Macedonia (Roman province)
Macedonia Μακεδονία | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Theme of Thessalonica later on | 7th century | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Today part of | Greece North Macedonia Albania Bulgaria |
Macedonia (
During the Republican period, the province was of great military significance, as the main bulwark protecting the Aegean region from attacks from the north. The Via Egnatia, which crossed the province from west to east was of great strategic importance, providing the main overland link between Rome and its domains in the Eastern Mediterranean. In this period, campaigns against the Dardani and Scordisci to the north and the Thracians to the east were nearly constant. By the first century BC, the province notionally extended to the Danube.
Macedonia was a central theatre for several campaigns of the
Throughout the
In
History
Macedonian Wars
The Romans clashed with the Macedonian kingdom in three wars in the early third century BC. After defeating
The kingdom was briefly reunited in 150 BC by the pretender
Republican province
At its creation, the province of Macedonia encompassed
Two years after the foundation of the new province, in 146 BC, Romans defeated the
Via Egnatia
Sometime after 146 BC,
Northern and eastern campaigns
Macedonia was of central importance to Roman military strategy in this period as a bulwark against attacks from the north.[26] The Dardani to the northwest, had initially supported the Romans in their conquest of Macedonia, but after 148 BC, they increasingly came into conflict with the Romans.[27][28] There were also occasional conflicts with the Thracians to the east.[28] However, the key enemy of the Romans in this period were the Scordisci, a Celtic group that largely supplanted the Dardanians as the most powerful group in the central Balkans.[29] They first invaded Macedonia in 149 BC during the Fourth Macedonian War and had to be driven out by Metellus.[30]
In the first years of the province two pretenders attempted to restore the Macedonian kingdom. The first, Alexander, invaded from Thrace in 148 BC and was defeated by Metellus. The second, referred to in the sources as 'Pseudo-Philip' or 'Pseudo-Perseus' also invaded from the east, in 143 or 142, with an army of up to 16,000 men, but was defeated by the quaestor Tremellus Scrofa.[31] The Scordisci invaded in 141 BC and defeated a Roman army commanded by Decimus Junius Silanus Manlianus[29] or, less likely, Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica.[31] In belated response to this defeat, Marcus Cosconius launched an attack on the Scordisci in 135 BC, defeating them in Thrace.[29][31] The delay may have been because Roman attention was focussed on the construction of the Via Egnatia.[31]
In 119 BC, the Scordisci invaded again, ravaging the area near
After this, the Romans turned their attention to the eastern border. The Romans defeated some Thracians under an unnamed commander in 104 BC.
In the aftermath of the Mithridatic Wars, the Romans again launched a concerted military effort in the region. Before the war, governors had tended to be
The governorship of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus from 57 to 55 BC is the subject of Cicero's In Pisonem, in which Caesoninus is accused of corruption, abuse, and murder of the provincials on a grand scale, as well as shaving sparked another invasion by the Dardianians and Bessi that even placed Thessaloniki under siege, but the speech may not give an accurate picture of Caesoninus' conduct.[43]
Civil wars
Macedonia was one of the main arenas of the civil wars at the end of the Roman Republic.
After the
After Philippi, Macedonia fell within the territories assigned to Mark Antony and it was governed by his
Principate
Following Actium, Octavian entrusted Macedonia to the proconsul
In the
The establishment of new provinces to the north and the consolidation of Roman control in the Balkans in general led to a decline in the military importance of Macedonia to Rome, as the legions defending the northern border were henceforth based in Dalmatia, Moesia, and Thrace.[57] Nevertheless, the province continued to provide a vital role in the transport of supplies from Italy to the northern and eastern borders of the Empire, as well as serving as a source of manpower.[56]
Organisation
The cities of the province had a range of different statuses. Six
In the Republican period a cult of "the Roman Benefactors" (Rhomaioi euergetai), the
The cities of Macedonia were arranged into the League of the Macedonians (Greek: koinon ton Makedonon), with its seat at
There was a separate civic league for the
Late Antiquity
The reforms of
- Hellenized".[72]
- Macedonia Prima ("First Macedonia"), encompassing most of the Thessalonicaas its capital.
