Rockefeller Foundation

Coordinates: 40°45′03″N 73°59′00″W / 40.75083°N 73.98333°W / 40.75083; -73.98333
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The Rockefeller Foundation
13-1659629
Location
MethodEndowment
Key people
Rajiv Shah
(president)
Endowment$6.3 billion (2020)[2]
Websiterockefellerfoundation.org

The Rockefeller Foundation is an American

Carnegie Corporation, the foundation was ranked as the 39th largest U.S. foundation by total giving as of 2015.[4] By the end of 2016, assets were tallied at $4.1 billion (unchanged from 2015), with annual grants of $173 million.[5] According to the OECD, the foundation provided US$283.9 million for development in 2021.[6] The foundation has given more than $14 billion in current dollars.[7]

The foundation was started by Standard Oil magnate John D. Rockefeller ("Senior") and son "Junior", and their primary business advisor, Frederick Taylor Gates, on May 14, 1913, when its charter was granted by New York.[8]

The foundation has had an international reach since the 1930s and major influence on global

National Institute of Health are also modeled on the work funded by Rockefeller.[9] It has also been a supporter of and influence on the United Nations
.

In 2020 the foundation pledged that it would divest from fossil fuel, notable since the endowment was largely funded by Standard Oil.[10]

The foundation also has a controversial past, including support of eugenics in the 1930s, as well as several scandals arising from their international field work. In 2021 the foundation's president committed to reckoning with their history, and to centering equity and inclusion.


History

John D. Rockefeller Sr. and Jr. in 1915

John D. Rockefeller Sr. first conceived the idea of the foundation in 1901. In 1906, Rockefeller's business and philanthropic advisor, Frederick Taylor Gates, encouraged him toward "permanent corporate philanthropies for the good of Mankind" so that his heirs should not "dissipate their inheritances or become intoxicated with power."[11] In 1909 Rockefeller signed over 73,000 Standard Oil shares worth $50 million, to his son, Gates and Harold Fowler McCormick as the third inaugural trustee, in the first installment of a projected $100 million endowment.[11]

The nascent foundation applied for a federal

Nelson Aldrich, to hammer out concessions.[citation needed] However, because of the ongoing (1911) antitrust suit against Standard Oil at the time, along with deep suspicion in some quarters of undue Rockefeller influence on the spending of the endowment, the result was that Senior and Gates withdrew the bill from Congress in order to seek a state charter from New York.[11]

John D. Rockefeller Sr. in 1919

On May 14, 1913, New York Governor

Time-Life Building in the center, before shifting to its current Fifth Avenue
address.

In 1914, the trustees set up a new Department of Industrial Relations, inviting William Lyon Mackenzie King to head it. He became a close and key advisor to Junior through the Ludlow Massacre, turning around his attitude to unions; however the foundation's involvement in IR was criticized for advancing the family's business interests.[12] The foundation henceforth confined itself to funding responsible organizations involved in this and other controversial fields, which were beyond the control of the foundation itself.[13]

Frederick T. Gates, 1922

Junior became the foundation chairman in 1917. Through the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial (LSRM), established by Senior in 1918 and named after his wife, the Rockefeller fortune was for the first time directed to supporting research by social scientists. During its first few years of work, the LSRM awarded funds primarily to social workers, with its funding decisions guided primarily by Junior. In 1922, Beardsley Ruml was hired to direct the LSRM, and he most decisively shifted the focus of Rockefeller philanthropy into the social sciences, stimulating the founding of university research centers, and creating the Social Science Research Council. In January 1929, LSRM funds were folded into the Rockefeller Foundation, in a major reorganization.[14]

The Rockefeller family helped lead the foundation in its early years, but later limited itself to one or two representatives, to maintain the foundation's independence and avoid charges of undue family influence. These representatives have included the former president

John D. Rockefeller, IV, who gave up the trusteeship in 1981. In 1989, David Rockefeller's daughter, Peggy Dulany, was appointed to the board for a five-year term. In October 2006, David Rockefeller Jr. joined the board of trustees, re-establishing the direct family link and becoming the sixth family member to serve on the board.[citation needed
]

Standard Oil Trust stock certificate, 1896

C. Douglas Dillon, the United States Secretary of the Treasury under both Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, served as chairman of the foundation.[15]

Stock in the family's oil companies had been a major part of the foundation's assets, beginning with Standard Oil and later with its corporate descendants, including ExxonMobil.[16][17][18] In December 2020, the foundation pledged to dump their fossil fuel holdings. With a $5 billion endowment, the Rockefeller Foundation was "the largest US foundation to embrace the rapidly growing divestment movement." CNN writer Matt Egan noted, "This divestment is especially symbolic because the Rockefeller Foundation was founded by oil money."[10]

University College Hospital, London

Public health

Public health, health aid, and medical research are the most prominent areas of work of the foundation. On December 5, 1913, the Board made its first grant of $100,000 to the American Red Cross to purchase property for its headquarters in Washington, D.C.[19]

