Romagna

Coordinates: 44°45′N 11°00′E / 44.750°N 11.000°E / 44.750; 11.000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Republic of San Marino
Proposed flag of Romagna

Romagna (

Romagnol: Rumâgna) is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy
.

Etymology

The name Romagna originates from the

Rhomaîoi in Greek). Thus the term Romania came to be used to refer to the territory administered by the Exarchate of Ravenna in contrast to other parts of Northern Italy under Lombard rule, named Langobardia or Lombardy
.

Location and boundaries

Romagna is traditionally limited by the

Reno and Sillaro to the north and west. To the southeast, the valley formed by the Conca river has historically formed a buffer region between the regions of Romagna and the Marche.[1]

The region's major cities include Cesena, Faenza, Forlì, Imola, Ravenna, and Rimini. The independent Republic of San Marino is considered by some to be part of the region.

Romagnol culture exerts a considerable influence over the Montefeltro historical region, on the borders between Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, and the Marche. On 15 August 2009, seven municipalities were transferred from the Province of Pesaro and Urbino to the Province of Rimini: Casteldelci, Maiolo, Novafeltria, Pennabilli, San Leo, Sant'Agata Feltria and Talamello.[2] On 17 June 2021, the municipalities of Montecopiolo and Sassofeltrio followed.[3]

History

The caveja, the symbol of Romagna

Prehistory

A number of archaeological sites in the region, such as Monte Poggiolo, show that Romagna has been inhabited since the Paleolithic age.

Umbri and Gauls

The

Umbrian, are the first traceable inhabitants of the region. The Etruscans
also dwelt in some portions of Romagna.

In the 5th century BC, various Gaulish tribes, most notably the Lingones, Senones and Boii, moved south into Ithe Italian peninsula, and sacked Rome in 390 BC. The Senones subjugated the Umbri and settled in Romagna, extending south to Ancona, with their capital at Sena Gallica (Senigallia). The lands formerly inhabited by the Senones were known as ager Gallicus (Gallic plain) to the Romans.

According to the Italian

Romagnolo dialect.[citation needed
]

Roman Republic

In 295 BC, the

Roman Province of Cisalpine Gaul centred at Mutina (modern Modena
).

After the

River Po
.

During Sulla's civil war in 82 to 82 BC, most of the colonies supported Gaius Marius. Forum Livii and Caesena (Cesena) were razed to ground, and the region was looted by Lucius Cornelius Sulla's victorious army.

The

Legio XIII across the Rubicon, igniting Caesar's civil war
.

Roman Empire

After the decisive

Italy into eleven regiones, and most of Romagna (except Rimini
) was in the eighth, Aemilia.

Towards the end of the 3rd century,

diocese of Italia Annonaria
.

Ravenna, which was surrounded by swamps and marshes, prospered and steadily rose in importance, and a

Adriatic
.

Germanic migrations and Exarchate of Ravenna

Stepping into the 5th century, the

Romulus in Ravenna, thus marking an end to the Western Empire
.

Encouraged by Emperor Zeno, Theodoric the Great led the Ostrogoths into Italy. He entered Ravenna and murdered Odoacer in 493, establishing a twofold kingdom of the Romans and Goths. Under the Ostrogoths Italy was partly restored to its former prosperity.

In 535 Justinian I initiated the Gothic War. It was fought for 20 years, and the Ostrogoths were finally subjugated. The peninsula, depopulated and devastated, was ruled by an exarch from Ravenna. However, Imperial authority was maintained for barely more than a decade. In 568 new Germanic tribes, the Lombards, entered Italy, and established their capital at Pavia. The Empire could barely defend the region around Ravenna and Rome, connected by a narrow strip of land passing through Perugia, as well as a series of coastal cities. The Imperial frontier retreated to Bologna.

In 727 the Lombard King Liutprand renewed war against the Byzantines, taking most of Romagna and besieging Ravenna itself. These territories were returned to the Byzantines in 730. In 737 the king entered Romagna once more and took Ravenna. The exarch, Eutychius, retook the region in 740, with Venetian assistance. Eventually another Lombard king, Aistulf, conquered Romagna once more, and brought an end to the exarchate in 751.

