Rohilla
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Pashtun tribes |
Rohillas are a mixed Indian community of
The Rohillas are found all over Uttar Pradesh, but are more concentrated in the Rohilkhand regions of
Origin
The Indian term "Rohilla" originated from
This community over generations had become culturally closer to the
Among the Rohillas were long-domiciled Indian descendants, who were known as the country-born.[
History
Early history
The founder of the state of Rohilkhand was
Establishment of the Rohilla state
The rise of the Rohilla state owed mainly to Ali Muhammad Khan, who succeeded Daud Khan's jagirs in 1721.[
When Ali Muhammad Khan died, leaving six sons. However, two of his elder sons were in
Following the Battle of Panipat in 1761
In the
The Marathas invaded Rohilkhand to retaliate against the Rohillas' participation in the
Afterwards, the Rohillas were attacked by the neighbouring kingdom of Oudh led by the Nawab
From 1774 to 1799, the region was administered by Khwaja Almas Khan, a
Establishment of Rampur State
While most of Rohilkhand was annexed, the Rohilla State of Rampur was established by Nawab
The Qissa-o-Ahwal-i-Rohilla written by Rustam Ali Bijnori in 1776 provides an example of the refined Urdu prose of the Muslim Rohilla elite in Rohilkhand and Katehr.[46]
Nawab Faizullah Khan ruled for 20 years. He was a patron of education and began the collection of Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Hindustani manuscripts which are now housed in the Rampur Raza Library. After his death his son Muhammad Ali Khan took over. He was assassinated by Rohilla elders after reigning for 24 days, and Muhammad Ali Khan's brother, Ghulam Muhammad Khan, was proclaimed Nawab. The East India Company took exception to this, and after a reign of just 3 months and 22 days, Ghulam Muhammad Khan was besieged and defeated by East India Company forces. The East India Company supported Muhammad Ali Khan's son, Ahmad Ali Khan, to be the new Nawab. He ruled for 44 years. He did not have any sons, so Muhammad Saeed Khan, son of Ghulam Muhammad Khan, took over as the new Nawab after his death. He established Courts and improved the economic conditions of farmers. His son Muhammad Yusuf Ali Khan took over after his death and his son, Kalb Ali Khan, became the new Nawab after his death in 1865.[citation needed]
Nawab of Rampur | Reign Began | Reign Ended | |
---|---|---|---|
2 | Faizullah Khan | 15 September 1774 | 24 July 1793 |
3 | Muhammad Ali Khan Bahadur
|
24 July 1793 | 11 August 1793 |
4 | Ghulam Muhammad Khan Bahadur
|
11 August 1793 | 24 October 1794 |
5 | Ahmad Ali Khan Bahadur
|
24 October 1794 | 5 July 1840 |
- | Nasrullah Khan - Regent | 24 October 1794 | 1811 |
6 | Muhammad Said Khan Bahadur
|
5 July 1840 | 1 April 1855 |
7 | Yusef Ali Khan Bahadur
|
1 April 1855 | 21 April 1865 |
8 | Kalb Ali Khan Bahadur
|
21 April 1865 | 23 March 1887 |
9 | Muhammad Mushtaq Ali Khan Bahadur
|
23 March 1887 | 25 February 1889 |
10 | Hamid Ali Khan Bahadur
|
25 February 1889 | 20 June 1930 |
- | General Azeemudin Khan - Regent | 25 February 1889 | 4 April 1894 |
11 | Raza Ali Khan Bahadur
|
20 June 1930 | 6 March 1966 |
12 | Murtaza Ali Khan Bahadur - Nawabat abolished in 1971
|
6 March 1966 | 8 February 1982 |
13 | Murad Ali Khan Bahadur | 8 February 1982 | Incumbent |
Between 1774 and 1857
They were generally settled in villages, in many of which they own and cultivate the soil, and in some of which they formed large brotherhoods, approaching those of Jats and Rajputs, with a similar constitution.[citation needed] Evidence from 1857 suggests that the survival of degrees of Pathan-derived lineage based identity in villagers of the old Rohilkhand districts. These identities were marked as much by signs of assimilation and transformation as any continuity.[47]
Between 1857 and 1947
The period between the revolt of 1857 and the independence of India in 1947 was a period of stability for the Rohilla community. In 1858, the British colonial government issued a general pardon to all those who had taken part in the Indian Rebellion and restored many lands. Some of the tribes were punished for aiding the rebels. Some tribes had to migrate to
While a majority of Rohillas remained landowners and cultivators, a significant minority took to western education, and entered professions such as law and medicine. They also began to take an interest in the political debates during the last decade of the 19th Century. Some of them joined the newly formed
Present circumstances
The independence of Pakistan and India in 1947 had a profound effect on the Rohilla community. The vast majority of them emigrated to Pakistan in 1947. Those that were left in India, were affected by the abolishment of the zamindari system in 1949, as well as the ascension of the State of Rampur to India and many of them migrated to join their kinsmen in Karachi, Pakistan. The Rohilla now form two distinct communities with the majority in Pakistan and a small minority residing in India.[citation needed]
In India
The Rohilla now form one of the larger Muslim as well as Hindu Rohilla Rajput communities of Uttar Pradesh and are found throughout Uttar Pradesh, with settlements in Rampur, Bareilly, Shahjahanpur in Rohilkhand being the densest Rampur. Rampur was established by Hindu Rohilla Rajput king Raja Ram Singh (909 to 966 A.D.) in the 9th century. Till 1254 it was being ruled by Rohilla clan king Maharaja Ranveer Singh Rohilla, who was killed on the day of Rakshabandhan festival by Nasiruddin Changej. Prior to that Nasiruddin Changej was defeated by Maharaja Ranveer Singh Rohilla, but left without killing. He took help of Rajpurohi Pandit Gokul Nath Pandey, who told that Rohilla Rajputs worship Arms at Raksha Bandhan and do prayers. It was while Maharaja Ranveer Singh Rohilla was doing worship of Lord Shiva, under planned conspiracy he was attacked and killed by Royal Army from Delhi led by Nasirudding Changej of Ghulam Vansh, who ruled Delhi.[citation needed]
In Pakistan
In Pakistan, the Rohillas and other Urdu-speaking Pathans have now completely assimilated into larger Urdu speaking community. There is no sense of corporate identity among the descendants of Rohilla Pathans in Pakistan with high degree of intermarriage with other Muslims. They mainly live in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, and other urban areas of Sindh.[49][full citation needed]
Notable Rohillas
- Najib ad-Dawlah, House chief of Rohilkhand.
