Mile

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Roman mile
)
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Scandinavian mile, nautical mile, Mile (disambiguation), and Miles (disambiguation).

mile
US customary
Unit oflength
Symbolmi. or mi, (rarely) m
Conversions
1 mi. or mi in ...... is equal to ...
   
US units
   
   US survey mile   0.999998 survey mile
   nautical units   0.86898 nmi

The mile, sometimes the international mile or statute mile to distinguish it from other miles, is a

SI units as exactly 1,609.344 metres
.

With qualifiers, mile is also used to describe or translate a wide range of units derived from or roughly equivalent to the Roman mile (roughly 1.48 km), such as the nautical mile (now 1.852 km exactly), the Italian mile (roughly 1.852 km), and the Chinese mile (now 500 m exactly). The Romans divided their mile into 5,000 pedēs ("feet"), but the greater importance of furlongs in the Elizabethan-era England meant that the statute mile was made equivalent to 8 furlongs or 5,280 feet in 1593. This form of the mile then spread across the British Empire, some successor states of which continue to employ the mile. The US Geological Survey now employs the metre for official purposes, but legacy data from its 1927 geodetic datum has meant that a separate US survey mile (6336/3937 km) continues to see some use, although it was officially phased out in 2022. While most countries replaced the mile with the kilometre when switching to the International System of Units (SI), the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as Liberia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and a number of countries with fewer than one million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories or have close historical ties with the UK or US.

Name

The modern English word mile derives from Middle English myle and Old English mīl, which was cognate with all other Germanic terms for miles. These derived from the nominal ellipsis form of mīlle passus 'mile' or mīlia passuum 'miles', the Roman mile of one thousand paces.[1]

The present

American law, however, statute mile refers to the US survey mile.[3] Foreign and historical units translated into English as miles usually employ a qualifier to describe the kind of mile being used but this may be omitted if it is obvious from the context, such as a discussion of the 2nd-century Antonine Itinerary
describing its distances in terms of miles rather than Roman miles.

Abbreviation

The mile has been variously abbreviated in English—with and without a trailing period—as "mi", "M", "ml", and "m".

miles per gallon continue to be abbreviated as "mph" and "mpg" rather than "mi/h" and "mi/gal". In the United Kingdom, road signs use "m" as the abbreviation for mile though height and width restrictions also use "m" as the symbol for the metre, which may be displayed alongside feet and inches.[6] The BBC style holds that "there is no acceptable abbreviation for 'miles'" and so it should be spelled out when used in describing areas.[7]

Historical

Roman road network, in the Roman Forum

Roman

The

decempeda and dioptra then spread its use.[11]

In modern times, Agrippa's Imperial Roman mile was empirically estimated to have been about 1,618 yards (1,479 m; 4,854 ft; 0.919 mi) in length, slightly less than the 1,760 yards (1,609 m; 5,280 ft) of the modern international mile.[12]

In

zero mile marker for the Byzantine Empire, the Milion, located at the head of the Mese near Hagia Sophia
.

The Roman mile spread throughout Europe, with its local variations giving rise to the different units.[

Roman numeral, indicating the number of miles from the centre of Rome – the Forum. Hence, one can know how far one is from Rome.[13]

Italian

The

Italian mile (miglio, pl. miglia) was traditionally considered a direct continuation of the Roman mile, equal to 1000 paces,[14] although its actual value over time or between regions could vary greatly.[15] It was often used in international contexts from the Middle Ages into the 17th century[14] and is thus also known as the "geographical mile",[16] although the geographical mile
is now a separate standard unit.

Arabic

Main article: Arabic mile

The

arcminute of latitude measured directly north-and-south along a meridian
. Although the precise value of the approximation remains disputed, it was somewhere between 1.8 and 2.0 km.

English

See also: yard

The "old

furrow's length" or furlong.[20]

The origins of English units are "extremely vague and uncertain",

Elizabeth I.[24]

Arnold's c. 1500 Customs of London recorded a mile shorter than previous ones, coming to 0.947 international miles (5000 feet) or 1.524 km.[20]

Statute

"Statute mile" redirects here. For the current statute mile in the United Kingdom, see § International. For the statute mile in the United States, see § US survey.

