Robert Maxwell

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other people named Robert Maxwell, see Robert Maxwell (disambiguation).

Robert Maxwell
MC
Maxwell at the Global Economic Panel in Amsterdam (1989)
Member of Parliament
for Buckingham
In office
15 October 1964 – 29 May 1970
Preceded bySir Frank Markham
Succeeded bySir Bill Benyon
Personal details
Born
Ján Ludvík Hyman Binyamin Hoch

(1923-06-10)10 June 1923
Slatinské Doly, Czechoslovakia (now Solotvyno, Ukraine)
Died5 November 1991(1991-11-05) (aged 68)
Sea around the Canary Islands, Spain
Resting placeMount of Olives Jewish Cemetery, Jerusalem
CitizenshipCzechoslovak
British (1946–1991)
Political partyLabour
Spouse
Czechoslovak Army
  • British Army
    • Years of service1940–1945
    RankCaptain
    Battles/warsWorld War II
    AwardsMilitary Cross

    Ian Robert Maxwell

    fraudster, and the father of the convicted sex offender Ghislaine Maxwell.[1][2]

    After escaping the

    Mirror Group Newspapers and Macmillan Publishers
    , among other publishing companies.

    Maxwell led a flamboyant lifestyle, living in

    Lady Ghislaine. He was litigious and often embroiled in controversy. In 1989, Maxwell had to sell successful businesses, including Pergamon Press, to cover some of his debts. In 1991, his body was discovered floating in the Atlantic Ocean, having apparently fallen overboard from his yacht. He was buried in Jerusalem
    .

    Maxwell's death triggered the collapse of his publishing empire as banks called in loans. His sons briefly attempted to keep the business together, but failed as the news emerged that the elder Maxwell had embezzled hundreds of millions of pounds from his own companies' pension funds. The Maxwell companies applied for bankruptcy protection in 1992. After Maxwell's death, large discrepancies in his companies' finances were revealed, including his fraudulent misappropriation of the Mirror Group pension fund.[3]

    Early life

    Robert Maxwell was born Ján Ludvík Hyman Binyamin Hoch in the small town of Slatinské Doly, in the region of Carpathian Ruthenia, Czechoslovakia (now Solotvyno, Ukraine), on 10 June 1923.[4][5][6] Like the rest of the then newly-formed Czechoslovakia, the area of Maxwell's birth and upbringing had officially been part of the Habsburg monarchy, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, up until early November 1918. The area was reclaimed by the Kingdom of Hungary in 1939.

    Maxwell was born into a poor

    Czechoslovak Army in exile in Marseille.[7]

    After the fall of France and the British retreat to Britain, Maxwell (using the name "Ivan du Maurier",[8] or "Leslie du Maurier",[9] the surname taken from the name of a popular cigarette brand) took part in a protest against the leadership of the Czechoslovak Army, and with 500 other soldiers he was transferred to the Pioneer Corps and later to the North Staffordshire Regiment in 1943. He was then involved in action across Europe, from the Normandy beaches to Berlin, and achieved the rank of sergeant.[4] Maxwell gained a commission in 1945 and was promoted to the rank of captain.

    In January 1945, Maxwell's heroism in "storming a German machine-gun nest" won him the

    Foreign Office, he served in Berlin during the next two years in the press section.[6] Maxwell naturalised as a British subject on 19 June 1946[11] and changed his name by deed of change of name on 30 June 1948.[12]

    In 1945, Maxwell married

    leukaemia at age three, while Michael was severely injured in a car crash in 1961, at age 15, when his driver fell asleep at the wheel and crashed headlong into another vehicle. Michael never regained consciousness and died seven years later.[15]

    After the war, Maxwell used contacts in the

    Springer Verlag, a publisher of scientific books. In 1951, he bought three-quarters of Butterworth-Springer, a minor publisher; the remaining quarter was held by the experienced scientific editor Paul Rosbaud.[16] They changed the name of the company to Pergamon Press and rapidly built it into a major academic publishing house.[17]

    In the 1964 general election, representing the Labour Party, Maxwell was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Buckingham and re-elected in 1966. He gave an interview to The Times in 1968 in which he said the House of Commons provided him with a problem. "I can't get on with men", he commented. "I tried having male assistants at first. But it didn't work. They tend to be too independent. Men like to have individuality. Women can become an extension of the boss."[18] Maxwell lost his seat in 1970 to Conservative challenger William Benyon. He contested Buckingham again in both 1974 general elections, but without success.

