Romani society and culture
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2022) |
Part of a series on |
Romani people |
---|
Romani people by sub-group |
Romani diaspora by country
|
The Romani people are a distinct ethnic and cultural group of peoples living all across the globe, who share a family of languages and sometimes a traditional nomadic mode of life.[1] Though their exact origins are unclear, central India is a notable point of origin.[2] Their language shares a common origin with, and is similar to, modern-day Gujarati and Rajasthani, borrowing loan words from other languages as they migrated from India. In Europe, even though their culture has been victimized by other cultures, they have still found a way to maintain their heritage and society.[3][4] Indian elements in Romani culture are almost non-existent, with the exception of their language.[5] Romani culture focuses heavily on family. The Roma traditionally live according to relatively strict moral codes.[6] The ethnic culture of the Romani people who live in central, eastern and southeastern European countries developed through a long, complex process of continuous active interaction with the culture of their surrounding European population.[7]
Origins
Linguistic and phonological research has traced the Roma people's origin to places in the
Another legend described the Persian king Bahram V, who took musicians from India to Iran at A.D. 420–438, then wandered over the Silk Road to Europe. Some believe the Roma are their descendants.[11]
Names
The
Family and life stages
Traditionally, Roma place a high value on the extended family.[13]
Marriage and controversies
Marriage in Romani society underscores the importance of family and demonstrates ties between different groups, often transnationally. Traditionally an
The Romani practice of child marriage has generated substantial controversy across the world. In 2003, one of the many self-styled Romani "kings", Ilie Tortică, prohibited marriage before the parties were of legal age in their country of residence. A Romani patriarch, Florin Cioabă, ran afoul of Romanian authorities in late 2003 when he married off his youngest daughter, Ana-Maria, at the age of twelve, well below the legal marriageable age.[16]
Bride kidnapping (not to be confused with the Romanian bride kidnapping tradition) is believed to be a traditional part of Romani practice. Girls as young as twelve years old may be kidnapped for marriage to teenage boys. This practice has been reported in Ireland, England, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Bulgaria and Slovakia.[17][18][19] Bride kidnapping is thought to be a way to avoid a bride price or a means for a girl to marry a boy she wants but that her parents do not want.[19] The tradition's normalisation of kidnapping puts young women at higher risk of becoming victims of human trafficking.[17][18]
The practices of bride kidnapping and child marriage are not universally accepted throughout Romani culture. Some Romani women and men seek to eliminate such customs.[20]
The
Romani mothers
Feud
The blood revenge, blood feud or vendetta is an old form of private vengeance, which is usually intended to restore Romani family honor by killing an opponent. It only occurs after serious damage to honor, such as the killing itself, which no other damage compensation within the feud can do justice to.[23][24]
Purity and death
Clothes for the lower body, as well as the clothes of menstruating women, are washed separately. Items used for eating are washed in a different place.[25]
Childbirth is considered "impure" and must occur outside the dwelling place; the mother is considered "impure" for 40 days.[26]
The
Childraising
Christian Romani people incorporate their values into how they raise their children. There is an element of impurity placed upon both the mother and father after the mother gives birth. This impurity is lessened if the child is a male and the family is considered "lucky". Traditionally, the couple will live with the father of the groom until their first child is born. Romani people place high value on extended family so godparents, along with this other family, are active in the child's life to ensure its well-being.[28]
Moral values
The culture and tradition of Dasikane (Christian) Roma and Horahane (Muslim) Roma is very different. There is no single roma culture or tradition, it differs from country, subgroups and religion.
Romanipen
Romanipen (also romanypen, romanipe, romanype, romanimos, romaimos, romaniya) is a concept of Romani philosophy encompassing totality of the Romani spirit, culture, law, being a Rom, a set of Romani strains.[29]
An ethnic Rom is considered to be a Gadjikane Roma in Romani society if the person has no Romanipen. Sometimes a Gadjo, usually an adopted child, may be considered to be a Rom if the person has Romanipen. As a concept, Romanipen has been the subject of interest to numerous academic observers. It has been hypothesized that it owes more to a framework of culture than simply an adherence to historically received rules.[30]
Significant changes in Romani culture following the
Being a part of Romani society
A considerable punishment for a Christian Rom is banishment from Romani society.[32] An expelled person is considered to be "contaminated" and is shunned by other Christian Romanis.
Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians[33] like the Turcoman Gypsies and Crimean Roma[34] are not part of the Romani society due to the lack of Romanipen and the Romani language.