The Abbazia di San Mercuriale, Forlì, built in 1180

Papal rule

King

Guelphs. This situation started to change in the late-15th century, when after their return to Rome from Avignon in 1378, stronger popes progressively reasserted their authority in the fragmented region. Parts of Romagna were also seized by other powers, including Venice, and most notably the Republic of Florence, which took land up to Forlì and Cervia, building the famous city-fortress of Terra del Sole. The Florentine Romagna remained part of Tuscany
until the 1920s.

Gianciotto Malatesta
(1805), depicting a historical event from around 1280
Romagna in the 17th century

In 1500

, and the Papal States. The Duchy of Ferrara was later annexed by the Papal States on the extinction of the main d'Este line in 1597, with the cadet branch retaining the Imperial fiefs of Modena and Reggio.

This situation lasted until the French invasion of 1796, which brought bloodshed (the massacre of Lugo, looting, heavy taxation, the destruction of Cesena University) but also innovative ideas in social and political fields. Under Napoleonic rule Romagna received recognition as an entity for the first time, with the creation of the provinces of the Pino (Ravenna) and Rubicone (Forlì). When in 1815 the Congress of Vienna restored the pre-war situation, secret anti-papal societies were formed, and riots broke out in 1820, 1830–31 and 1848.

This opposition was fuelled by the

Risorgimento
.

Piazza del Popolo in Cesena

Post-unification

However, after joining the unification of Italy in 1860, Romagna was not awarded separate status by the Savoy monarchs, who were afraid of dangerous destabilizing tendencies in the wake of the popular figures cited above.

In the early 20th century the autonomy of Romagna was advocated by Aldo Spallicci, Giuseppe Fuschini, Emilio Lussu and others. A movement proposing separation from Emilia-Romagna was created in the 1990s.

Proposed flags

Romagna, not being an official administrative subdivision of Italy, does not have an official flag. Due to the deep cultural identity, many proposals have been advanced, both from political movements or simple citizens looking for a representative symbol.

See also

References

  1. ^ Zaghini, Paolo (16 October 2023). "Sulle rive del Conca, confine che unisce" [On the banks of the Conca, a border that unites]. Chiamami Città (in Italian). Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  2. ^ "Legge 3 agosto 2009, n. 117" [Law of 3 August 2009, no. 117]. Italian Parliament (in Italian). 3 August 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  3. ^ "Legge 28 maggio 2021, n. 84" [Law of 28 May 2021, no. 84]. Gazzetta Ufficiale (in Italian). 28 May 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  4. ^ "La Storia" [History]. Comune di Riccione (in Italian). Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  5. ^ "Il ponte romano sul Rio Melo a Riccione" [The Roman bridge over the Rio Melo in Riccione]. Famija Arciunesa (in Italian). 1 March 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  6. ^ a b "Mazapegul: il folletto romagnolo che ha fatto dannare i nostri nonni" [Mazapegul: The elf from Romagna who ruined our grandparents]. Romagna Republic (in Italian). 21 November 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  7. ^ Lazzari, Martina (29 October 2023). "Piada dei morti, preparazione e curiosità sulla dolce "piadina" romagnola" [Piada dei morti: Preparation and curiosity about the sweet Romagnol "piadina"]. RiminiToday (in Italian). Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  8. ^ Campagna, Claudia (28 February 2020). "Mazapegul, il folletto romagnolo" [Mazapegul, the romagnol elf]. Romagna a Tavola (in Italian). Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  9. ^ "Mazapègul, il 'folletto di Romagna' al Centro Mercato" [Mazapègul, the 'elf of Romagna' at the Market Centre]. estense.com (in Italian). 13 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  10. ^ Cuda, Grazia (5 February 2021). "E' Mazapégul" [It's Mazapégul]. Il Romagnolo (in Italian). Retrieved 2 March 2024.

External links

44°45′N 11°00′E / 44.750°N 11.000°E / 44.750; 11.000