    At the beginning of 1969, it emerged that Maxwell's attempt to buy the tabloid newspaper News of the World had failed.[19] The Carr family, which owned the title, was incensed at the thought of a Czechoslovak immigrant with socialist politics gaining ownership, and the board voted against Maxwell's bid without any dissent. The News of the World's editor, Stafford Somerfield, opposed Maxwell's bid in an October 1968 front page opinion piece in which he referred to Maxwell's Czechoslovak origins and used his birth name.[20] He wrote, "This is a British paper, run by British people ... as British as roast beef and Yorkshire pudding ... Let us keep it that way".[21] The paper was later purchased by Australian tycoon Rupert Murdoch, who later that year acquired The Sun, which had also previously interested Maxwell.[22]

    Pergamon lost and regained

    In 1969,

    London stock markets.[24]

    Maxwell subsequently lost control of Pergamon and was expelled from the board in October 1969, along with three other directors in sympathy with him, by the majority owners of the company's shares.

    Rondle Owen Charles Stable and Sir Ronald Leach in mid-1971.[26][6] The inquiry resulted in a report that concluded: "We regret having to conclude that, notwithstanding Mr Maxwell's acknowledged abilities and energy, he is not in our opinion a person who can be relied on to exercise proper stewardship of a publicly quoted company."[27][28] It was found that Maxwell had contrived to inflate Pergamon's share price through transactions between his private family companies.[23]

    At the same time, the United States Congress was investigating Leasco's takeover practices. Judge Thayne Forbes in September 1971 was critical of the inquiry: "They had moved from an inquisitorial role to accusatory one and virtually committed the business murder of Mr. Maxwell." He further continued that the trial judge would probably find that the inspectors had acted "contrary to the rules of natural justice".[29] Pergamon performed poorly under Steinberg; Maxwell reacquired the company in 1974 after borrowing funds.[30]

    Maxwell established the Maxwell Foundation in Liechtenstein in 1970. He acquired the British Printing Corporation (BPC) in 1981 and changed its name first to the British Printing and Communication Corporation (BPCC) and then to the Maxwell Communication Corporation (MCC). The company was later sold in a management buyout and is now known as Polestar.

    Later business activities

    In July 1984, Maxwell acquired

    Reed International plc.[31] for £113 million.[32] This led to a media war between Maxwell and Murdoch, the proprietor of the News of the World and The Sun.[citation needed
    ]

    Mirror Group Newspapers (formerly Trinity Mirror, now part of

    Scottish Daily Record. At a press conference to publicize his acquisition, Maxwell said his editors would be "free to produce the news without interference".[31] Meanwhile, at a meeting of Maxwell's new employees, Mirror journalist Joe Haines asserted that he was able to prove that their boss was "a crook and a liar".[33][34] Haines quickly came under Maxwell's influence and later wrote his authorised biography.[33]

    In June 1985, Maxwell announced a takeover of

    IPC Media to create Fleetway Publications. The same year, he launched the London Daily News in February after a delay caused by production problems, but the paper closed in July after sustaining significant losses contemporary estimates put at £25 million.[37] Originally intending it to be a rival of the Evening Standard, Maxwell eventually decided to make it the first 24-hour paper as well.[38]

    In May 1987, Maxwell's BPCC made an

    unsolicited bid to acquire US publishing conglomerate Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (HBJ).[39] HBJ defended itself from the hostile takeover attempt by going deeply into debt to make large cash payments to shareholders.[40] The strain of the debt was a factor in HBJ's 1989 sale of its theme park holdings to Anheuser-Busch.[41] These theme park assets included the SeaWorld chain, which the company had purchased in 1976.[42]

