of Patagonia!"[8]

FitzRoy wrote his account of the voyage, including editing the notes of the previous captain of the Beagle. It was published in May 1839 as the Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of H.M.S. Adventure and Beagle, in four volumes, including Darwin's Journal and Remarks, 1832–1836 as the third volume. FitzRoy's account includes a section of Remarks with reference to the Deluge in which he admits that, having read works "by geologists who contradict, by implication, if not in plain terms, the authenticity of the Scriptures" and "while led away by sceptical ideas," he had remarked to a friend that the vast plain of sedimentary material they were crossing "could never have been effected by a forty days' flood." He wrote that in his "turn of mind and ignorance of scripture," he was willing to disbelieve the Biblical account. Concerned that such ideas might "reach the eyes of young sailors," he explains in detail his renewed commitment to a literal reading of the Bible, with arguments that rock layers high in the mountains containing sea shells are proof of

R. D. Keynes, in his introduction to the 2001 edition of Darwin's diary, suggests that FitzRoy had undergone a religious conversion.[10] He was dissociating himself from the new ideas of Charles Lyell, which he had accepted during the voyage, and from Darwin's account which embraced these ideas. Under the influence of his very religious wife, he asserted a new commitment to the doctrine of the established Church of England.^[7]

In 1841 FitzRoy was elected as a Tory as one of the two Members of Parliament for Durham. He was appointed Acting Conservator of the River Mersey in 1842.

Governor of New Zealand

The first Governor of New Zealand, Captain

His instructions were to maintain order and protect the Māori, while satisfying the land hunger of the settlers pouring into the country. He was given very few military resources. Government revenue, mainly from customs duties, was woefully inadequate for his responsibilities.

One of his first tasks was to enquire into the circumstances surrounding the Wairau Affray, in which there had been violent conflict between settlers and the Maori. He found the actions of the colonists to have been illegal and declined to take any action against Te Rauparaha. He did not have the troops to meet him on anything like equal terms. But the New Zealand Company and the settlers felt betrayed and angry. He appointed a Government Superintendent for the area, to establish a ruling presence. Fitzroy also insisted that the New Zealand Company pay the Māori a realistic price for the land they claimed to have purchased. These moves made him very unpopular.

Land sales were a continuing vexatious issue. The settlers were eager to buy land and some Māori were willing to sell, but under the provisions of the Treaty of Waitangi, land sales required the Government as an intermediary, and were thus extremely slow. FitzRoy changed the rules to allow settlers to purchase Māori land directly, subject to a duty of ten shillings per acre. But land sales proved slower than expected.

To meet the financial shortfall, FitzRoy raised the customs duties, then replaced them with property and income taxes. All these expedients failed. Before long the Colony was faced with bankruptcy, and FitzRoy was forced to begin issuing promissory notes, paper money without backing.

Meanwhile, the Māori in the far North, around the

FitzRoy returned to Britain in September 1848 and was made superintendent of the Royal Naval Dockyards at Woolwich. In March 1849 he was given his final sea command, the screw frigate HMS Arrogant.^[12]

In 1850, FitzRoy retired from active service, partly due to ill health. The following year, in 1851, he was elected to the Royal Society with the support of 13 fellows, including Charles Darwin.^[13]

In 1854, on the recommendation of the President of the Royal Society, FitzRoy was appointed as chief of a new department to deal with the collection of weather data at sea. His title was Meteorological Statist to the Board of Trade, and he had a staff of three. This was the forerunner of the modern Meteorological Office. He arranged for captains of ships to provide information, with tested instruments being loaned for this purpose, and for computation of the data collected.^[14]

FitzRoy soon began to work on strategies to make weather information more widely available for the safety of shipping and fishermen. He directed the design and distribution of a type of barometer which, on his recommendation, was fixed at every port to be available to crews for consultation before setting out to sea. Stone housings for such barometers are still visible at many fishing harbours.^[15] The invention of several different types of barometers was attributed to him. These became popular and continued in production into the 20th century, characteristically engraved with Admiral FitzRoy's special remarks on interpretation, such as: "When rising: In winter the rise of the barometer presages frost."^[16]