The foundation established the

post-doctoral level. The Foundation also maintained a close relationship with Rockefeller University (also known as the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research) with many faculty holding overlapping positions between the institutions.[23]

Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory Field Assistant, Nariva Swamp, Trinidad, 1959

The Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of

F.F. Russell in 1923, Wilbur Sawyer in 1935, and George Strode in 1944. A number of notable physicians and field scientists worked on the international campaigns, including Lewis Hackett, Hideyo Noguchi, Juan Guiteras, George C. Payne, Livingston Farrand, Cornelius P. Rhoads, and William Bosworth Castle. The World Health Organization, seen as a successor to the IHD, was formed in 1948, and the IHD was subsumed by the larger Rockefeller Foundation in 1951, discontinuing its overseas work.[27]

While the Rockefeller doctors working in tropical locales such as Mexico emphasized scientific neutrality, they had political and economic aims to promote the value of

Alan Gregg succeeded him until 1945.[36] During this period, the Division of Medical Sciences made contributions to research across several fields of psychiatry.[37] In 1935 the foundation granted $100000 to the Institute for Psychoanalysis in Chicago.[38] This grant was renewed in 1938, with payments extending into the early-1940s.[39] This division funded women's contraception and the human reproductive system in general, but also was involved in funding controversial eugenics research. Other funding went into endocrinology departments in American universities, human heredity, mammalian biology, human physiology and anatomy, psychology, and the studies of human sexual behavior by Alfred Kinsey.[40]

In the interwar years, the foundation funded public health, nursing, and social work in Eastern and Central Europe.[41][42]

In 1950, the foundation expanded their international program of virus research, establishing field laboratories in

Poona, India, Trinidad, Belém, Brazil, Johannesburg, South Africa, Cairo, Egypt, Ibadan, Nigeria, and Cali, Colombia, among others.[43] The foundation funded research into the identification of human viruses, techniques for virus identification, and arthropod-borne viruses.[44]

Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johns Hopkins University and the Rockefeller Foundation are currently the subject of a $1 billion lawsuit from Guatemala for "roles in a 1940s U.S. government experiment that infected hundreds of Guatemalans with syphilis".[45] A previous suit against the United States government was dismissed in 2011 for the Guatemala syphilis experiments when a judge determined that the U.S. government could not be held liable for actions committed outside of the U.S.[46]

Marshall A. Barber holding a fungus

An experiment was conducted by Vanderbilt University in the 1940s where they gave 800 pregnant women radioactive iron,[47][48] 751 of which were pills,[49] without their consent.[48] In a 1969 article published in the American Journal of Epidemiology, it was estimated that three children had died from the experiment.[49]

Eugenics and World War II

John D. Rockefeller Jr. was an outspoken supporter of eugenics.[50] Even as late as 1951, John D. Rockefeller III and John Foster Dulles, who was chairman of the foundation at the time, established the Population Council to advance family planning, birth control, and population control, and goals of the eugenics movement.[51][52][53]

The Rockefeller Foundation, along with the Carnegie Institution, was the primary financier for the Eugenics Record Office, until 1939.[54][55] The foundation also provided grants to Margaret Sanger and Alexis Carrel, who supported birth control, compulsory sterilization and eugenics.[56] Sanger went to Japan in 1922 and influenced the birth control movement there.[57]

By 1926, Rockefeller had donated over $400,000, which would be almost $4 million adjusted for inflation in 2003, to hundreds of German researchers,

compulsory sterilisation in Nazi Germany.[62] Josef Mengele worked as an assistant in Verschuer's lab, though Rockefeller executives did not know of Mengele and stopped funding that specific research before World War II started in 1939.[58]

Nazi ideology, but furthered and funded eugenic research through the 1930s.[64] Even into the 1950s, Rockefeller continued to provide some funding for research borne out of German eugenics.[65]

The foundation also funded the relocation of scholars threatened by the Nazis to America in the 1930s,

Leó Szilárd.[70] The foundation helped The New School provide a haven for scholars threatened by the Nazis.[71]

Demonstration lecture, Alexis Carrel performs surgery, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 1918

After World War II the foundation sent a team to West Germany to investigate how it could become involved in reconstructing the country. They focused on restoring democracy, especially regarding education and scientific research, with the long-term goal of reintegrating Germany into the Western world.[72]

The foundation also supported the early initiatives of Henry Kissinger, such as his directorship of Harvard's International Seminars (funded as well by the Central Intelligence Agency) and the early foreign policy magazine Confluence, both established by him while he was still a graduate student.[73]

In 2021, Rajiv J. Shah, president of the Rockefeller Foundation, released a statement condemning eugenics and supporting the anti-eugenics movement. He stated that

