Catholic Church in Mexico
National polity | |
---|---|
Classification | Catholic |
Orientation | Roman Catholic |
Scripture | Bible |
Theology | Catholic theology |
Polity | Episcopal |
Governance | CEM |
Pope | Francis |
President | Francisco Robles Ortega |
Region | Mexico |
Language | Spanish, Latin |
Headquarters | Mexico City |
Founder | Juan de Zumárraga |
Origin | Early 16th Century New Spain, Spanish Empire |
Separations | Protestantism in Mexico |
Members | 97,864,220 (2020) |
Official website | CEM |
The Mexican Catholic Church, or Catholic Church in
The history of the Catholic Church in Mexico dates from the period of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–1521) and it has continued as an institution in Mexico into the twenty-first century. In the late 20th century, Eastern Catholic jurisdictions were also established in Mexico.
In many parts of the country, Catholic Christianity is heavily syncretized with folk customs; and Aztec, Mayan, and other pre-Columban religions.
History
The history of the Catholic Church in Mexico can be divided into distinct periods, the basic division being between colonial Mexico, known as New Spain and the national period, from Mexican independence in 1821 until the current era.[citation needed]
The era of the military conquest in the early sixteenth century saw the Church's huge effort to evangelize the indigenous population of Mexico in what is termed "the spiritual conquest". As the Spanish Empire expanded into new territories, the incorporation of the indigenous population was a priority for the crown. The growth of the Spanish and mixed-race urban population of Mexico prompted the establishment of the episcopal hierarchy, under the patronage of the monarch and the creation of dioceses in Mexico.[citation needed]
In the national period, following independence in early nineteenth century, Mexico
After a period of violent open conflict over religious matters, Church-state relations returned to a
Organization of the Church in Modern Mexico
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The Catholic Church is the world's largest Christian church, and its largest religious grouping. The 2020 census reported that Mexico had some 97,864,220 Catholics, which equates to approximately 78% of the total population,
Latin Church hierarchy
Mexico's ecclesiastical provinces were organized as follows, on 28 September 2019:
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Acapulco
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Chihuahua
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Durango
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Guadalajara
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Hermosillo
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Xalapa
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of León
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mexico
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Monterrey
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Morelia
- Archdiocese of Puebla de los Angeles
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of San Luis Potosí
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Toluca
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tijuana
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tlalnepantla
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tulancingo
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tuxtla Gutiérrez
- Metropolitan Archdiocese of Yucatán
- Diocese of Campeche
- Diocese of Tabasco
- Prelature of Cancún-Chetumal
Eastern Catholic jurisdictions
There are also separate jurisdictions for specific Eastern particular churches within the Catholic Church in Mexico:[1]
- the Maronite Patriarch of Antioch)
- the Melkite Catholic Patriarch of Antioch)
- the Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico (from 1981, exempt, i.e. directly subject to the Holy See)
Regular (monastic) Catholic Jurisdictions
- The Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary in Rome, The Claretian Order.[10]
Freedom of religion
The constitution declares that Mexico is a secular state and provides for the right to religious freedom.[11]
In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.[12]
In the same year, the country was ranked as the 38th most difficult place in the world to be a Christian.[13]
Gallery
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Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Zamora
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Templo de santo domingo san cristóbal de las casas
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Templo de San Francisco Javier
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Catedral of Chihuahua
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Catedral of Santa Maria in Chilpancingo
See also
References
- ^ a b Díaz Domínguez, Alejandro (February 1, 2021). "¿Qué nos dice el Censo 2020 sobre religión en México?". Nexos (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-18.
- ^ "Main religion affiliations in Mexico". Statista. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
- ^ a b Roberto Blancarte, “Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach.” Journal of Church & State, Autumn 1993, vol. 35. No. 4.
- ^ Associated Press, "Pope's selection of 15 new cardinals reflects church's diversity, growth." The Washington Post January 5, 2015, p. A7.
