Rock music of Canada

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Rock music of Canada is a wide and diverse part of the general music of Canada, beginning with American and British style rock and roll in the mid-20th century.[1] Since then Canada has had a considerable impact on the development of the modern popular music called rock.[2][3][4] Canada has produced many of the genre's most significant groups and performers, while contributing substantively to the development of the most popular subgenres, which include pop rock, progressive rock, country rock, folk rock, hard rock, punk rock, heavy metal and indie rock.[5][6][7][8]

Background

Since before Canada's

gramophone at the beginning of the 20th century allowed Canadian songwriters to broaden their potential audiences.[13][14] Following quickly on the gramophone's spread came World War I. The war was the catalyst for the writing and recording of large numbers of Canadian-written popular songs, some of which achieved lasting international commercial success.[15] The 1920s saw Canada's first radio stations, this allowed Canadian songwriters to contribute some of the most famous popular music of the early 20th century.[16]

Canada has produced a number of notable international recording artists who appeared on the

RCA Victor in 1936 and went on to become one of America's most innovative country music superstars.[26]

History

1950s

African American blues, country[29] and gospel music.[30] Though elements of rock and roll can be heard in Canadian country records of the 1930s–1940s, and in American blues records from the 1920s,[31] rock and roll did not acquire its name until the 1950s.[32][33] "Rock" or its forerunners electric blues (Chicago blues)[34] and rhythm and blues (Jump blues)[35] was first heard in the late 1940s by Canadians who were living close enough to the American border to tune into American radio station broadcasts.[36]

Color bust photo of a man in a tuxedo, holding a microphone.
Paul Anka, 2007

In 1951,

Cleveland, Ohio, disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase "rock and roll" to describe the musical sound of the Doo-wop vocal groups and the rockabilly singers who emerged in the 1950s.[37][38] The Four Lads, from Toronto, were one of the first groups to capitalize on this sound and become a prominent act in the Canadian rhythm and blues scene, producing their first hit in 1952 called "Mocking Bird". Their most famous hit was "Moments to Remember", which first reached the Billboard magazine charts on September 3, 1955.[6] Emerging in the mid-1950s, on near equal-footing to American popular music, Canadian popular music enjoyed considerable success at home and abroad.[39]

By 1954 the name "rock and roll" had become the common name of the popular music of the day.

race music, which generally had adult-based lyrics.[42] The Crew-Cuts, The Diamonds[43] and The Four Lads would emerge from this new marketing of rhythm and blues to appeal to a white audience leaving an indelible mark on the Doo-wop days.[44] Often Canadian records of this period were simply covers of pop hits, and rhythm and blues oldies.[45][46] 1958 saw Canada produced its first rock and roll teen idol Paul Anka, who went to New York City where he auditioned for ABC with the song, "Diana". This song brought Anka instant stardom and he became the first Canadian to have a number one on the US Billboard charts in the rock and roll era.[6] "Diana" is one of the best selling 45s in music history.[24] He followed up with four songs that made it into the Top 20 in 1958, making him one of the biggest teen idols of the time.[4]

Most Canadians with successful recording careers in the 1950s had moved to the US, where the population level and media exposure would eclipse that of Canada.[47] Ronnie Hawkins, an Arkansas born rockabilly singer, moved to Canada in 1958, becoming a prominent figure in Canadian blues and rock devoting his life to popularizing Canadian musicians.[48] He formed a backing band called The Hawks, which produced some of the earliest Canadian rock stars. Among them were the members of The Band, who began touring with Bob Dylan in 1966, and then struck out on their own in 1968.[49]

1960s

Bruce Cockburn performing at the City Stages festival in Birmingham, Alabama, United States.

As the late fifties gave way to the sixties, stars of the previous decade were still producing hits, but they were quickly losing ground as they struggled to find material that clicked with this new and energetic generation.

gold album.[53] The CHUM Chart debuted on May 27, 1957, under the name CHUM's Weekly Hit Parade, to 1986, and was the longest-running Top 40 chart in Canada.[54]

During the 1960s Canadian music was regarded with indifference and Canadian recording artists were forced to turn toward the United States to establish their careers.

London Records, where he worked until February 1964, when he then established RPM weekly trade magazine. From the first issue of RPM Weekly on February 24, 1964, to its final issue on November 13, 2000, RPM was the defining charts in Canada.[59] The popularity of US rock on the two Canadian charts led to many existing groups, especially those devoted to country music, to change styles or to incorporate some rock style hits in their repertoires.[2]

Black-and-white photo of a man playing the piano, there is a drink on the piano.
Neil Young

Country rock and folk rock singers such as

American Woman" in 1970.[60][61] Their success paved the way for a new wave of Canadian singer-songwriters, including Stan Rogers, Murray McLauchlan, Bruce Cockburn and Willie P. Bennett.[52]

Unlike the generation before, the late sixties American and British

anti-war protest on the campus in May 1970.[73]