The English statute mile was established by a

furlongs (which were derived from the rod) and to increase the number of feet per mile from the old Roman value.[27] The applicable passage of the statute reads: "A Mile shall contain eight Furlongs, every Furlong forty Poles,[n 3] and every Pole shall contain sixteen Foot and an half."[29] The statute mile therefore contained 5,280 feet or 1,760 yards.[20] The distance was not uniformly adopted. Robert Morden had multiple scales on his 17th-century maps which included continuing local values: his map of Hampshire, for example, bore two different "miles" with a ratio of 1 : 1.23[30] and his map of Dorset had three scales with a ratio of 1 : 1.23 : 1.41.[31] In both cases, the traditional local units remained longer than the statute mile. The English statute mile was superseded in 1959 by the international mile
by international agreement.

Welsh

The

conquest of Wales by Edward I of England
in the 13th century.

Scots

Edinburgh's "Royal Mile"—running from the castle to Holyrood Abbey—is roughly a Scots mile long.[34]

The

statute miles
or 1.81 km). It was legally abolished three times: first by a 1685 act of the
Weights and Measures Act 1824.[35]
It had continued in use as a customary unit through the 18th century but had become obsolete by its final abolition.

Irish

Main article:
Irish mile
Milestone on Mountbellew Bridge, erected c. 1760. Distances are given in Irish miles.

The Irish mile (míle or míle Gaelach) measured 2,240 yards: approximately 1.27 statute miles or 2.048 kilometres.

linear perch measuring 7 yards (6.4 m) as opposed to the English rod of 5.5 yards (5.0 m).[40]

Dutch

Scalebar on a Mercator map
Scalebar on a 16th-century map made by Mercator. The scalebar is expressed in "Hours walking or common Flemish miles", and includes three actual scales: small, medium and big Flemish miles.

The Dutch mile (mijl) has had different definitions throughout history. One of the older definitions was 5,600 ells. But the length of an ell was not standardised, so that the length of a mile could range between 3,280 m and 4,280 m. In the sixteenth, the Dutch had three different miles: small (kleine), medium (middelbaar/gemeen), and large (groote). The Dutch kleine mile had the historical definition of one hour's walking (uur gaans), which was defined as 24 stadia, 3000 paces, or 15,000 Amsterdam or Rhineland feet (respectively 4,250 m or 4,710 m). The common Dutch mile was 32 stadia, 4,000 paces, or 20,000 feet (5,660 m or 6,280 m). The large mile was defined as 5000 paces.[41] The common Dutch mile was preferred by mariners, equating with 15 to one degree of latitude or one degree of longitude on the equator. This was originally based upon Ptolemy's underestimate of the Earth's circumference. The ratio of 15 Dutch miles to a degree remained fixed while the length of the mile was changed as with improved calculations of the circumference of the Earth. In 1617, Willebrord Snellius calculated a degree of the circumference of the Earth at 28,500 Rijnlantsche Roeden (within 3.5% of the actual value), which resulted in a Dutch mile of 1900 rods.[42] By the mid-seventeenth century, map scales assigned 2000 rods to the common Dutch mile, which equalled around 7,535 m (reducing the discrepancy with latitude measurement to less than 2%). The metric system was introduced in the Netherlands in 1816, and the metric mile became a synonym for the kilometre, being exactly 1,000 m. Since 1870, the term mijl was replaced by the equivalent kilometer. Today, the word mijl is no longer used, except as part of certain proverbs and compound terms like mijlenver ("miles away").

German

degree of meridian
"

The German mile (Meile) was 24,000 German feet. The standardised Austrian mile used in southern Germany and the Austrian Empire was 7.586 km; the Prussian mile used in northern Germany was 7.5325 km. Following its standardisation by Ole Rømer in the late 17th century, the Danish mile (mil) was precisely equal to the Prussian mile and likewise divided into 24,000 feet.[43] These were sometimes treated as equivalent to 7.5 km. Earlier values had varied: the Sjællandske miil, for instance, had been 11.13 km. The Germans also used a longer version of the geographical mile.

