Robert W. Young

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For other people named Robert Young, see Robert Young (disambiguation).

Robert W. Young (May 18, 1912 – February 20, 2007),

Navajo linguist and scholar William Morgan
, publishing a "practical orthography" in 1937.

From the 1940s through the 1950s, they published three major works, including The Navajo Language (1943), a compiled dictionary. That year Young and Morgan served as editors and began publication of Ádahooníłígíí, the first newspaper written in Navajo and the second Native American-language newspaper in the United States, after the Cherokee Phoenix of 1828–1834. Its publication contributed to standardization of Navajo orthography.

The men continued their work of analysis and documentation of Navajo; in 1980, 1987 they published The Navajo Language: A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary, representing "a huge increase in descriptive coverage" of the language.[2] The 1987 edition included new appendices and grammar sections. It established itself as the major reference grammar of the Navajo language.[3] Young, Morgan and Sally Midgette also produced the Analytical Lexicon of Navajo (1992), which re-organizes the lexicon by root, one of the principle elements in verbs and nouns of Athabaskan languages.[4]

Early life and education

Robert Young was born in 1912 in

University of Illinois in 1935, he moved to New Mexico
for Native American studies.

He enrolled in graduate school in

Navajo fellow worker and native of the city. Together in 1937 they published a practical orthography of Navajo.[6]

Career

In the early 1940s Young joined the Bureau of Indian Affairs, where he worked in the Southwest at the Navajo Agency in Window Rock, Arizona. Morgan also joined the BIA, and the two worked together for decades on the Navajo language, making it the most documented indigenous language in the United States.

As a linguist, Young worked primarily on programs related to analyzing and expanding documentation of the Navajo language, encouraging its written use, and education in the language. He collaborated with Navajo scholar William Morgan on all his major projects. From the 1940s through the 1950s, they produced a variety of reading materials in Navajo, and three "important works on lexicon and grammar."[6] The first was a dictionary, The Navajo Language (1943), organized by root, as one of the principal elements in the verbs of the Athabaskan languages.[6]

In 1943 Young and Morgan became editors of the first Navajo-language newspaper, Ádahooníłígíí, published by the Navajo Agency. It was the second newspaper to be published in a Native American language, after the Cherokee Phoenix, which was founded in 1828 and published through 1834 (it was revived intermittently and began regular publication again in the late 20th century, including online). The newspaper Ádahooníłígíí was published through the late 1950s.

Their work was interrupted by

Code Talker
project. They developed a code based on the Navajo language for high-level communications. Navajo-speaking soldiers were recruited for such communications of intelligence, and no enemy was ever able to break this code.

Returning to the BIA, Young continued to work with Morgan and other Navajo. They published The Function and Significance of Certain Navajo Particles (1948) and A Vocabulary of Colloquial Navajo (1951), which was an English to Navajo dictionary.[6] They also published Navajo Historical Selections (1954), Phoenix: Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Upon his retirement from the BIA in 1971, Young became an adjunct professor of Linguistics at the University of New Mexico. He continued his work with Morgan, until Morgan's death. In 1980 and 1987, they published The Navajo Language: A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary (TNL), representing "a huge increase in descriptive coverage" of the language.[2]

The 1987 edition of TNL is the primary reference grammar of Navajo.[3] Young, Morgan and Sally Midgette also produced the Analytical Lexicon of Navajo (1992), organizes the lexicon by roots and stems, one of the primary elements in the verbs of the language.[4]

Discussion of works

  • The Navajo Language edition of 1943 was organized by root, a highly salient elements in nouns and verbs of the language. In a 1974 survey, Navajos requested a dictionary organized by word, as it reflected their own knowledge of the language.
  • Young and Morgan achieved this in the 1980 and 1987 editions of, The Navajo Language: A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary. The later volume consists of a 437-page grammar, with appendices, followed by a separately numbered Navajo-English, English-Navajo dictionary (pages 1–1069). The grammar section is primarily concerned with the structure of the verbs. Verbs are productive and are the most complex elements in the language (the coverage of the Navajo nouns consists of 8 pages (1-8) in the grammar). The grammar section ends with 8 Appendices, beginning with the Appendix I: Model Paradigms, a listing of the Base and Extended Paradigms, laying the out conjugation patterns of the mode/subject morphemes. These paradigms play an important role in the dictionary entries.[7] In the dictionary section, the entries are fully inflected words, given in the first person imperfective form of the word as the default form. Each entry is referenced to the paradigms, or conjugations, that the word inflects in, thus demonstrating the inflectional system for that entry.
  • Analytical Lexicon of Navajo (1992) is organized by the roots/stems, in response to the requests of linguists and non-native Navajo speakers.[2] Young published The Navajo Verb System: An Overview (2000), after Morgan's death.

Legacy and honors

In July 1996, Robert Young and William Morgan were honored in the

Kenneth Hale Award, stating: "The Navajo Language is remarkable for its structure and the robustness of its documentation. It’s comprised of two key parts, a grammar with appendices and a dictionary, interrelated by an ingenious system of cross-referencing. Because Navajo is a polysynthetic language with a rich verbal morphology, a fully inflected word is a complex entity. In accordance with the wishes of native speakers, the dictionary entries are fully inflected form; each word is capable of being inflected in a number of different ways, determined by use and by principles that are not entirely understood. Their system links the dictionary entries to the conjugation and paradigm patterns that that particular word may appear in, thus reflecting a native speaker’s knowledge and providing a map of morpheme distribution and co-occurrence restrictions. The dictionary thus stands as an implemented model of a polysynthetic lexicon, while at the same time providing robust documentation of the language. In addition to this, each and every entry contains examples of the inflected word, as it is used, in full utterances, effectively presenting an etymology of a given word, as well as documentation of the Navajo language as it was spoken in the mid-twentieth century."[9]

The University of New Mexico Department of Linguistics established a scholarship in Young's honor, available for students who study Native American languages.[10]

Death

Young died on February 20, 2007, in Albuquerque, New Mexico.[5]

See also

  • Navajo Community College Press

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-8061-3385-0
    .
  2. ^ a b c Sharon Hargus, "Review: Analytical Lexicon of Navajo by Robert W. Young; William Morgan; Sally Midgette", Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 38, No. 2, Summer, 1996, JSTOR, accessed 2 October 2014  – via JSTOR (subscription required)
  3. ^
    ISBN 0-8263-1014-1
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 0-8263-1356-6
    .
  5. ^ a b "Robert W. Young, 94; linguist helped create Navajo dictionaries". Los Angeles Times. 2007-03-19. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  6. ^ a b c d James Kari and Jeff Leer, "Review: The Navajo Language: A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary by Robert W. Young; William Morgan, International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 50, No. 1, Jan., 1984, accessed 2 October 2014  – via JSTOR (subscription required)
  7. ^ Joyce McDonough, 2015. "How to Use Young and Morgan: Part1 (Revised)". Online.
  8. ^ "General Information". Navajo Language Academy. 2006. Archived from the original on 2015-07-26. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  9. ^ "Kenneth Hale Award".
  10. ^ "UNM Department of Linguistics".

External links

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