1970s

With the introduction of the

The Bells and Andy Kim from Montreal, Chilliwack from Vancouver, Five Man Electrical Band from Ottawa, Lighthouse from Toronto, Wednesday from Oshawa, and The Stampeders from Calgary.[2]

Color photo of 3 musicians on a stage, in the foreground, one man is holding a guitar, while the other is holding a bass guitar, and in the background a man playing drums.
Rush in concert in Milan, Italy, 2004

With the introduction in the mid-1970s period of rock music on

gold records and 14 platinum (3 multi-platinum) records,[81] making them one of the best-selling rock bands in history by 2005.[82] Rush currently place third behind The Beatles and The Rolling Stones for the most consecutive gold and platinum albums by a rock band.[24][83]

Gordon Lightfoot at Massey Hall 2008

Following the hard rock scene

Michel Rivard and the progressive rock group Harmonium also of Montreal. Artists like The Kings, Prism, Crowbar, Nick Gilder, Ian Thomas, Goddo, Harlequin, Mahogany Rush, Moxy, Streetheart, Max Webster and Ironhorse saw their greatest success during the late '70s period.[52]

Many acts have had equally vital, if less remunerative careers outside the mainstream in

Diodes, Teenage Head, The Demics, The Young Canadians and Subhumans emerged and continued in the 1980s with popular bands like SNFU, Dayglo Abortions and Nomeansno.[2] Rough Trade were particularly notable for their 1980 hit "High School Confidential", one of the first explicitly lesbian-themed pop songs to crack the Top 40 anywhere in the world.[6]

1980s

Things changed course in the 1980s, the changing fast-paced culture was accompanied by an explosion in youth culture. Until the mid-1960s, little attention was paid to rock by Canadian daily newspapers except as news or novelty. With the introduction during the 1970s of the "

A close up color photo of a man playing the guitar, wearing a black T-shirt .
Bryan Adams, Hamburg, Germany 2007

Music videos assumed a major role in the promotion of pop rock recordings in 1980s for US exposure. Videos produced many mainstream pop-rockers that saw huge success in and outside of Canada.[91] Success in the larger US market remained the major goal of most, if not all, post-1970 Canadian rock acts; a goal in fact reached with some greater or lesser degree of consistency by several, among them Bryan Adams, Kim Mitchell former guitarist and vocalist of Max Webster, Aldo Nova, Loverboy, Saga, k.d. lang, Red Rider, Corey Hart, Alannah Myles, Lee Aaron, Tom Cochrane, Honeymoon Suite, Haywire, Doug and the Slugs, Payola$ and Glass Tiger.[4] As well, the era produced the country cowpunk of k.d. lang.[6][7] Bryan Adams would emerge as Canada's superstar of the 80s[92] having been awarded the Order of Canada,[93] and the Order of British Columbia[94] and inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 1998 for his contribution to popular music and his philanthropic work. Also notable is Loverboy who accumulated numerous hit songs in Canada[5] and the United States, making four multi-platinum albums.[24] The band's hit singles, particularly "Lovin' Every Minute of It" and "Working for the Weekend" have become hard rock staples, and are still heard on classic rock radio stations across the US and Canada. Loverboy received five Juno Awards, Canada's highest award for music, in one year, a record that still stands today.[24] The band would later receive an additional three Juno Awards, bringing their total to eight, which at that time was most received by a single group or individual aside from Bryan Adams.[3]

VideoFACT
, a fund to help emerging artists produce their videos. Although many of them, in fact, were only "one-hit wonders".

Sarah McLachlan at a 1993 benefit for Clayoquot Sound

In the late 1980s, the Canadian recording industry continued to produce popular acts such as

The Waltons, Cowboy Junkies, The Pursuit of Happiness, and The Grapes of Wrath all gaining their first widespread attention during this time.[7][89] Also a new wave of Canadian thrash metal bands began to rise up and earned a dedicated following like Anvil, Razor, Voivod, Sacrifice, Sword, Exciter and Annihilator, Canadian metal's biggest selling artist, with sales of close to 2 million units worldwide, with industrial bands Skinny Puppy and Front Line Assembly in the mix, as well as black/death metal band Blasphemy
.

Canada's most successful rock artists by the late 1980s worked in a relatively generic, mainstream pop rock style of the day. Some from the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, may be ascribed to more specific substyles like

Reesor Crossing Tragedy, Sudbury Saturday Night and The Hockey Song (aka "The Good Old Hockey Game"), that is frequently played over sound systems at National Hockey League (NHL) games in both Canada and the United States.[98]

1990s

Barenaked Ladies at Massey Hall 2008.