In 1860, FitzRoy introduced a system of hoisting storm warning cones at the principal ports when a gale was expected. He ordered fleets to stay in port under these conditions.[18] The Weather Book, which he published in 1863, was far in advance of the scientific opinion of the time.^[19] Queen Victoria once sent messengers to FitzRoy's home requesting a weather forecast for a crossing she was about to make to the Isle of Wight.^[2]

Many fishing fleet owners objected to the posting of gale warnings, which required that fleets not leave the ports. Under this pressure, FitzRoy's system was abandoned for a short time after his death. The fishing fleet owners reckoned without the pressure of the fishermen, for whom FitzRoy had been a hero responsible for saving many lives. The system was eventually reinstated in simplified form in 1874.^[18]

When

FitzRoy debunked Lieutenant Stephen Martin Saxby's lunar weather forecasting method as pseudoscience. Saxby tried to counter FitzRoy's arguments in the second edition of his book Saxby Weather System (1864).^[21]

Death and legacy

FitzRoy had been promoted to rear-admiral on the reserved list in 1857^[22] and was advanced to vice-admiral in 1863.^[23] In the coming years, internal and external troubles at the Meteorological Office, financial concerns as well as failing health, and his struggle with depression took their toll.^[24] On 30 April 1865, Vice-Admiral FitzRoy died by suicide^[25] by cutting his throat with a razor.^[26] This took place at Lyndhurst, Westow Hill, Norwood.^[1] He died after exhausting his entire fortune (some £6,000, equivalent to £610,309 in 2021) on public expenditure.

When this came to light, in order to prevent Fitzroy's widow and daughter living in destitution, his friend and colleague Bartholomew Sulivan began an Admiral FitzRoy Testimonial Fund, which succeeded in getting the government to pay £3,000 of this sum^[27] (Charles Darwin contributed £100).^[28] Queen Victoria gave the special favour of allowing his widow and daughter the use of grace and favour apartments at Hampton Court Palace.^[29]

FitzRoy is buried in the front churchyard of All Saints' Church in Upper Norwood, south London. His memorial was restored by the Meteorological Office in 1981.

FitzRoy's publications arising from the Beagle expeditions were influential on Chilean exploration and settlement of Patagonia. His recommendation on establishing a British base on the

Straits of Magellan to aid the travel between the British Isles and Australia contributed to the Chilean decision to occupy the straits in the 1840s.^[30] FitzRoy's book Sailing Directions for South America led Chilean Navy hydrographer Francisco Hudson to investigate in the 1850s the possible existence of a sailing route through internal waters from the Chiloé Archipelago to the Straits of Magellan.^[31] Enrique Simpson found instead FitzRoy's mapping of little use, noting in 1870 that "Fitzroy's chart, that is quite exact until that point [Melinka 43° 53' S], is worthless further ahead...". Thus south of Melinka, Simpson relied more in the late 18th-century sketches of José de Moraleda y Montero.^[32] Simpson's contemporary Francisco Vidal Gormaz was critical of the overall work of FitzRoy and Darwin, stating that they had failed to acknowledge the importance of the Patagonian islands.^[33]

Personal life

Robert FitzRoy married twice. He married Mary Henrietta O'Brien, daughter of Major General Edward James O'Brien and Rachel Charlotte Frobisher, in 1836.[34] They had four children: Emily-Unah, Fanny, Katherine and Robert O'Brien. After the death of his first wife, he married Maria Isabella Smyth, daughter of John Henry Smyth of Heath Hall, Heath, West Yorkshire (son of the politician John Smyth), in London in 1854. Smyth had married his first cousin, Lady Elizabeth Anne FitzRoy—both being grandchildren of the 3rd Duke of Grafton, as was Robert FitzRoy. Lady Elizabeth was daughter of the 4th Duke of Grafton and was a first cousin of Robert FitzRoy. Maria Isabella was therefore Robert's first cousin once removed. They had one daughter, Laura Maria Elizabeth (1858–1943).^[34]

Memorials

A neighbourhood in the city of Punta Arenas Chile, was named in his honour in 1964.