- Macedonia Salutaris ("Wholesome Macedonia"), also known as Macedonia Secunda ("Second Macedonia"), partially encompassing both Pelagonia and Dardania and containing the whole of Paeonia. The province mostly coincides with the present-day North Macedonia. The town of Stobi located to the junction of the Crna Reka and Vardar rivers, the former capital of Paeonia, became the provincial capital.
- Thessalia encompassed the area of ancient Macedoniaand was subdivided into Thessalia Prima and Thessalia Secunda.
When the Prefecture of Macedonia was divided between the
Economy
The reign of
The economy was greatly stimulated by the construction of the Via Egnatia during 130s and 120s BC, the installation of Roman merchants in the cities, and the founding of Roman colonies. The Imperial government brought, along with its roads and administrative system, an economic boom, which benefited both the Roman ruling class and the lower classes. With vast arable and rich pastures, the great ruling families amassed huge fortunes in the society based on slave labor.
The improvement of the living conditions of the productive classes brought about an increase in the number artisans and craftspeople to the region. Stonemasons, miners, blacksmiths, etc. were employed in every kind of commercial activity and craft. Greek people were also widely employed as tutors, educators and doctors throughout the Roman world.
The export economy was based essentially on agriculture and livestock, while iron, copper, and gold along with such products as timber, resin, pitch, hemp, flax, and fish were also exported. Another source of wealth was the kingdom's ports, such as
List of Roman governors
Republican
Governor | Dates | Title |
---|---|---|
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus | 148-146 BC | Praetor proconsul |
Gnaeus Egnatius | ca. 145 BC | Proconsul |
Aulus Licinius Nerva | 143 or 142 BC | Praetor |
Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum | 142/1 or 141/0 BC[75] | |
Decimus Junius Silanus Manlianus | 141 BC | Praetor |
Quintus Calpurnius Piso | 138 or 137 BC | Praetor |
Marcus Cosconius |
135-133 BC | Praetor |
Tiberius (Latinius) Pandusa | 129 BC | Praetor |
Publius Cornelius Lentulus | 128 BC | |
Sextus Pompeius | 119 BC | Praetor |
Marcus Annius | 119 BC | Quaestor |
Gnaeus Cornelius Sisenna | 118 BC | Praetor proconsul |
Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus | 116-114 BC | Consul; Proconsul |
Gaius Porcius Cato |
114 BC | Consul |
Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius | 113-112 BC | Consul; Proconsul |
Marcus Livius Drusus | 112-111 BC | Consul |
Marcus Minucius Rufus | 110-106 BC | Praetor proconsul |
Gaius Billienus | after 106 BC? | Praetor proconsul |
Gaius Clivius | after 104 BC? | Praetor proconsul |
Gaius Servilius Vatia | before 100 BC? | |
Titus Didius | 101-100 BC | |
Lucius Aurelius | ca. 100 BC | Praetor proconsul |
Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo | between 104 and 93 BC | |
Lucius Julius Caesar | 94 BC | Praetor proconsul |
Gaius Sentius | 93—87 BC | Praetor proconsul |
Sulla | 86-84 BC | Proconsul |
Lucius Hortensius | 85 BC | Legatus |
Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus | 85-84 BC | |
Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella |
80—78 BC | Proconsul |
Appius Claudius Pulcher | 78—76 BC | Proconsul |
Gaius Scribonius Curio | 75—72 BC | Proconsul |
Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus | 72-71 BC | Proconsul |
Lucius Quinctius Rufus | 68-67 BC? | Proconsul |
Rubrius | 67-66 BC | Praetor |
Lucius Manlius Torquatus | 64-63 BC | Proconsul |
Gaius Antonius Hybrida | 62-60 BC | Proconsul |
Gaius Octavius | 60-59 BC | Praetor proconsul |
Lucius Culleolus | 59/58 BC | Proconsul |