At the start of the 1990s Canadian rock took a distinctive turn. Just as artists from the 1970s competed with disco, artists from the 1990s were competing with

Mudgirl, Strapping Young Lad, Bif Naked, Rheostatics, The Watchmen, Moxy Früvous, Rusty, Our Lady Peace, The Philosopher Kings, Junkhouse, Wide Mouth Mason, Pure, Thrush Hermit, cub, The Killjoys, Sandbox, Treble Charger, Big Wreck, The Weakerthans, Propagandhi and The Planet Smashers. Although many of them have not been overly successful in the United States, they remain extremely popular in Canada having much more vitality than their contemporaries from other countries.[103]

Three man on stage playing three different guitars.
The Tragically Hip performing in Aspen, Colorado, United States, 2007

Royal Conservatory of Music, have won over a dozen Juno Awards from more than thirty nominations,[105] Our Lady Peace, from Toronto were one of the most successful Canadian rock groups of the 1990s; their 1997 effort Clumsy was certified Diamond in Canada and going Platinum in the U.S. which was something that a lot of the Canadian rock groups didn't do in that time.[106][107][108]

In 1996, VideoFACT launched PromoFACT, a funding program to help new artists produce electronic press kits and

websites.[109] This helped Indie rock, that would see a new dominant phase in the mid-1990s just as rock and roll was starting to be a predominant force in the Canadian charts once again. Indie rock was never supposed to be mainstream, but this is the path it took by the end of the decade.[4] Musically, the late 1990s saw the rock genres of the early 1990s completely grow apart rather than fuse. Each of the genres multiplied and evolved in a fashion largely independent of the others. Perhaps the most dramatic change in lifestyle affected the girls. They were the daughters of the women who had fought for emancipation and equality in the 1960s.[110]

Alanis Morissette, in the Espacio Movistar, Barcelona, 2008.

Canadian women by the end of the decade enjoyed greater international commercial success than ever before in the popular music field.

Céline Dion,[113] Alanis Morissette[114] and Shania Twain.[115] Alanis Morissette kicked off another revolution in Canadian music, launching an era in which Canadian women like Avril Lavigne would rule the pop charts worldwide.[116][117] Quebec-born singer, Celine Dion is the best-selling Canadian artist of all time,[118][119] and when her 1997 album, Let's Talk About Love was released in Canada, it broke the record for the highest opening weekly sales for any album, selling 230,212 copies, a record which still stands.[120] Alanis Morissette, along with Shania Twain, are the only Canadian artists, male or female to have sold two million units in Canada, receiving the Double diamond award[121] Other female Canadian musicians have achieved international success in the highly competitive world of popular music, including Joni Mitchell, Ginette Reno, Diane Dufresne, Diana Krall, Avril Lavigne, Loreena McKennitt, Amanda Marshall, Holly Cole, Chantal Kreviazuk, Diane Tell, Jann Arden, Deborah Cox, Sarah Harmer, Susan Aglukark, Melissa Auf der Maur, Emily Haines, Kittie, Bif Naked, Nelly Furtado, Colleen Rennison and Feist.[4]

2000s

Avril Lavigne in Burnaby during her promotional tour for Under My Skin in 2004

The early first decade of the 21st century was dominated by

Copyright Act, and in doing so aimed to allow artists and others to seek compensation for their work, no matter how it is distributed.[125] In 2010 Canada introduced new copyright legislation.[126] The amended law makes hacking digital locks illegal, but enshrine into law the ability of purchasers to record and copy music from a CD to portable devices.[126]

The wide and diverse sound in 21st century rock has resulted in such acts as

.

A color photo of four band members on stage, in the foreground the audience can be seen.
Nickelback at Wembley Stadium, London, 2008

Arguably the most successful Canadian group of the decade was

MTV Video Music Award[129] Their hit single "How You Remind Me" reached the top on the Canadian Singles Chart and the Billboard Hot 100 at the same time, making them the second Canadian band to accomplish this, the first being The Guess Who with "American Woman" in 1970.[130] Nickelback has also sold over 50 million albums worldwide, making them the only Canadian rock band to achieve this.[131] Also very notable is Avril Lavigne, who is one of the top-selling artists releasing albums in the United States, with over 10.25 million copies certified by the Recording Industry Association of America.[132]

The end of the decade was notable for a surprising number of ambitious indie rock albums.

French

Céline Dion performing in Birmingham, England in 2017

In the 1960s, some

Félix award for Best Anglophone Artist for her English-language debut, Unison, but she refused the award as she did not view herself as an Anglophone artist. After the controversy caused by this incident, Dion has been careful not to clearly declare herself as either federalist or sovereignist
.

Recent Quebec performers include

TVA began to broadcast Star Académie, a Québécois version of a French reality music competition, several new artists including Marie-Élaine Thibert, Marie-Mai, Émily Bégin and Stéphanie Lapointe became better known among francophones after participation in the reality show. Charlotte Cardin, a finalist on TVA's singing competition La Voix
in 2013, went on to critical and commercial success in pop and rock in French and English Canada.

Quebec has also produced a number of significant Anglophone artists, including

infamous spoken-word musical career of William Shatner. Quebec artists have dominated the long and short lists of the Polaris Music Prize. Among them, Arcade Fire, Patrick Watson, Godspeed You! Black Emperor and Karkwa
have all won the award.

See also

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Further reading

External links