- ^ Beltramo Álvarez, Andrés (7 December 2017). "Cardinal Carlos Aguiar Retes is Mexico's new primate". La Stampa. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ Rodríguez, Juan Carlos (8 December 2017). "Aguiar hallará una Arquidiócesis Primada en ruinas". Eje Central (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ "Confirma El Vaticano a Aguiar; el relevo se realizará el 5 de febrero". Excelsior (in Spanish). 8 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ Lamb, Christopher (7 December 2017). "Pope Names New Archbishops of Paris and Mexico City". The Tablet. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ a b c "Papa Francisco aprueba creación de tres nuevas diócesis en México" [Pope Francis approves creation of three new dioceses in Mexico], El Segundero (in Spanish)
- ^ "The Museum of the San Fernando Valley: Claretville Novitiate in Calabasas". museumsanfernandovalley.blogspot.com. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
- ^ US State Dept 2022 report
- ^ Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08
- ^ Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08
Bibliography
General
- Blancarte, Roberto. Historia de la Iglesia Católico en México. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económico / El Colegio de Méxiquense 1992.
- Cuevas, Mariano, S.J. Historia de la Iglesia de México. 5 vols. 1921–28.
- Mecham, J. Lloyd. Church and State in Latin America (revised edition). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1966.
- Schmitt, Karl. The Roman Catholic Church in Modern Latin America. New York 1972.
Colonial Era (1519–1821)
- Baudot, Georges. Utopia and History in Mexico: The First Chroniclers of Mexican Civilization, 1520–1569. University of Colorado Press 1995.
- Brading, D.A. Mexican Phoenix: Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition across Five Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001.
- Burkhart, Louise. The Slippery Earth: Nahua-Christian Moral Dialogue in Sixteenth-Century Mexico. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1989.
- Cline, Sarah. "Church and State: Habsburg New Spain,” in Encyclopedia of Mexico vol. 1, p. 248-50. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
- Cline, Sarah. "Church and State: Bourbon New Spain,” in Encyclopedia of Mexico vol. 1, p. 250-53. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
- Cline, Sarah. "The Spiritual Conquest Re-Examined: Baptism and Church Marriage in Early Colonial Mexico." Hispanic American Historical Review 73:3(1993) pp. 453–80.
- Costeloe, Michael. Church Wealth in Mexico: A Study of the Juzgado de Capellanías in the Archbishopric of Mexico, 1800–1856. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1967.
- Farriss, N.M. Crown and Clergy in Colonial Mexico, 1759–1821. London: Athlone Press 1958.
- Greenleaf, Richard. The Mexican Inquisition of the Sixteenth Century, 1536–1543. Washington DC: Academy of American Franciscan History 1962.
- Gruzinski, Serge. The Conquest of Mexico: The Incorporation of Indian Societies into the Western World 16th-18th Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993.
- Kubler, George. Mexican Architecture of the Sixteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press 1948.
- Morgan, Ronald J. Spanish American Saints and the Rhetoric of Identity, 1600–1810. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2002.
- Phelan, John Leddy. The Millennial Kingdom of the Franciscans in the New World. Berkeley: University of California Press 1970.
- Poole, Stafford. Pedro Moya de Contreras. Berkeley: University of California Press 1987.
- Poole, Stafford. Our Lady of Guadalulpe: The Origins and Sources of a Mexican National Symbol, 1531–1797. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
- Ricard, Robert. The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico. Translated by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1966. (originally published in French in 1933).
- Schwaller, John Frederick. Church and Clergy in Sixteenth-Century Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1987.
- Schwaller, John Frederick. The Origins of Church Wealth in Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1985.
- Taylor, William B. Magistrates of the Sacred: Priests and Parishioners in Eighteenth-Century Mexico. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1996.
- von Germeten, Nicole. Black Blood Brothers: Confraternities and Social Mobility for Afro-Mexicans. Gainesville: University of Florida Press 2006.
Nineteenth Century
- Bazant, Jan. Alienation of Church Wealth in Mexico: Social and Economic Aspects of the Liberal Revolution, 1856–1875. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1971.
- Callcott, Wilfred Hardy. Church and State in Mexico, 1822–1857. Durham: Duke University Press 1926.