A memorial to FitzRoy is erected atop a metamorphic outcrop beside the

Isla Navarino, in the Chilean part of Tierra del Fuego archipelago, South America.^[35][36] It was presented in his bicentenary (2005) and commemorates his 23 January 1833 landing on Wulaia Cove. Another memorial, presented also in FitzRoy's bicentenary, commemorates his Cape Horn landing on 19 April 1830.^[35]

Mount Fitz Roy at the Argentina–Chile border was named after him by the Argentine scientist and explorer Francisco Moreno

. It is 3,440 m (11,286 ft) high. The aboriginals had not named it, and used the word chaltén (meaning smoking mountain) for this and other peaks.

Fitzroy River, in northern Western Australia, was named after him by Lieutenant John Lort Stokes who, at the time, commanded HMS Beagle (previously commanded by FitzRoy).

The South American conifer Fitzroya cupressoides is named after him, as well as the Delphinus fitzroyi, a species of dolphin discovered by Darwin during his voyage aboard the Beagle.^[38]

Fitzroy, Falkland Islands and Port Fitzroy, New Zealand are also named after him.

The World War II

Captain class frigate HMS Fitzroy (K553) was named after him, as was the weather ship Admiral Fitzroy (formerly HMS Amberley Castle

).

In 2010 New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) named its new IBM supercomputer "FitzRoy" in honour of him.^[39]

On 4 February 2002, when the shipping forecast sea area Finisterre was renamed to avoid confusion with the (smaller) French and Spanish forecast area of the same name, the new name chosen by the UK's Meteorological Office was "FitzRoy", in honour of their founder.

FitzRoy has been commemorated by the Fitzroy Building at the University of Plymouth, used by the School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental Science.

There is blue plaque on FitzRoy's house at 38 Onslow Square, London.^[40]

Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy was commemorated on two stamps issued by the

St Helena

.

Fitzroy Island in Queensland, Australia, is named after FitzRoy,^[41] as are the Fitzroy River and subsequently Fitzroy Crossing in Western Australia.

In fiction

The

BAFTA award-winning television series in 1978 titled The Voyage of Charles Darwin where Captain Robert Fitzroy was played by actor Andrew Burt with Malcolm Stoddard

as Darwin with a storyline that followed the historic interaction between Darwin and FitzRoy before and after their time together on HMS Beagle. [42]

In 1997, the play FitzRoy by Juliet Aykroyd was first performed at the University of Reading.^[43] It has since been performed under the title The Ostrich and the Dolphin^[44] – alluding to Darwin's rhea and the dusky dolphin, named Delphinus fitzroyi by Darwin – before being published as Darwin & FitzRoy in October 2013.^[45]

A novel by Argentinian writer, Sylvia Iparraguirre, entitled Tierra del Fuego, was published in 2000.^[46] It retells the story of Fitzroy's experiment with "civilizing" the Yamaná from the perspective of a fictional narrator, British-Argentinian Jack Guevarra. The novel received the Sor Juana de la Cruz prize and was translated into English by Hardie St. Martin.^[47]

A novel entitled

Man Booker Prize^[48]

(although Thompson died in November 2005).

The novel Darwin's Dreams by Sean Hoade was published in 2008 and republished in a new edition in 2016. The novel begins with the first meeting of Darwin and FitzRoy and ends with Darwin receiving notice of FitzRoy's suicide. The plot is interlaced with fictional "dreams" that imagine how the world would be if the ideas of evolutionary thinkers over the millennia had been literally true. The dreams also show how Darwin's subconscious dealt with major themes in his life such as the death of his beloved daughter Annie and his lifelong friendship and rivalry with FitzRoy.[49]

The play Darwins Kapten was published by Henning Mankell in 2009, and had its world premiere in 2010 at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm. It is about Darwin and his journey on the Beagle: many years after the five-year long voyage, Darwin receives a message that his captain on the ship, FitzRoy, has died by suicide. The play portrays the reception of Darwin's discoveries, as well as the consequences of taking a stand against existing ideas in a world that is built on belief in God as the only creator of life.^[50]