    By 1988, Maxwell's various companies owned, in addition to the Mirror titles and Pergamon Press,

    Daily News. The same year Maxwell sold forty-nine percent of Mirror Group's stock to the public.[6]

    Maxwell's links with Eastern European

    totalitarian regimes resulted in several biographies[43] of those countries' leaders, with interviews conducted by Maxwell, for which he received much derision.[6] At the beginning of an interview with Romania's Nicolae Ceaușescu, then the country's communist leader, he asked, "How do you account for your enormous popularity with the Romanian people?"[44]

    Global Economic Panel April 1989 in Amsterdam: Wisse Dekker, minister Hans van den Broek, Henry Kissinger and Robert Maxwell.
    For the last 32 years of his life, Maxwell lived at Headington Hill Hall, which he rented from Oxford City Council and described as "the best council house" in the country.[45] It is now part of Oxford Brookes University.

    Maxwell was also the chairman of

    League Cup a year later. Maxwell used the club's old grounds, close to his office at Headington Hill Hall, to land his helicopter – fans would chant, "He's fat, he's round, he's never on the ground".[46][47] Maxwell also bought into Derby County in 1987. He attempted to buy Manchester United in 1984 but refused owner Martin Edwards
    's asking price.

    Pergamon Press, a

    PROMIS was sold in the mid-1980s for Soviet government use, with Maxwell as a conduit.[52]

    Maxwell was known to be litigious against those who would speak or write against him. The satirical magazine

    libel actions against Private Eye, one resulting in the magazine losing an estimated £225,000 and Maxwell using his commercial power to hit back with a one-off spoof magazine called Not Private Eye.[55]

    Israeli controversy

    1948 war

    A hint of Maxwell's service to Israel was provided by

    arm Israel in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Czechoslovak military assistance was both unique and crucial for Israel in the conflict. According to Loftus and Aarons, it was Maxwell's covert help in smuggling aircraft parts into Israel that led to the country having air supremacy during the war.[56]

    Mossad allegations; Vanunu case

    The

    Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir eulogised him and stated: "He has done more for Israel than can today be told."[58]

    Shortly before Maxwell's death,

    kidnapped by Mossad and smuggled to Israel, convicted of treason and imprisoned for eighteen years.[59]

    Ben-Menashe's story was ignored at first, but eventually journalist Seymour Hersh of The New Yorker repeated some of the allegations during a press conference in London held to publicize The Samson Option, Hersh's book about Israel's nuclear weapons.[60] On 21 October 1991, Labour MP George Galloway and Conservative MP Rupert Allason (also known as espionage author Nigel West) agreed to raise the issue in the House of Commons under parliamentary privilege protection,[a] which in turn allowed British newspapers to report events without fear of libel suits. Maxwell called the claims "ludicrous, a total invention" and fired Davies.[61] A year later, in Galloway's libel settlement against Mirror Group Newspapers, Galloway's counsel announced that the MP accepted that the group's staff had not been involved in Vanunu's abduction. Galloway referred to Maxwell as "one of the worst criminals of the century".[62]

    Death

    On 4 November 1991, Maxwell had an argumentative phone call with his son Kevin over a meeting scheduled with the

    Lady Ghislaine, to the Canary Islands, Spain.[10]

    On 5 November, Maxwell was last in contact with the crew of Lady Ghislaine at 4:25 a.m. local time, but was found to be missing later in the morning.[61] It has been speculated that Maxwell was urinating into the ocean nude at the time, as he often did.[10] He was presumed to have fallen overboard from the vessel, which was cruising off the Canary Islands, southwest of Spain.[61][63] Maxwell's naked body was recovered from the Atlantic Ocean and taken to Las Palmas.[59] Besides a "graze to his left shoulder", there were no noticeable wounds on Maxwell's body.[10] The official ruling at an inquest held in December 1991 was death by a heart attack combined with accidental drowning,[64] although three pathologists had been unable to agree on the cause of his death at the inquest;[59] he had been found to have been suffering from serious heart and lung conditions.[65] Murder was ruled out by the judge and, in effect, so was suicide.[64] His son discounted the possibility of suicide, saying, "I think it is highly unlikely that he would have taken his own life, it wasn't in his makeup or his mentality."[10]