Lucius Appuleius Saturninus | 58 BC | Praetor |
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus | 57—55 BC | Proconsul |
Quintus Ancharius | 55-54 BC | Praetor proconsul |
Gaius Cosconius |
ca. 53-51 BC | Praetor proconsul |
Gnaeus Tremellius Scrofa or Marcus Nonius Sufenas | 51-50 BC | |
Titus Antistius | 49 BC | Quaestor propraetor |
Decimus Laclius | 45-44 BC | Legatus |
Quintus Hortensius Hortalus |
44-42 BC | Proconsul |
Gaius Antonius |
43 BC | Proconsul |
Marcus Junius Brutus | 43-42 BC | Proconsul |
Lucius Marcius Censorinus | 42-40 BC | Legatus proconsul |
Gaius Asinius Pollio | 40-39 BC | Legatus proconsul |
Quintus Paquius Rufus | ca. 30s BC? | Legatus proconsul |
Titus Statilius Taurus | 31-30 BC? | Legatus proconsul |
Imperial
- Marcus Licinius Crassus (31-27 BC)
- Marcus Primus (c.24/23 BC)[76]
- Lucius Tarius Rufus (18-16 BC)
- Publius Vinicius (AD 2/3)
- Publius Memmius Regulus (with Achaea, between AD 31 and 37)
- Marcus Helvius Geminus (before 54)[77]
- Marcus Julius Romulus (between 54 and 68)[78]
- Marcus Vettius Bolanus (before 66)[78]
- Lucius Antonius Saturninus (76/77)[79]
- P. Tullius Varro (between 70 and 79)
- Lucius Baebius Honoratus(before 83)
- Gaius Salvius Liberalis (84/85)
- L. Cocceius Justus (c. 100)
- Q. Annius Maximus (113/114)
- M. Arruntius Claudianus (between 96 and 118)
- Octavius Antoninus (119/120)
- Lucius Varius Ambibulus (124/125)
- Junius Rufinus (between 118 and 138)
- Q. Gellius Sentius Augurinus (between 118 and 139)
- [Iul]ius [Fr]ugi (c. 138)
- Sextus Pedius Hirrutus Lucilius Pollio (c. 148)[80]
- P. Antius Orestes (164/165)
- Publius Julius Geminius Marcianus (c. 166)
- [... A]qu[i]linus (between 139 and 180)
- Cornelius Rufus (between 161 and 180)
- Ti. Claudius Gordianus (between 187 and 192)[81]
- Junius Rufinus (192/193)
- Marcus Antius Crescens Calpurnianus (c. 200)
- (M. Ulipus ?) Tertullianus Aquila (212/213 or 213/214)
- P. Aelius Coeranus (c. 224)
- T. Clodius Pupienus Pulcher Maximus (c. 223)
- Q ? or C(L.)? Valerius Rufrius Justus (between 220 and 230)
- P. Julius Junianus Martialianus (signo Leontius) (between 222 and 235)
- C. Caerellius (Fufidius Annius Ravus) Pollittianus (between 222 and 235)
- Dulcitius (c. 300)
- Calliopius of Antioch (362)
Notable individuals
Saints and clerics
- Agape, Chionia, and Irene (died 304)
- Agathopous, deacon
- Aristarchus of Thessalonica, 1st century
- Demophilus of Constantinople (died 386), Bishop, born in Thessalonica
- Epaphroditus, first bishop of Philippi
- Gaius, first Bishop of Thessalonica
- Lydia of Thyatira, 1st century
- Matrona of Thessalonica
- Onesimus, first bishop of Beroea
- Salonika, martyred in 306
- Theodulus, Lector
Writers
- Craterus of Amphipolis (c. 100-30 BC) Rhapsode winner in Amphiarian games[82]
- fabulist
- Antipater of Thessalonica (late 1st century BC), epigrammatic poet and governor of the city
- Philippus of Thessalonica (late 1st century AD), epigrammatic poet and compiler of the Greek Anthology
- Archias, epigrammatist
- Antiphanes (late 1st century), epigrammatist
- Parmenio (late 1st century), epigrammatist
- Criton of Pieria, historian
- Polyaenus, (2nd century), military writer
- Stobaeus (5th century), anthologist of Greek authors
- Macedonius of Thessalonica (6th century), epigrammatist of Greek Anthology
Physicians
- Athryilatus of Thasos
- Alexander of Pella
- Damian of Thessalonica
- Anthemius of Edessa
- Paul of Philippi
- Theodorus of Kato Kleines, Florina
- C. Iulius Nicetas of Lyke (Lyki) in Pella
- Aurelius Isidorus of Thessalonica
- Sextus Iulius Chariton of Amphipolis
- Servia of Thessalonica
- Pubicius [Beroea
- Aelius Nicolaus of Edessa
- Aptus of Dion[83]
See also
References
- ^ A Companion to Ancient Macedonia, By Joseph Roisman and Ian Worthington, page 549
- ISBN 960-7265-01-7.