See also

• European and American voyages of scientific exploration
• Second voyage of HMS Beagle
• HMS Beagle
• The Voyage of the Beagle

References

Citations

1. ^ ^{a b} FITZROY Robert Esq... who died 30 April 1865 at Lyndhurst Weston Hill Norwood in the County of Surrey" in Wills and Administrations (England and Wales), ancestry.co.uk, accessed 7 January 2023 (subscription required)
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Moore, Peter (30 April 2015). "The birth of the weather forecast". BBC News. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
3. ^ "Robert FitzRoy biography". New Zealand history (NZ Govt website).
4. ^ Adam Kuper (2017). The Reinvention of Primitive Society: Transformations of a Myth. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 26.
5. ^
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7. ^
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9. ^ FitzRoy, Robert (1839). "Chapter XXVIII: A Very Few Remarks with Reference to the Deluge". Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Proceedings of the second expedition, 1831–36, under the command of Captain Robert Fitz-Roy, R.N. London: Henry Colburn.
10. ^ ^{a b} Keynes, R. D., ed. (2001). Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxi–xxii.
11. ^ Scholefield 1940, p. 349.
12. S2CID 145354564
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13. ^ "List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660–2007" (PDF). The Royal Society Library and Information Services. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
14. ^
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15. ^ "Scottish Harbour Barometers". Banffshire Maritime & Heritage Association. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
16. ^ "Admiral FitzRoy's special remarks". Queenswood.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007.
17. ^ "Storm Glass". The Weather Notebook. Mount Washington Observatory. 7 May 2004. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015.
18. ^
    ISBN 978-0-41513-016-5
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19. ^ "The Royal Charter Gale and the world's first National Forecasting Service". Met Office website.
20. OCLC 26502431
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21. ^ Saxby, S. M. (1864). Saxby Weather System.
22. ^ "No. 21968". The London Gazette. 17 February 1857. p. 539.
23. ^ "No. 22772". The London Gazette. 18 September 1863. p. 4561.
24. ISBN 0-7553-1181-7
25. ^ "Robert Fitzroy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
26. ISBN 0-691-11439-0
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27. ISBN 9780521824132
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28. ^ "Letter no. 4908 – Charles Shaw to Charles Darwin". Darwin Correspondence Project. 3 October 1865. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
29. ISBN 9781844863273
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30. ISBN 0-8138-0305-5
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31. ^ Sepúlveda Ortíz, Jorge (1998), "Francisco Hudson, un destacado marino poco conocido en nuestra historia" (PDF), Revista de Marina (in Spanish): 1–20, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2019, retrieved 17 February 2019
32. ^ Simpson, E. (1874). Esploraciones hechas por la Corbeta Chacabuco al mando del capitán de fragata don Enrique M. Simpson en los Archipiélagos de Guaitecas, Chonos i Taitao. Santiago. Imprenta Nacional.
33. doi:10.4067/S0718-22442016000200006
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34. ^ ^{a b} Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage Ltd, ed. (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage. Vol. 2 (107th ed.). p. 1617.
35. ^ ^{a b} "Homenaje a un navegante singular" (in Spanish). Patrimonio Cultural De Chile. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
36. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). "Bahia Wulaia Dome Middens". Megalithic Portal.
37. ^ "About the Inn". Admiral Fitzroy Inn. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
38. ^ Bryson, Bill (2005). A Short History of Nearly Everything. London: Transworld. p. 481.
39. ^ "NIWA Installs new IBM supercomputer". Geekzone. 21 July 2010.
40. ^ "FitzRoy, Admiral Robert (1805-1865)". English Heritage. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
41. ^ "Robert Fitzroy takes his own life". HMS Beagle Project. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
42. ^ "The Voyage of Charles Darwin". IMDb.com. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
43. ^ Aykroyd, Juliet (8 October 2013). Darwin & FitzRoy. Sulivan & Stokes. Retrieved 23 March 2017 – via Amazon.
44. ^ "The Ostrich and the Dolphin (play)". UK Theatre Web. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
45. ^ "Authors: Juliet Aykroyd". Stay Thirsty Media. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
46. ^ "Tierra del Fuego". Northwestern University Press. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
47. ^ "Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Literature Award - 1999 - Sylvia Iparraguirre". Guadalajara International Book Fair. Retrieved 5 July 2020. Tierra del Fuego is the novel with which the Argentinean Sylvia Iparraguirre won the 1999 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Prize for a novel written by women, awarded by the Guadalajara International Book Fair.
48. ^ "This Thing of Darkness". Man Booker Prize. 2005. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
49. ^ Hoade, Sean. "Darwin's Dreams". Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
50. ^ Mankell, Henning. "Darwin's Captain". henningmankell.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.