    Maxwell was afforded a lavish funeral in Israel, attended by

    Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, Israeli President Chaim Herzog, at least six serving and former heads of Israeli intelligence[66] and many dignitaries and politicians, both government and opposition, and was buried on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem.[67][68] Herzog delivered the eulogy, and the Kaddish was recited by his fellow Holocaust survivor, friend and longtime attorney Samuel Pisar.[69]

    British Prime Minister

    attempted coup of 1991. He was a "great character", Major added.[70] Neil Kinnock
    , then Labour Party leader, spoke of him as a man with "a zest for life" who "attracted controversy, envy and loyalty in great measure throughout his rumbustious life."

    A production crew conducting research for Maxwell, a 2007 biographical film by the BBC, uncovered tapes stored in a suitcase owned by his former head of security, John Pole. Later in his life, Maxwell had become increasingly paranoid about his own employees and had the offices of those he suspected of disloyalty bugged so he could hear their conversations. After Maxwell's death, the tapes remained in Pole's suitcase and were discovered by the researchers only in 2007.[71]

    Aftermath of Maxwell's death

    Maxwell's death triggered instability for his publishing empire, with banks frantically calling in their massive loans. Despite the efforts of his sons Kevin and Ian, the Maxwell companies soon collapsed. It emerged that, without adequate prior authorisation, Maxwell had used hundreds of millions of pounds from his companies'

    Coopers & Lybrand, and Goldman Sachs, as well as the British government.[73] This replenishment was limited and also supported by a surplus in the printers' fund, which was taken by the government in part payment of £100 million required to support the workers' state pensions. The rest of the £100 million was waived. Maxwell's theft of pension funds was therefore partly repaid from public funds. The result was that in general, pensioners received about half of their company pension entitlement.[74]

    The Maxwell companies filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992. Kevin Maxwell was declared bankrupt with debts of £400 million. In 1995, Kevin, Ian and two other former directors went on trial for conspiracy to defraud, but were unanimously acquitted by a 12-person jury the following year.[75]

    Family

    In November 1994, Maxwell's widow Elisabeth published her memoirs, A Mind of My Own: My Life with Robert Maxwell,

    Holocaust and worked as a proponent of Jewish-Christian dialogue. She died on 7 August 2013.[78]

    In July 2020, Maxwell's youngest child, his daughter Ghislaine Maxwell, was arrested and charged in New Hampshire with six federal crimes, involving minors' trade, travel, and seduction to engage in criminal sexual activity, and conspiracy to entice children to engage in illegal sex acts, allegedly linked to a sex trafficking ring with Jeffrey Epstein (who had already died in jail the previous year). She was convicted on 29 December 2021, and sentenced to 20 years in prison on 28 June 2022.[79]

    In popular culture

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ Parliamentary privilege allows MPs to ask questions in Parliament without risk of being sued for defamation.