- ISBN 960-7265-16-5.
- ISSN 2204-3128.
- ^ Eckstein 2010, p. 245; Errington 1990, pp. 216–217; Hatzopoulos 1996, pp. 43–46.
- ^ a b Papazoglou 1979, p. 305.
- ^ Kremydi-Sicilianou 2005, pp. 97–98.
- ^ Thonemann, The Hellenistic World: Using Coins as Sources 2016 ISBN 9781316091784, pp. 71
- ^ Graninger, D. (2011) Cult and Koinon in Hellenistic Thessaly. Leiden.
- ^ Vanderspoel 2010, p. 252.
- ^ Papazoglou 1979, p. 303.
- ^ Papazoglou 1979, p. 304.
- ^ Vanderspoel 2010, p. 258.
- ^ Vanderspoel 2010, p. 255.
- ^ Papazoglou 1979, p. 306.
- ^ Papazoglou 1979, pp. 302–308.
- ^ a b Vanderspoel 2010, p. 259.
- ^ Cic. Contra Pisonem 38
- ^ Vanderspoel 2010, p. 256.
- ^ Papazoglou 1979, p. 311.
- ^ a b Vanderspoel 2010, p. 265.
- ^ a b c d e Vanderspoel 2010, p. 262.
- ^ Vanderspoel 2010, pp. 265–266.
- ^ Vanderspoel 2010, p. 266.
- ^ O'Sullivan 1972.
- ^ Vanderspoel 2010, pp. 252 & 257.
- ^ P. Vladimir (2006). "Pre-roman and Roman Dardania historical and geographical considerations". Balcanica (37): 7–23.
- ^ a b Vanderspoel 2010, p. 257.
- ^ a b c Papazoglou 1979, p. 312.
- ^ Vanderspoel 2010, p. 260.
- ^ a b c d Vanderspoel 2010, p. 261.
- ^ This event is known from an inscription erected in honour of Marcus Annius at Lete: Syll.3 700; Papazoglou 1979, p. 312
- ^ a b c d Papazoglou 1979, p. 313.
- ^ Papazoglou 1979, pp. 315–316.
- ^ a b Papazoglou 1979, p. 316.
- ^ a b c d e f g Vanderspoel 2010, p. 263.
- ^ Papazoglou 1979, p. 317.
- ^ Papazoglou 1979, pp. 308–309.
- ^ a b Papazoglou 1979, p. 318.
- ^ Papazoglou 1979, pp. 318–319.
- ^ a b Vanderspoel 2010, p. 264.
- ^ Papazoglou 1979, p. 319.
- ^ Papazoglou 1979, p. 320.
- ^ a b c Papazoglou 1979, p. 321.
- Caesar, Bellum Civile3.34
- ^ a b Papazoglou 1979, p. 322.
- ^ Vanderspoel 2010, pp. 267–268.
- ^ Papazoglou 1979, p. 223.
- ^ a b Vanderspoel 2010, p. 268.
- ^ Freese, John Henry (1911). Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 643–644. . In
- ^ a b c Vanderspoel 2010, p. 269.
- ^ a b Vanderspoel 2010, pp. 269–270.
- Annales1.76.4
- ^ Suetonius, Life of Claudius 25.3, Cassius Dio Roman History 60.24.1
- ^ Wiseman, James (1979). "Corinth and Rome I". ANRW. 7 (1): 503.
- ^ a b c Vanderspoel 2010, p. 270.
- ^ Vanderspoel 2010, pp. 252 & 269.
- ^ a b Kremydi-Sicilianou 2005, p. 99.
- ^ Kremydi-Sicilianou 2005, pp. 98–99.
- ^ Papazoglou 1979, pp. 307–308.
- ^ Kremydi-Sicilianou 2005, p. 98.
- ^ Papazoglou 1998.
- ^ a b c d Kremydi-Sicilianou 2005, pp. 102–103.
- ISBN 9780472112388.
- ^ The Loeb Editor's Notes, 28 Nova Epirus or Illyris Graeca
- ^ A new classical dictionary of Greek and Roman biography, mythology, and geography: partly based upon the Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology by Sir William Smith,1851, page 392
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia - Durazzo
- ISBN 1-113-19974-1, 734.
- ^ Atlas of Classical History by R. Talbert, 1989, page 175: "... divided the diocese of Moesia into two, styled Thracia and Macedonia, the latter consisting of the provinces from Epirus Nova and Macedonia southward."
- Dyrrachium(=Epidamnus) as its capital.
- ISBN 0-631-19807-5, Page 210
- JSTOR 293653
- ^ Macedonia – Province of the Roman Empire
- ^ Papazoglou 1979, pp. 310–311.
- ^ Vanderspoel 2010.
- ^ Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford: University Press, 1939), p.330 n. 3
- ^ CIL III, 6074 = ILS 975
- ^ a b Werner Eck, "Über die prätorischen Prokonsulate in der Kaiserzeit. Eine quellenkritische Überlegung", Zephyrus 23/24 (1972/73), pp. 240f
- ^ Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 69 to 139 are taken from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp. 281–362; 13 (1983), pp. 147–237
- ^ Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 139 to 180 are taken from Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), p. 265
- ^ Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 187 to 235 are taken from Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (180-235 n. Chr.), (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben 1989), pp. 302-304
- ^ Amphiareion — c. 80-50 BC Epigraphical Database
- ^ www.phl.uoc.gr/eulimene/eulimene03.pdf
Bibliography
- Eckstein, Arthur M. (2010). "Macedonia and Rome, 221–146 BC". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 225–250. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
- ISBN 0-520-06319-8.
- Hatzopoulos, M. B. (1996). Macedonian Institutions Under the Kings: a Historical and Epigraphic Study. Vol. 1. Athens: Research Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity, National Hellenic Research Foundation; Diffusion de Boccard. ISBN 960-7094-90-5.
- Kremydi-Sicilianou, Sophia (2005). "'Belonging' to Rome, 'Remaining' Greek: Coinage and Identity in Roman Macedonia". In Howgego, C.; Heuchert, V.; Burnett, A. (eds.). Coinage and identity in the Roman Provinces. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–106. ISBN 978-0-19-926526-8.
- Papazoglou, F. (1979). "Quelques aspects de l'histoire de la province de Macédoine". ANRW. ii.7.1: 302–369.
- Papazoglou, F. (1988). Les villes de Macédoine à l'époque romaine. Paris: École Française d'Athènes. ISBN 2-86958-014-2.
- Papazoglou, F. (1998). "Le koinon Macédonien et la province de Macédoine". Thracia. 12: 133–9.
- O'Sullivan, Firmin (1972). The Egnatian Way. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. ISBN 9780715356760.
- Vanderspoel, John (2010). "Provincia Macedonia". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A companion to ancient Macedonia. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 251–275. ISBN 978-1-405-17936-2.