- Abdul Sattar Afghani, former mayor of Karachi.
- Shaukat Ali, Indian Muslim member of the Khilafat Movement.
- Ahmad Khan Bangash, Nawab of Farrukhabad.
- Muhammad Khan Bangash, Nawab of Farrukhabad.
- Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech, the Regent of Rohilkhand.
- Zakir Husain, Former president of India.
- Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Indian Muslim activist, founding member of the All-India Muslim League.
- Abdul Qadeer Khan, father of Pakistan’s nuclear missile project.
- Aiman Khan, model, actor.
- Ajit Khan
- Alamgir Khan, PTI leader
- Amir Khan, MQM leader.
- Ayaz Khan, actor, comedian.
- Ayeza Khan, actor, model.
- Faizullah Khan, Nawab of Rohilkhand.
- Jamia Millia Islamia University.
- Iqbal Muhammad Ali Khan, MQM leader.
- Kiran Khan, TV host, model, actor.
- Mahira Khan, actor, model.
- Naimatullah Khan, former mayor of Karachi.
- Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, military general.
- Shahryar Khan, former PCB chairman.
- Shaista Lodhi, TV host, actor.
- Josh Malihabadi, Shayar-e-Inqalab, poet.
- Irfan Pathan, Indian cricketer.
- Behroze Sabzwari, actor.
See also
References
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- ^ a b c Potter, George Richard (1971). The New Cambridge Modern History. Cambridge University Press. p. 553.
- ^ Impeaching for Imperialism, MALICK GHACHEM, Boston Review, February 20, 2020
- ^ "Afghan Muslims of Guyana and Suriname". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol 22, No 2, 2002. 3 November 2004. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ISBN 9781482839388.
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The designation Rohilla developed during the seventeenth century as a fairly broad notion of the people coming from Roh or Rõh, corresponding roughly with the mountainous terrain of the eastern Hindu Kush and the Sulaiman Range. Only in the seventeenth-century Indian and Indo-Afghan works do we find Roh frequently used as a more specific geographical term which corresponded with the territory stretching from Swat and Bajaur in the north to Sibi and Bhakkar in Sind, and from Hasan Abdal in the east to Kabul and Kandahar in the west.
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- ^ Robert Nichols (2006). A history of Pashtun Migration 1775 - 2006 (PDF). p. 36.
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The nomenclature ' Rohilkhand ' gained currency particularly after Ali Muhammad Khan , the adopted son and successor of Daud Khan defeated Raja Harnand and occupied Katehr in 1742
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- ^ Haleem, Safia (24 July 2007). Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India. Khyber Gateway.
This is the area in U.P (Uttar Pradesh) Province, in which Pashtoons were either given land by the emperors or they settled for Trade purposes. Roh was the name of the area around Peshawar city, in Pakistan. Yousafzai Pathans especially Mandarr sub clan, living in this valley were also known as Rohillas when they settled down the area was known as Katehr, which literally means soft well-aerated loam which is extremely suitable for cultivation. It later became known as Rohil Khand (the land of the Rohillas). The great majority of Rohillas migrated between 17th and 18th Century.
- ^ Robert Nichols (2006). A history of Pashtun Migration 1775 - 2006 (PDF). p. 36.
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- ^ Ḥusain, M.; Pakistan Historical Society (1957). A History of the Freedom Movement: 1707-1831. A History of the Freedom Movement: Being the Story of Muslim Struggle for the Freedom of Hind-Pakistan, 1707-1947. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 304. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
Amongst other prisoners he obtained a young Jat boy of eight years . Daud took a fancy to him and adopted him as his son and named him ' Ali Muhammad Khan.
- ^ Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri (1952). History of India: Modern India. the University of Michigan. p. 42.
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- ^ Mohammad Shah (1702–1748) was a Mughal emperor of Mughal empire between 1719 and 1748
- ^ Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Garhwal. Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1986. p. 34.
Dunde Khan ; Fateh Khan retained possession of Budaun and Usehat , while Abdullah Khan ( Ali Muhammad's son ) was established in possession of Ujhani and Sahaswan . Kot was given to Sardar Khan and Salempur was kept by Hafiz Rahmat
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