    References

    1. ^ "Robert Maxwell's sons speak out about their fraudster father". ITV News. 9 September 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
    2. ^ Черных, Е. (Chernykh, E.) (3 June 1992). "Максвелл родился в СССР?" [Was Maxwell born in the USSR?]. Комсомольская правда (in Russian). Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023 – via flb.ru.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    3. ^ "A Notorious Fraud – the Robert Maxwell Farrago". Australian Guardians. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
    4. ^
      ISBN 5-93273-154-0
      (in Russian)
    5. ^ Иван Мащенко (7–13 September 2002). Медиа-олигарх из Солотвина. Зеркало недели (in Russian) (#34 (409)). Archived from the original on 22 December 2012.
    6. ^ a b c d e Whitney, Craig R. (6 November 1991). "Robert Maxwell, 68: From Refugee to the Ruthless Builder of a Publishing Empire". The New York Times. p. 5.
    7. ^ "Ludvík Hoch (Maxwell) in the database of Central Military Archive in Prague".
    8. ^ Walters, Rob (8 December 2009). "Naughty Boys: Ten Rogues of Oxford". google.se. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
    9. ^ Spy. Sussex Publishers, LLC. May 1988.
    10. ^ a b c d e Kirsch, Noah (28 February 2020). "Long Before Ghislaine Maxwell Disappeared, Her Mogul Father Died Mysteriously". Forbes.
    11. ^ "No. 37658". The London Gazette. 19 July 1946. p. 3739.
    12. ^ "No. 38352". The London Gazette. 13 July 1948. p. 4046.
    13. ISBN 0-7088-4303-4
      .
    14. ^ Witchell, Alex (15 February 1995). "AT LUNCH WITH: Elisabeth Maxwell; Questions Without Answers". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
    15. ^ Rampton, James (28 April 2007). "Maxwell was a monster – but much more, too". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
    16. ^ Haines (1988) 135
    17. S2CID 33410858
      .
    18. ^ Barwick, Sandra (25 October 1994). "The beast and his beauties". The Independent.
    19. ^ "1969: Murdoch wins Fleet Street foothold". BBC. 2 January 1969.
    20. ISBN 9780330393768
      .
    21. ^ Grundy, Bill (24 October 1968). "Mr Maxwell and the Ailing Giant". The Spectator. p. 6.
    22. ^ "The Maxwell Murdoch tabloid rivalry". BBC News. 5 November 2011.
    23. ^ a b Barker, Dennis; Sylvester, Christopher (6 November 1991). "Robert Maxwell obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
    24. ^ a b Davenport, Nicholas (29 August 1969). "Money Wanted: A Board of Trade inquiry". The Spectator. p. 24.
    25. ^ Davenport, Nicholas (17 October 1969). "Money: The End of the Affair". The Spectator. p. 22.
    26. ISBN 978-0-11-510728-3
      .
    27. ISBN 978-0-11-510728-3
      .
    28. ISBN 1412908779
      .
    29. ^ Betty Maxwell, p. 542
    30. ^ a b c "Robert Maxwell: Overview". keputa.net. Archived from the original on 18 August 2002.
    31. ^ a b "Briton Buys the Mirror Chain". The New York Times. 14 July 1984.
    32. ISBN 9780330393768
      .
    33. ^ a b "Say It Ain't So, Joe". The Spectator. 22 February 1992. p. 15.
    34. ^ Greenslade (2003), p. 395
    35. ^ "Sinclair to Sell British Unit". The New York Times. 18 June 1985. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
    36. ^ "Sinclair: A Corporate History". Planet Sinclair. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
    37. Glasgow Herald
      . 25 July 1987. p. 3.
    38. ^ Campbell, Duncan (28 August 2006). "The London legacy of Cap'n Bob". The Guardian.
    39. Wall Street Journal
      . 19 May 1987. p. 1.
    40. ^ Vaughan, Vicki; Strother, Susan G. (26 May 1987). "HBJ TO FIGHT TAKEOVER WITH RECAPITALIZATION". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
    41. ^ Picht, Randolph (28 September 1989). "Anheuser-Busch Buys Sea World, Other Theme Parks From Harcourt". Associated Press. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
    42. ^ "Harcourt Firm Gains Control of Sea World". Orlando Sentinel. 23 November 1976. p. 5B.
    43. ^ Ellis, David; Urquhart, Sidney (8 April 1991). "Maxwell's Hall of Shame". Time. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010.
    44. ^ "Editorial: "Breaking the Spell". The Spectator. 21 December 1991. p. 3.
    45. ^ "", Headington History
    46. ^ "Headington History: People – Robert Maxwell". headington.org.uk. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
    47. ^ Walters, Rob (2011). Naughty Boys: Ten Rogues of Oxford. p. 61.
