Robinson annulation

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Robinson annulation
Named after
Robert Robinson
Reaction type Ring forming reaction
Identifiers
Organic Chemistry Portal robinson-annulation
RSC ontology ID RXNO:0000380

The Robinson annulation is a

Michael addition followed by an aldol condensation
. This procedure is one of the key methods to form fused ring systems.

Robinson annulation reaction
Robinson annulation reaction

Formation of

steroids.[2] Specifically, the synthesis of cortisone is completed through the use of the Robinson annulation.[3]

The initial paper on the Robinson annulation was published by

William Rapson and Robert Robinson while Rapson studied at Oxford with professor Robinson. Before their work, cyclohexenone syntheses were not derived from the α,β-unsaturated ketone component. Initial approaches coupled the methyl vinyl ketone with a naphthol to give a naphtholoxide, but this procedure was not sufficient to form the desired cyclohexenone. This was attributed to unsuitable conditions of the reaction.[1]

Robinson and Rapson found in 1935 that the interaction between cyclohexanone and α,β-unsaturated ketone afforded the desired cyclohexenone. It remains one of the key methods for the construction of six membered ring compounds. Since it is so widely used, there are many aspects of the reaction that have been investigated such as variations of the substrates and reaction conditions as discussed in the scope and variations section.[4] Robert Robinson won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1947 for his contribution to the study of alkaloids.[5]

Reaction mechanism

Michael reaction
on a vinyl ketone to produce the intermediate Michael adduct. Subsequent aldol type ring closure leads to the keto alcohol, which is then followed by dehydration to produce the annulation product.

In the Michael reaction, the

aldehydes, acid derivatives and similar compounds can work as well (see scope). In the example shown here, regioselectivity is dictated by the formation of the thermodynamic enolate. Alternatively, the regioselectivity is often controlled by using a β-diketone or β-ketoester as the enolate component, since deprotonation at the carbon flanked by the carbonyl groups is strongly favored. The intramolecular aldol condensation
then takes place in such a way that installs the six-membered ring. In the final product, the three carbon atoms of the α,β-unsaturated system and the carbon α to its carbonyl group make up the four-carbon bridge of the newly installed ring.

In order to avoid a reaction between the original enolate and the cyclohexenone product, the initial Michael adduct is often isolated first and then cyclized to give the desired octalone in a separate step.[6]

Stereochemistry

Studies have been completed on the formation of the

hydroxy ketones in the Robinson annulation reaction scheme. The trans compound is favored due to antiperiplanar effects of the final aldol condensation in kinetically controlled reactions. It has also been found though that the cyclization can proceed in synclinal orientation. The figure below shows the three possible stereochemical pathways, assuming a chair transition state.[7]

Stereochemical pathways of Robinson annulation
Stereochemical pathways of Robinson annulation

It has been postulated that the difference in the formation of these transition states and their corresponding products is due to solvent interactions. Scanio found that changing the solvent of the reaction from dioxane to DMSO gives different stereochemistry in step D above. This suggests that the presence of protic or aprotic solvents gives rise to different transition states.[8]

Mechanistic classification

Michael addition and aldol reaction
into a single reaction. As is the case with Robinson annulation, Michael addition usually happens first to tether the two reactants together, then aldol reaction proceeds intramolecularly to generate the ring system in the product. Usually five- or six-membered rings are generated.

Scope and variations

Reaction conditions

Although the Robinson annulation is generally conducted under basic conditions, reactions have been conducted under a variety of conditions. Heathcock and Ellis report similar results to the base-catalyzed method using sulfuric acid.[2] The Michael reaction can occur under neutral conditions through an enamine. A Mannich base can be heated in the presence of the ketone to produce the Michael adduct.[6] Successful preparation of compounds using the Robinson annulation methods have been reported.[9]

The Michael acceptor

A typical

sulfones and certain hydrocarbons can be used as acceptors.[10]
Overall, Michael acceptors are generally activated olefins such as those shown below where EWG refers to an electron withdrawing group such as cyano, keto, or ester as shown.

Common Michael acceptors
Common Michael acceptors

Wichterle reaction

The Wichterle reaction is a variant of the Robinson annulation that replaces

Michael acceptor from the typical α,β-unsaturated ketone. The 1,3-dichloro-cis-2-butene is employed to avoid undesirable polymerization or condensation during the Michael addition.[11]

Wichterle reaction
Wichterle reaction

Hauser annulation

The reaction sequence in the related Hauser annulation is a

THF at −78 °C.[12]

Hauser annulation
Hauser annulation

Asymmetric Robinson annulation

Asymmetric synthesis of Robinson annulation products most often involve the use of a

amines for use as catalysts during both steps of the Robinson annulation reaction.[13] The advantages of using the optically active proline catalysis is that they are stereoselective with enantiomeric excesses of 60–70%.[14]

Organocatalytic tandem Michael-aldol reaction for the one-pot synthesis of chiral thiochromenes
Examples of proline catalysts
Examples of proline catalysts

Wang, et al. reported the one-pot synthesis of chiral thiochromenes by such an organocatalytic Robinson annulation.[15]

Applications to synthesis

The

steroids possessing important biological properties and can be made enantiopure using proline catalysis.[14]

Wieland–Miescher ketone
Wieland–Miescher ketone

F. Dean Toste and co-workers

acetylcholine esterase
.

Enantioselective route to platensimycin

Platensimycin structure
Platensimycin structure

Scientists at Merck discovered platensimycin, a novel antibiotic lead compound with potential medicinal applications as seen in the adjacent picture.[17]

Initial synthesis gave a racemic form of the compound using an intramolecular etherification reaction of the alcohol motifs and the double bond. Yamamoto and coworkers report the use of an alternative intramolecular Robinson annulation to provide a straightforward enantioselective synthesis of tetracyclic core of platensimycin. The key Robinson annulation step was reported to be accomplished in one pot using L-proline for chiral control. The reaction conditions can be seen below.[18]

Platensimycin synthesis
Platensimycin synthesis

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.1039/JR9350001285
    .
  2. ^
    doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(01)97609-9
    .
  3. doi:10.1039/JR9520001127
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-471-57022-6
    .
  5. ISBN 978-0-495-11258-7
    .
  6. ^
    doi:10.1055/s-1976-24200
    .
  7. doi:10.1002/hlca.19900730607
    .
  8. doi:10.1021/ja00735a059
    .
  9. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.063.0037. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 24 April 2012.
  10. ISBN 978-0471007593
    .
  11. ISBN 978-0-470-63885-9
    .
  12. doi:10.1021/jo00395a048
    .
  13. doi:10.1002/anie.197104961
    .
  14. ^
    doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01180-1
    .
  15. ^ Wang, W.; Li, H.; Wang, J.; Zu, L., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006; 128, 10354.
  16. PMID 17729226
    .
  17. S2CID 4329677
    . Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  18. PMID 17630748
    .
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