- Ceballos Ramírez, Manuel. "La Encíclica Rerum Novarum y los Trabajadores Católicos en la Ciudad de México, 1891–1913." Historia Mexicana 33:1 (July–September 1983).
- Costeloe, Michael P. Church and State in Independent Mexico: A Study of the Patronage Debate, 1821–1857. London: Royal Historical Society 1978.
- Mijanos y González, Pablo. The Lawyer of the Church: Bishop Clemente de Jesús Munguía and the Clerical Response to the Mexican Liberal Reforma. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2015.
- Schmitt, Karl M. " Catholic Adjustment to the Secular State: The Case of Mexico, 1867–1911." Catholic Historical ReviewXLVIII No. 2 (July 1962) 182–204.
- Scholes, Walter V. "Church and state in the Mexican Constitutional Convention, 1856-57." The Americas IV No. 2. (Oct. 1947), pp. 151–74.
Twentieth Century and Third Millennium
- Bailey, David C. Viva Cristo Rey!: The Cristero Rebellion and Church-State Conflict in Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press 1974.
- Bantjes, Adrian. "Idolatry and Iconoclasm in Revolutionary Mexico: The Dechristianization Campaigns, 1929–1940." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 13:1 (winter 1997), pp. 87–120.
- Blancarte, Roberto. "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach," Journal of Church & State, autumn 1993, Vol 35. Issue 4.
- Butler, Matthew. "Keeping the Faith in Revolutionary Mexico: Clerical and Lay Resistance to Religious Persecution, East Michoacán, 1926–1929." The Americas 59:1 July 2002, 9-32.
- Camp, Roderic Ai. Crossing Swords: Politics and Religion in Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press 1997.
- Ceballos Ramírez, Manuel. El Catolicismo Social: Un Tercero en Discordia, Rerum Novarum, la 'Cuestión Social,' y la Movilización de los Católicos Mexicanos (1891–1911). Mexico: El Colegio de México 1991.
- Chand, Vikram K. Mexico's Political Awakening. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press 2001.
- Ellis, L. Elthan. "Dwight Morrow and the Church-State Controversy in Mexico." Hispanic American Historical Review Vol 38, 4 (Nov. 1958), 482–505.
- Espinosa, David. Jesuit Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and Political Resistance in Mexico, 1913–1979. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2014.
- Jrade, Ramón, "Inquiries into the Cristero Insurrection Against the Mexican Revolution." Latin American Research Review 20:2 (1985.
- Mabry, Donald J. Mexico's Acción Nacional: A Catholic Alternative to Revolution. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press 1973.
- Meyer, Jean. La Cristiada. 3 vols. Mexico City: Siglo XXI (1985).
- Meyer, Jean. The Cristero Rebellion: Mexican People Between Church and State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1976.
- Muro, Victor Gabriel. Iglesia y movimientos sociales en México, 1972–1987. Mexico: Colegio de Michoacán 1994.
- Muro, Victor Gabriel. "Catholic Church: Mexico" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 1. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 219–222.
- Purnell, Jennie. "The Cristero Rebellion" in Encyclopedia of Mexico. vol. 1. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 374–377.
- Purnell, Jennie. Popular Movements and State Formation in Revolutionary Mexico: The Agraristas and Cristeros of Michoacán. Durham: Duke University Press 1999.
- Quirk, Robert E. The Mexican Revolution and the Catholic Church, 1910–1929. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1973.
- Rice, Elizabeth Ann. The Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Mexico as Affected by the Struggle for Religious Liberty in Mexico, 1925-29. Washington DC 1959.
- Sherman, John W. "Liberation Theology" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 1, 742–45. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
- Vargas, Jorge A. "Freedom of Religion and Public Worship in Mexico: A Legal Commentary on the 1992 Federal Act on Religious Matters," BYU Law Review Volume 421 (1998), Issue 2, article 6.
- Wright-Rios, Edward. Revolutions in Mexican Catholicism: Reform and Revolution in Oaxaca, 1887–1934. Durham: Duke University Press 2009.
External links
- Catholics in Mexico, by state (INEGI)
- GigaCatholic, linking to every diocese
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .