Mesopotamia (Roman province)

Coordinates: 37°N 41°E / 37°N 41°E / 37; 41
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Roman Mesopotamia
)
This article is about the province in Roman antiquity until the time of Heraclius. For the later province (theme) during the middle Byzantine era, see Mesopotamia (theme). For other uses, see Mesopotamia (disambiguation).
Provincia Mesopotamia
ἐπαρχία Μεσοποταμίας
Nisibis (Nusaybin)
Historical eraAntiquity
• Established by Trajan
116
• Evacuated by Hadrian
117
• Re-established by Septimius Severus
198
637
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Parthian Empire
Rashidun Caliphate
Today part ofIraq
Turkey
Syria
The Roman provinces of the East under Trajan, including Mesopotamia.
The late Roman Diocese of the East, including the province of Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia was the name of a

Sassanian empires until the Muslim conquests
of the 7th century.

Trajan's province

In 113, the Roman emperor Trajan (r. 98–117) launched a war against Rome's long-time eastern rival, the Parthian Empire. In 114, he conquered Armenia, which was made into a province, and by the end of 115, he had conquered northern Mesopotamia. This too was organized as a province in early 116, when coins were minted to celebrate the fact.[1]

Later in the same year, Trajan marched into central and southern Mesopotamia (enlarging and completing the province of Mesopotamia) and across the river Tigris to Adiabene, which he annexed into another Roman province, Assyria.[2] But he did not stop there. In the last months of 116, he captured the Persian city of Susa and deposed the Parthian king Osroes I, putting his own puppet ruler Parthamaspates on the Parthian throne. Never again would the Roman Empire advance so far to the east.

As soon as Trajan died, however, his successor Hadrian (r. 117–138) relinquished his conquests east of the Euphrates river, which became again the Roman Empire's eastern boundary.[3][4]

Severus's province

Lucius Verus's campaign

Northern Mesopotamia, including

Nisibis
.

Year of the Five Emperors

This control was threatened in 195, during the civil war between Septimius Severus (r. 193–211) and the usurper Pescennius Niger, when rebellions broke out in the area, and Nisibis was besieged. Severus quickly restored order and organized Osroene as a full province.[5][6]

Reconquest by Severus

Next, Severus embarked on a war against Parthia, which he concluded successfully with the sack of the Parthian capital Ctesiphon. In emulation of Trajan, he re-established a province of Mesopotamia in 198, with Nisibis, elevated to the status of a full colonia, as its capital.[7][8]

Unlike Trajan's province, which encompassed the whole of Roman-occupied Mesopotamia between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, the new province was limited between the province of Osroene to the south, the Euphrates and Tigris to the north, and the river Chaboras (modern Khabur) to the east.[9]

Warzone

Map showing the Mesopotamia province

For the remainder of its existence, the new province would remain a bone of contention between the Romans and their eastern neighbors, suffering heavily in the recurrent

Edessa in 260.[11] In the next year, however, Odaenathus of Palmyra took a stand against Shapur, who eventually retreated.[12]

Diocletianic-Constantinian reorganization

Under the reforms of

Constantine I (r. 306–337), it became part of the Diocese of the East, which in turn was subordinated to the praetorian prefecture of the East
.

Map of Roman military stations in Mesopotamia from a 1436 manuscript

Constantina. Other cities included Martyropolis and Kephas.[9]

Late Roman/Early Byzantine Mesopotamia

Not to be confused with Mesopotamia (theme).

After the troubles Roman forces faced in the Anastasian War of 502–506, the East Roman emperor Anastasius I (r. 491–518) built the fortress of Dara as a counter to Nisibis and as the new base of the dux Mesopotamiae.

During the reforms of

Armenia IV, while the remainder was divided into two civil and ecclesiastical districts, one (the region south of the Tigris) with capital at Amida and the other (the region of Tur Abdin) with capital at Dara.[9] The province suffered greatly during the near-constant wars with Persia in the 6th century. In 573, the Persians even took Dara, although the East Romans recovered it under the peace of 591. They lost it again to the Persians in the great war of 602–628, and regained it afterwards only to lose the entire region permanently to the Muslim conquests in 633–640.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ Bennett (1997), pp. 196, 198–199
  2. ^ Bennett (1997), p. 201
  3. ^ Bennett (1997), pp. 206–207
  4. ^ Mommsen, Dickson & Haverfield (2004), p. 72
  5. ^ Mommsen, Dickson & Haverfield (2004), pp. 77–78
  6. ^ Southern (2001), p. 33
  7. ^ Mommsen, Dickson & Haverfield (2004), pp. 78–79
  8. ^ Southern (2001), p. 42
  9. ^ a b c d Kazhdan (1991), p. 1348
  10. ^ Southern (2001), p. 70–71
  11. ^ Mommsen, Dickson & Haverfield (2004), p. 100
  12. ^ Mommsen, Dickson & Haverfield (2004), pp. 103–104

Sources

  • Bennett, Julian (1997). Trajan: Optimus Princeps. Routledge.
    ISBN 0-415-16524-5
    .
  • ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6
    .
  • Mommsen, Theodor; Dickson, William Purdie; Haverfield, Francis (2004). The provinces of the Roman Empire: from Caesar to Diocletian, Vol. II. Gorgias Press LLC.
    ISBN 978-1-59333-026-2. [dead link
    ]
  • Southern, Pat (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge.
    ISBN 978-0-203-45159-5
    .

37°N 41°E / 37°N 41°E / 37; 41

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