    48. ^ Whitney, Craig R. (15 November 1991). "British Communists Admit Accepting Soviet 'Aid'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
    49. ^ Dejevsky, Mary (9 November 1991). "Maxwell's former firm on List of Soviet Favourites". The Independent.
    50. ^ Pringle, Peter (11 November 1991). "Soviets to Conduct Inquiry Over Friendly Firms". The Independent.
    51. ^ Belton 2020, p. 54.
    52. ^ Ditlea, Steve (20 June 1997). "In New French Best-Seller, Software Meets Espionage". The New York Times.
    53. ^ Kelly, Jon (4 May 2007). "The strange allure of Robert Maxwell". BBC News.
    54. ^ "Murdoch conclusion stirs memories of his old foe Maxwell". Chicago Tribune. Reuters. 1 May 2012.
    55. ^ Quinn, Tony (6 March 2007). "Not Private Eye". Magforum.com.
    56. ISBN 9780312156480
      .
    57. ^ "FO Suspected Maxwell Was a Russian Agent, Papers Reveal". The Telegraph, 2 November 2003
    58. ISBN 978-0312252847
      .
    59. ^ a b c Verkaik, Robert (10 March 2006). "The Mystery of Maxwell's Death". The Independent.
    60. OCLC 24609770
      .
    61. ^ a b c Laurance, Ben; Hooper, John; Sharrock, David; Henry, Georgina (6 November 1991). "Maxwell's body found in sea". The Guardian.
    62. ^ "Scottish MP wins libel damages". The Herald. 22 December 1992.
    63. ^ "Robert Maxwell: A Profile". BBC News. 29 March 2001. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
    64. ^
      Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original
      on 4 March 2016.
    65. ^ Simons, Marlise (12 December 1991). "Autopsy Indicates Maxwell Did Not Drown". The New York Times.
    66. ^ Thomas (1999), p. 210
    67. ^ Haberman, Clyde (11 November 1991). "The Media Business; Maxwell Is Buried In Jerusalem". The New York Times.
    68. ^ "Israel gives Maxwell farewell fit for hero". The Washington Post. 11 November 1991.
    69. Jewish Telegraph Agency
      . 11 November 1991.
    70. ^ Nicholson, Kate (17 August 2020). "Ghislaine Maxwell's father Robert 'fooled even John Major with dangerous charm'". Daily Express. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
    71. ^ "BBC reveals secret Maxwell tapes". BBC News. 25 April 2007.
    72. ^ Prokesch, Steven (24 June 1992). "Maxwell's Mirror Group Has $727.5 Million Loss". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
    73. ^ "The pensioners' tale". BBC News. 29 March 2001. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
    74. ^ Collinson, Patrick (7 June 2003). "The Maxwell legacy: little change to pensions fiasco". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
    75. ^ Willcock, John; Eisenhammer, John (20 January 1996). "Fraud office faces crisis as Maxwell brothers go free". The Independent. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
    76. ^ Diski, Jenny (26 January 1995). "Bob and Betty". London Review of Books. 17 (2). London, England: Bloomsbury. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
    77. ^ MacIntyre, Ben (1 January 1995). "A Match for Robert Maxwell". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
    78. ^ Greenslade, Roy (9 August 2013). "Betty, Robert Maxwell's widow, dies aged 92". The Guardian.
    79. ^ O'Brien, Rebecca Davis; Paul, Deanna (2 July 2020). "Ghislaine Maxwell, confidante of Jeffrey Epstein, arrested on federal charges". The Wall Street Journal.
    80. ISBN 0002253186
      .
    81. ^ Kempley, Rita (19 December 1997). "'TOMORROW NEVER DIES': JAMES BOND ZIPS INTO THE '90S". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
    82. Paste Magazine. Archived from the original
      on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
    83. ^ Nightengale, Benedict (13 January 2006). "Portrait of a megalomaniac". The Times. p. 39.
    84. ISBN 1844138755
      .
    85. ^ "Suchet in title role of BBC Two's Maxwell". BBC. 16 February 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
    86. ^ Luft, Oliver (25 November 2008). "UK scoops seven International Emmys". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
    87. ISBN 2266087630
      .
    88. ISSN 0261-3077
      . Retrieved 18 October 2023.

    Further reading

    External links
    Parliament of the United Kingdom
    Preceded by Member of Parliament for Buckingham
    1964–1970     		Succeeded by
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Maxwell&oldid=1217218700"