Breslau

The Breslau mile, used in

Ostrów Tumski and suburban tracts, passing eight bridges on the way, the standard Breslau mile was determined.[44][45]

Saxon

The Saxon post mile (kursächsische Postmeile or Polizeimeile, introduced on occasion of a survey of the Saxon roads in the 1700s, corresponded to 2,000 Dresden rods, equivalent to 9.062 kilometres.[46]

Hungarian

The Hungarian mile (mérföld or magyar mérföld) varied from 8.3790 km to 8.9374 km before being standardised as 8.3536 km.

Portuguese

The Portuguese mile (milha) used in Portugal and Brazil was 2.0873 km prior to metrication.[47]

Russian

The

Russian mile (миля or русская миля, russkaya milya) was 7.468 km, divided into 7 versts
.

Croatian

The

Jesuit Stjepan Glavač on a 1673 map, is the length of an arc of the equator subtended by 1/10° or 11.13 km exactly.[48][49] The previous Croatian mile, now known as the "ban mile" (banska milja), had been the Austrian mile given above.[50]

Ottoman

The Ottoman mile was 1,894.35 m (1.17709 mi), which was equal to 5,000 Ottoman foot. After 1933, the Ottoman mile was replaced with the modern Turkish mile (1,853.181 m).

International

The international mile is precisely equal to 1.609344 km (or 25146/15625 km as a fraction).[52] It was established as part of the 1959 international yard and pound agreement reached by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa,[53] which resolved small but measurable differences that had arisen from separate physical standards each country had maintained for the yard.[54] As with the earlier statute mile, it continues to comprise 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet.

The old Imperial value of the yard was used in converting measurements to metric values in India in a 1976 Act of the Indian Parliament.

datum,[56] which is also used by the Global Positioning System
.

The difference from the previous standards was 2 

ppm, or about 3.2 millimetres (1⁄8 inch) per mile. The US standard was slightly longer and the old Imperial standards had been slightly shorter than the international mile. When the international mile was introduced in English-speaking countries, the basic geodetic datum in America was the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27). This had been constructed by triangulation based on the definition of the foot in the Mendenhall Order of 1893, with 1 foot = 1200/3937 (≈0.304800609601) metres and the definition was retained for data derived from NAD27, but renamed the US survey foot to distinguish it from the international foot.[57][n 4]
Thus a survey mile = 1200/3937 × 5280 (≈1609.347218694) metres. An international mile = 1609.344 / (1200/3937 × 5280) (=0.999998) survey miles.

The exact length of the land mile varied slightly among English-speaking countries until the international yard and pound agreement in 1959 established the yard as exactly 0.9144 metres, giving a mile of exactly 1,609.344 metres. The US adopted this international mile for most purposes, but retained the pre-1959 mile for some land-survey data, terming it the U. S. survey mile. In the United States, statute mile normally refers to the survey mile,[58] about 3.219 mm (1⁄8 inch) longer than the international mile (the international mile is exactly 0.0002% less than the US survey mile).

While most countries abandoned the mile when switching to the metric system, the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as Liberia, Myanmar,[59] the United Kingdom[60] and the United States.[61] It is also used in a number of territories with less than a million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories, or have close historical ties with the UK or US: American Samoa,[62] Bahamas,[63] Belize,[64] British Virgin Islands,[65] Cayman Islands,[66] Dominica,[66] Falkland Islands,[67] Grenada,[68] Guam,[69] The N. Mariana Islands,[70] Samoa,[71] St. Lucia,[72] St. Vincent & The Grenadines,[73] St. Helena,[74] St. Kitts & Nevis,[75] the Turks & Caicos Islands,[76] and the US Virgin Islands.[77] The mile is even encountered in Canada, though this is predominantly in rail transport and horse racing, as the roadways have been metricated since 1977.[78][79][80][81] Ireland gradually replaced miles with kilometres, including in speed measurements; the process was completed in 2005.

US survey

For the detailed calculations of international miles to survey miles and feet (above), see § International.

The US survey mile is 5,280

international foot. In the United States, the term statute mile formally refers to the survey mile,[3] but for most purposes, the difference of less than 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) between the survey mile and the international mile (1609.344 metres exactly) is insignificant—one international mile is 0.999998 US survey miles—so statute mile can be used for either. But in some cases, such as in the US State Plane Coordinate Systems (SPCSs), which can stretch over hundreds of miles,[83]
the accumulated difference can be significant, so it is important to note that the reference is to the US survey mile.

The United States redefined its yard in 1893, and this resulted in US and Imperial measures of distance having very slightly different lengths.

The

National Geodetic Survey left individual states to decide which (if any) definition of the foot they would use. All State Plane Coordinate Systems are defined in metres, and 42 of the 50 states only use the metre-based State Plane Coordinate Systems. However, eight states also have State Plane Coordinate Systems defined in feet, seven of them in US survey feet and one in international feet.[83]

State legislation in the US is important for determining which conversion factor from the metric datum is to be used for land surveying and real estate transactions, even though the difference (2 

ppm) is hardly significant, given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances (usually much less than a mile). Twenty-four states have legislated that surveying measures be based on the US survey foot, eight have legislated that they be based on the international foot, and eighteen have not specified which conversion factor to use.[83]

SPCS 83 legislation refers to state legislation that has been passed or updated using the newer 1983 NAD data. Most states have done so. Two states,

Washington, DC, US Virgin Islands, American Samoa and Northern Mariana Islands, do not have SPCS 83 legislation.[83]

In October 2019,

US National Geodetic Survey and National Institute of Standards and Technology announced their joint intent to retire the US survey foot and US survey mile, as permitted by their 1959 decision, with effect on January 1, 2023.[84][85][86]

Nautical

On the utility of the nautical mile.
Each circle shown is a great circle—the analogue of a line in spherical trigonometry—and hence the shortest path connecting two points on the globular surface. Meridians are great circles that pass through the poles.
Main article: Nautical mile

The nautical mile was originally defined as one

oblate spheroid, so the length of a minute of latitude increases by 1% from the equator to the poles. Using the WGS84 ellipsoid
, the commonly accepted Earth model for many purposes today, one minute of latitude at the WGS84 equator is 6,046 feet and at the poles is 6,107.5 feet. The average is about 6,076 feet (about 1,852 metres or 1.15 statute miles).

In the United States, the nautical mile was defined in the 19th century as 6,080.2 feet (1,853.249 m), whereas in the United Kingdom, the Admiralty nautical mile was defined as 6,080 feet (1,853.184 m) and was about one minute of latitude in the latitudes of the south of the UK. Other nations had different definitions of the nautical mile, but it is now internationally defined to be exactly 1,852 metres (6,076.11548556 feet).[89]

Related units

The nautical mile per hour is known as the knot. Nautical miles and knots are almost universally used for aeronautical and maritime navigation, because of their relationship with degrees and minutes of latitude and the convenience of using the latitude scale on a map for distance measuring.

The

light year is a unit of distance), equal to the time required for a radar pulse to travel a distance of two miles (one mile each way). Thus, the radar statute mile is 10.8 μs and the radar nautical mile is 12.4 μs.[91]

Geographical

Main article: Geographical mile

The geographical mile is based upon the length of a meridian of latitude. The German geographical mile (geographische Meile) was previously 1⁄15° of latitude (7.4127 km).[92]

Grid system

Cities in the continental United States often have streets laid out by miles.

Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and Miami, are several examples. Typically the largest streets are about a mile apart, with others at smaller intervals. In the Manhattan borough of New York City, "streets" are close to 20 per mile, while the major numbered "avenues" are about six per mile. (Centerline to centerline, 42nd Street to 22nd Street is supposed to be 5,250 feet, while 42nd Street to 62nd Street is supposed to be 5,276 ft 8 in.)[citation needed
]

Metric

Main article: Metric mile

The informal term "metric mile" is used in some countries, in sports such as

middle distance running event in Olympic sports. In United States high-school competition, the term is sometimes used for a race of 1,600 metres (0.994 miles).[93]

Scandinavian

Main article: Scandinavian mile

The Scandinavian mile (mil) remains in common use in Norway and Sweden, where it has meant precisely 10 km since metrication in 1889.[43] It is used in informal situations and in measurements of fuel consumption, which are often given as litres per mil. In formal situations (such as official road signs) only kilometres are given.

The Swedish mile was standardised as 36,000 Swedish feet or 10.6884 kilometres (6.6415 miles) in 1649; before that it varied by province from about 6 to 14.485 km.[43]

Before metrication, the Norwegian mile was 11.298 kilometres (7.020 miles).

The traditional Finnish peninkulma was translated as Swedish: mil and also set equal to 10 km during metrication in 1887, but is much less commonly used.

Comparison table

A comparison of the different lengths for a "mile", in different countries and at different times in history, is given in the table below. Leagues are also included in this list because, in terms of length, they fall in between the short West European miles and the long North, Central and Eastern European miles.

Length (m) Name Country used From To Definition Remarks
0500 lǐ mainland China 1984 today 1,500 chi In Chinese, this unit and the imperial mile are written using the same word (里), with a qualifier to distinguish between systems if needed
0960–1,152 Talmudic mil Land of Israel/Canaan today 2,000 amot (
cubits
)		 Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement
01,480 mille passus, milliarium Roman Empire Ancient Roman units of measurement
01,486.6 miglio[94] Sicily
01,524 London mile England
01,609.3426 (statute) mile England/UK 1592 1959 1,760 yards Over the course of time, the length of a yard changed several times and consequently so did the English, and from 1824, the imperial mile. The statute mile was introduced in 1592 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I
01,609.344 mile some English speaking countries[citation needed] 1959 today 1,760 yards On 1 July 1959, the imperial mile was standardized to an exact length in metres. This figure corresponds to 5280 feet at 25.4 millimeters per inch.
01,609.3472 (statute) mile United States 1893 2022 1,760 yards From 1959 also called the US Survey Mile. From then, its only utility has been land survey, before it was the standard mile. From 1893, its exact length in metres was: 3600/3937 × 1760
01,807 Scots mile Scotland 1685 5,920 feet
01,820 Italy
01,852 nautical mile international today approx. 1
minute of arc
 Measured at a circumference of 40,000 km. Abbreviation: NM, nm
01,852.3 (for comparison) 1 meridian minute
01,853.181 nautical mile Turkey
01,855.4 (for comparison) 1 equatorial minute Although the NM was defined on the basis of the minute, it varies from the equatorial minute, because at that time the circumference of the equator could only be estimated at 40,000 km.
02,065 Portugal
02,220 Gallo-Roman league Gallo-Roman culture 1.5 miles Under the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, this replaced the Roman mile as the official unit of distance in the Gallic and Germanic provinces, although there were regional and temporal variations.[95]
02,470 Sardinia, Piemont
02,622 Scotland
02,880 Ireland
03,780 Flanders
03,898 French lieue (post league) France 2,000 "body lengths"
03,927
Ri
 Japan 12,960 shaku
04,000 general or metric league
04,000 legue Guatemala
04,190 legue Mexico[96] = 2,500 tresas = 5,000 varas
04,444.8 landleuge 1⁄25° of a circle of longitude
04,452.2 lieue commune France
Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution
04,513 legue Paraguay
04,513 legua Chile,[96] (Guatemala, Haiti) = 36 cuadros = 5,400 varas
04,808 Switzerland
04,828 English land league England 3 miles
04,800
04,900		 Germanic rasta, also doppelleuge
(double league)
05,000 légua nova Portugal[96]
05,196 legua Bolivia[96] = 40 ladres
05,152 legua Argentina Argentina, Buenos Aires[96] = 6,000 varas
05,154 legue Uruguay
05,200 Bolivian legua Bolivia
05,370 legue Venezuela
05,500 Portuguese legua Portugal
05,510 legue Ecuador
05,510 Ecuadorian legua Ecuador
05,532.5 Landleuge
(state league)		 Prussia
Obsolete German units of measurement
05,540 legue Honduras
05,556 Seeleuge (nautical league) 1⁄20° of a circle of longitude
3 nautical miles
05,570 legua Spain and Chile
Spanish customary units
05,572 legua Colombia[96] = 3 Millas
05,572.7 legue Peru[96] = 20,000 feet
05,572.7 legua Antigua
old league		 Spain[96] = 3 millas = 15,000 feet
05,590 légua Brazil[96] = 5,000 varas = 2,500 bracas
05,600 Brazilian legua Brazil
05,685 Fersah (Turkish league) Ottoman Empire 1933 4 Turkish miles Derived from Persian parasang
05,840[97] Dutch mile Holland
06,170 milltir Wales 13thC 9,000 camau ( = 27,000 troedfeddi = 243,000 inches) Eclipsed by the conquest of Wales by Edward I
06,197 légua antiga Portugal[96] = 3 milhas = 24 estadios
06,240 Persian legue Persia
06,277 Luxembourg
06,280 Belgium
06,687.24 legua nueva
new league, since 1766		 Spain[96] = 8,000 varas
06,700 Breslau mile Silesia 1630 1872 Also known as mila wrocławska in Polish
06,797 Landvermessermeile
(state survey mile)		 Saxony
Obsolete German units of measurement
07,400 Netherlands
07,409 (for comparison) 4 meridian minutes
07,419.2 Kingdom of Hanover
Obsolete German units of measurement
07,419.4 Duchy of Brunswick
Obsolete German units of measurement
07,420.4
07,414.9		 Bavaria
Obsolete German units of measurement
07,420.439 geographic mile 1⁄15 equatorial
grads [dubious – discuss
]
07,421.6 (for comparison) 4 equatorial minutes
07,448.7 Württemberg
Obsolete German units of measurement
07,450 Hohenzollern
Obsolete German units of measurement
07,467.6 Russia 7 verst
Obsolete Russian units of measurement
07,480 Bohemia
07,500 kleine / neue Postmeile
(small/new postal mile)		 Saxony 1840
Obsolete German units of measurement
07,532.5 Land(es)meile
(German state mile)		 Denmark, Hamburg, Prussia Primarily for Denmark defined by
Obsolete German units of measurement
07,585.9 Postmeile
(post mile)		 Austro-Hungary
Austrian units of measurement
07,850 Milă Romania
08,534.31 Mila Poland 1819 7146 meters before 1819, also equaled 7 verst[98]
08,800 Schleswig-Holstein
Obsolete German units of measurement
08,888.89 Baden
Obsolete German units of measurement
09,062 mittlere Post- / Polizeimeile
(middle post mile or police mile)		 Saxony 1722
Obsolete German units of measurement
09,206.3 Electorate of Hesse
Obsolete German units of measurement
09,261.4 (for comparison) 5 meridian minutes
09,277 (for comparison) 5 equatorial minutes
09,323 alte Landmeile
(old state mile)		 Hanover 1836
Obsolete German units of measurement
09,347 alte Landmeile
(old state mile)		 Hanover 1836
Obsolete German units of measurement
09,869.6 Oldenburg
10,000 metric mile, Scandinavian mile Norway, Sweden today Still commonly used today, e.g. for road distances; equates to the
myriametre
10,044 große Meile
(great mile)		 Westphalia
Obsolete German units of measurement
10,670 Finland
10,688.54 mil Sweden 1889 In normal speech, "mil" means a Scandinavian mile of 10 km.
11,113.7 (for comparison) 6 meridian minutes
11,132.4 (for comparison) 6 equatorial minutes
11,299 mil Norway was equivalent to 3,000 Rhenish rods.

Similar units:

  • 1,066.8 m –
    obsolete Russian units of measurement

Idioms

The mile is still used in a variety of

idioms
, even in English-speaking countries that have moved from the Imperial to the metric system (for example, Australia, Canada, or New Zealand). These idioms include:

  • A country mile is used colloquially to denote a very long distance.
  • "A miss is as good as a mile" (failure by a narrow margin is no better than any other failure)
  • "Give him an inch and he'll take a mile" – a corruption of "Give him an inch and he'll take an ell"[99][100] (the person in question will become greedy if shown generosity)
  • "Missed by a mile" (missed by a wide margin)
  • "Go a mile a minute" (move very quickly)
  • "Talk a mile a minute" (speak at a rapid rate)
  • "To go the extra mile" (to put in extra effort)
  • "Miles away" (lost in thought, or daydreaming)
  • "Milestone" (an event indicating significant progress)

See also

Notes

  1. partitive genitive construction literally meaning "one thousand of paces".[8]
  2. Weights and Measures Act establishing the Imperial system. In practice, official measures were verified using the standards at the Exchequer or simply ignored.[23]
  3. ^ "Pole" being another name for the rod.
  4. ^ When reading the document it helps to bear in mind that 999,998 = 3,937 × 254.

References

Citations

  1. ^ OED (2002), "mile, n.1".
  2. ^ AHD (2006), "mile, 1".
  3. ^ a b Thompson (2008), B.6..
  4. ^ Weintrit, Adam (24 October 2019). "History of the Nautical Mile". Logistyka. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  5. ^ Butcher (2014), p. C-16.
  6. ^ "Road traffic: The traffic signs regulations and general directions 2015" (PDF). Government of the United Kingdom.
  7. ^ "Numbers" Archived 27 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC
  8. ^ Lease (1905), p. 211.
  9. ISSN 0195-9131
    .
  10. ^ Soren (1999), p. 184.
  11. ^ Shuttleworth.
  12. ^ Smith (1875), p. 762.
  13. ISBN 978-0-8160-7482-2
    .
  14. ^ a b De Morgan (12 February 1842). "XXXIV On Fernel's Measure of a Degree, in reply to Mr. Galloway's Remarks". The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. Taylor & Francis: 230–233.
  15. ^ Zupko (1981), "Miglio".
  16. ^ Young, Norwood, ed. (1908). Handbook for Rome and the Campagna. Murray's Handbooks. E. Stanford. p. 29.
  17. ^ Andrews (2003), p. 70.
  18. ^ a b Evans (1975), p. 259.
  19. ^ Chaney (1911), p. 484.
  20. ^ a b c Klein (1988), p. 69.
  21. ^ a b c d e Chisholm (1864), p. 8.
  22. ^ a b c NPL.
  23. ^ Chisholm (1864), p. 37.
  24. ^ Chisholm (1864), p. 4.
  25. ^ Zupko (1977), pp. 10–11, 20–21.
  26. ^ Burke (1978), Ch. 9.
  27. ^ Adams (1990).
  28. ^ Statutes at large from the first year of King Edward the fourth to the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Vol. II. 1763. p. 676. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  29. ^ Act 35 Eliz. I cap. 6, s. 8.[28]
  30. ^ Norgate (1998).
  31. ^ Morden (1695).
  32. ^ Owen (1841), Book II, Ch. XVII, §5.
  33. ^ Owen (1841), Book II, Ch. XVII, §2.
  34. ISBN 978-0-004-49017-5
    .
  35. ^ a b "mile". Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Scottish National Dictionary.
  36. ^ "fall, faw". Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue.
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    February 2012, Rail Report – 2010 – Report Number R10E0096. Other Factual Information (See Figure 1). 2. Assignment 602 travelled approximately 12 car lengths into track VC-64 and at a speed of 9 mph struck a stationary cut of 46 empty cars (with the air brakes applied) that had been placed in the track about 2+1⁄2 hours earlier. Canadian railways have not been metricated and therefore continue to measure trackage in miles and speed in miles per hour.
  81. ^ Hastings Racecourse Fact Book Archived 18 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Like Canadian railways, Canadian race tracks have not been metricated and continue to measure distance in miles, furlongs, and yards (see page 18 of the fact book).
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Bibliography

Further reading
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