Bibliography

• Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe.
  • King, P. P. (1839). FitzRoy, Robert (ed.). Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Proceedings of the first expedition, 1826–30, under the command of Captain P. Parker King, R.N., F.R.S. Vol. I. London: Henry Colburn. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
  • FitzRoy, Robert (1839). Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Proceedings of the second expedition, 1831–36, under the command of Captain Robert Fitz-Roy, R.N. Vol. II. London: Henry Colburn. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
  • FitzRoy, Robert (1839). Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Vol. Appendix to Volume II. London: Henry Colburn. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
• FitzRoy, Robert (1846). Remarks on New Zealand, in February 1846. London: W. and H. White.
  ISBN 978-0-902041-13-4
  .
• FitzRoy, Robert (1859). Notes on Meteorology. Board of Trade.
• FitzRoy, Robert (1860). Barometer Manual. Board of Trade.
• FitzRoy, Robert (1863). The Weather Book: A Manual of Practical Meteorology. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green.
• Collins, Philip R. (2007). FitzRoy and his barometers. Baros Books.
  ISBN 978-0-948382-14-7
  .
• Gribbin, John & Gribbin, Mary (2003). FitzRoy: The Remarkable Story of Darwin's Captain and the Invention of the Weather Forecast. Review.
  ISBN 0-7553-1182-5
  .
• Marks, Richard Lee (1991). Three Men of The Beagle. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  ISBN 0-394-58818-5
  .
• Mellersh, H. E. L. (1968). FitzRoy of the Beagle. Hart-Davis.
  ISBN 0-246-97452-4
  .
• Moon, Paul (2000). FitzRoy: Governor in Crisis 1843–1845. David Ling Publishing.
  ISBN 0-908990-70-7
  .
• ISBN 978-1-8619-7451-8
• Department of Internal Affairs
  . Retrieved 21 September 2013.
• Taylor, James (2008). The Voyage of the Beagle: Darwin's extraordinary adventure aboard FitzRoy's famous survey ship. Naval Institute Press.
  ISBN 978-1-59114-920-0
  .
• Thompson, Harry (2005). This Thing of Darkness. Headline Review.
  ISBN 0-7553-0281-8
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert FitzRoy.

• O'Byrne, William Richard (1849). "FitzRoy, Robert" . A Naval Biographical Dictionary . John Murray – via Wikisource.
• Works by or about Robert Fitzroy at Wikisource
• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Robert FitzRoy
• Science Museum | Heavy Weather | Admiral FitzRoy and the FitzRoy barometer
• BBC – h2g2 – Robert FitzRoy
• Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
• Government House, Wellington biography
• Image of Robert FitzRoy's commemorative plaque in Horn Island (Chile)
• Image of Robert FitzRoy's memorial at Wulaia Bay (Chile)
• Works by Robert FitzRoy at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Robert FitzRoy at Internet Archive
• The Weather Book
• Robert FitzRoy FRS: sailing into the storm – an audio lecture by Dr John Gribbin at Royal Society website
• BBC News Magazine – The birth of the weather forecast

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by William Charles Harland Thomas Colpitts Granger	Member of Parliament for City of Durham 1841–1843 With: Thomas Colpitts Granger	Succeeded by Viscount Dungannon Thomas Colpitts Granger
Government offices
Preceded by Captain William Hobson	Governor of New Zealand 1843–1845	Succeeded by Sir George Grey