"[...]we commend the Anti-Eugenics Project for their essential work to understand[...] the harmful legacies of eugenicist ideologies. [...] examine the role that philanthropies played in developing and perpetuating eugenics policies and practices. The Rockefeller Foundation is currently reckoning with our own history in relation to eugenics.  This requires uncovering the facts and confronting uncomfortable truths, [...] The Rockefeller Foundation is putting equity and inclusion at the center of all our work: [...] confronting the hateful legacies of the past [...] we understand that the work we engage in today does not absolve us of yesterday's mistakes. [...]" [74]

Development of the United Nations

Although the United States never joined the League of Nations, the Rockefeller Foundation was involved, and by the 1930s the foundations had changed the League from a "Parliament of Nations" to a modern think tank that used specialized expertise to provide in-depth impartial analysis of international issues.[75][76] After the war, the foundation was involved in the establishment of the United Nations.[77]

Arts and philanthropy

Siyuan Hall, 1923 Rockefeller Foundation donated to Nankai University in Tianjin. Now it is Nankai University School of Medicine.

King George V in 1933. It is the headquarters of the University of London since 1937.[citation needed
]

In the arts the Rockefeller Foundation has supported the

Lincoln Center in New York. The foundation underwrote of Spike Lee's documentary on New Orleans, When the Levees Broke. The film has been used as the basis for a curriculum on poverty, developed by the Teachers College at Columbia University for their students.[78]

The Cultural Innovation Fund is a pilot grant program that is overseen by

Lincoln Center.[79][80] The grants are to be used towards art and cultural opportunities in the underserved areas of Brooklyn and the South Bronx[81]
with three overarching goals.

The Rockefeller Foundation supported the art scene in Haiti in 1948[82] and a literacy project with UNESCO.[83]

Rusk was involved with funding the humanities and the social sciences during the

Soviet Union.[84]

In July 2022, the Rockefeller Foundation granted $1m to the Wikimedia Foundation.[85]

Bellagio Center

The foundation also owns and operates the Bellagio Center in

MacArthur fellows, as well as several acting and former heads of state and government, have been in residence at Bellagio.[citation needed
]

Agriculture

See also: Green Revolution

Agriculture was introduced to the Natural Sciences division of the foundation in the major reorganization of 1928. In 1941, the foundation gave a small grant to Mexico for maize research, in collaboration with the then new president, Manuel Ávila Camacho. This was done after the intervention of Vice President Henry Wallace and the involvement of Nelson Rockefeller; the primary intention being to stabilise the Mexican Government and derail any possible communist infiltration, in order to protect the Rockefeller family's investments.[87]

By 1943, this program, under the foundation's Mexican Agriculture Project, had proved such a success with the science of corn propagation and general principles of

CIMMYT, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in Mexico. It also provided significant funding for the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines. Part of the original program, the funding of the IRRI was later taken over by the Ford Foundation.[87] The International Rice Research Institute and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center are part of a consortium of agricultural research organizations known as CGIAR.[88]

Costing around $600 million, over 50 years, the revolution brought new farming technology, increased productivity, expanded crop yields and mass fertilization to many countries throughout the world.[

Monsanto Company board of directors, warning of the possible social and environmental dangers of this biotechnology, and requesting them to disavow the use of so-called terminator genes;[89] the company later complied.[citation needed
]

In the 1990s, the foundation shifted its agriculture work and emphasis to Africa; in 2006, it joined with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation[90] in a $150 million effort to fight hunger in the continent through improved agricultural productivity. In an interview marking the 100 year anniversary of the Rockefeller Foundation, Judith Rodin explained to This Is Africa that Rockefeller has been involved in Africa since their beginning in three main areas – health, agriculture and education, though agriculture has been and continues to be their largest investment in Africa.[91]

Urban development

Rockefeller University campus on the FDR Drive, New York, NY, 2021

A total of 100 cities across six continents were part of the 100 Resilient Cities program funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.

New Orleans, LA – with more than $437 million in disaster resilience funding.[93] The grant was the largest ever received by the city of Norfolk.[citation needed
]

In April 2019, it was announced that the foundation would no longer be funding the 100 Resilient Cities program as a whole. Some elements of the initiative's work, most prominently the funding of several cities'

Chief Resilience Officer roles, continues to be managed and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, while other aspects of the program continue in the form of two independent organizations, Resilient Cities Catalyst (RCC) and the Global Resilient Cities Network (GRCN), founded by former 100RC leadership and staff.[94][95]

People affiliated with the foundation

Board members and trustees

On January 5, 2017, the board of trustees announced the selection of
president of the University of Pennsylvania, Rodin was the first woman to head the foundation.[100] Rodin in turn had succeeded Gordon Conway in 2005. Current staff as of June 1, 2021[101]
include:

Past trustees

Presidents

Organizations that received Rockefeller grants

Rockefeller University, as seen from the FDR Drive, New York, NY, 2011

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

Rockefeller Institute, New York, NY, 1917

40°45′03″N 73°59′00″W / 40.75083°N 73.98333°W / 40.75083; -73.98333

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