Romani Code
Romani Code, or Romano Zakono, is the most important part of Romanipen. It is a set of rules for Romani life. It differs from Groups and Religions.
Though Romani ethnic groups have different sets of rules, Oral Romani cultures are most likely to adhere to the Romani code, these communities are geographically spread.[35] There are proverbs about the Romani Code and customs, such as:
- There exist as many customs as there are Romani groups. (Kitsyk Roma, dakitsyk obychaye in Ruska Roma's dialect)
Rules of Romani Code describe relationships inside the Romani community and set limits for customs, behavior and other aspects of life.
The Romani Code is not written; Romani people keep it alive in oral tradition.
The kris is a traditional institution for upholding and enforcing the Romani Code.
The code can be summarised in pillars; the main pillar representing the polar ideas of baxt (pronounced [baxt], bah-kht) meaning 'honour' and ladž (or laʒ, pronounced [ladʒ], lah-j) meaning 'shame'.[35]
It is honourable, in some Romani cultures, to celebrate baxt by being generous and displaying your success to the public. The focus on generosity means sharing food is of great importance to some groups of Roma. Making lavish meals to share with other Romani visitors is commonplace and in some cases not having food to share is considered shameful.[35]
Faith and religion
The vast majority of Roma are Christians. They are Catholic Manouche, Mercheros, and Sinti; Muslim Ashkali and Romanlar; Pentecostal Kalderash and Lovari; Protestant Travellers; Anglican Roma; and Baptist Roma. The Roma's religious beliefs are occupied by God and Virgin Mary.[36]
Hinduism
While in
Dasikane Roma
In Balkan Romani an Orthodox Christian Roma is named Dasikane or Daskane or Das, the meaning is sometimes given as a slave or servant.[40]
Deities and saints
Christian Roma ceremonies and practices
Roma often adopt the dominant religion of their host country if a ceremony associated with a formal religious institution is necessary, such as a baptism or funeral (their particular belief systems and indigenous religion and worship remain preserved regardless of such adoption processes). Some Roma continue to practice "
Romani elders serve as spiritual leaders; there are no specific Christian Roma priests, churches, or Christian Roma scriptures, the exception being the Pentecostal Roma, most in Western society.[38]
Within the United Kingdom, a large proportion of British Roma (40% by some estimates) are members of Light and Life, a Charismatic Pentecostal Christian movement.[46]
Burial of the foreskin
It is a custom among
Balkan Roma Muslims
Balkan Roma Muslims are mostly
- Bulgaria: In northwestern Bulgaria and Sofia and Kyustendil, Islam has been the dominant religion. In southwestern Bulgaria (Pirin Macedonia), Islam is the dominant religion, with a smaller section of the population, declaring themselves as "Turks", continuing to mix ethnicity with Islam.[51]
- Romania: Muslim Roma Minority at the Dobruja.[52]
- Greece: Muslim Roma in Western Thrace.[51]
- Albania: Albania's Romani people are all Muslims.[51]
- Macedonia: The majority of Romani people believe in Islam.[51]
- Serbia: in the disputed territory of Kosovo the vast majority of the Romani population is Muslim.[51]
- Bosnia, Montenegro and Herzegovina: Islam is the dominant religion.[51]
- Croatia: Following World War II, a large number of Muslim Roma relocated to Croatia (the majority moved from Kosovo).[51]
In the Balkans, the Roma of
Other regions
Ukraine and Russia contain Romani Muslim populations, as the families of Balkan migrants continue to live there. The descendants' ancestors settled on the Crimean peninsula during the 17th and 18th centuries, but most descendants migrated to Ukraine, southern Russia and the Povolzhie (along the Volga River). Formally, Islam is the religion that these communities align themselves with, and the people are recognized for their staunch preservation of the Romani language and identity.[51]
Most Eastern European Roma are
Evangelicalism
Since World War II, a growing number of Roma have embraced Evangelical movements. For the first time, Roma became ministers and created their own, autonomous churches and missionary organizations. In some countries, the majority of Roma belong to Romani churches. This unexpected change has greatly contributed to a better image of Roma in society. The work they perform is seen as more legitimate, and they have begun to obtain legal permits for commercial activities.[57]
Buddhism
Dance
Romani dances are influenced by Indian dances. A Romani dance that originated from India is the snake dance. Romani women perform the sapera dance with a cobra to awakened their reptilian powers, mantras and to curse menacing victims forever.[60]
Belly dance is performed by the Romani people in Turkey[61]
Music
As the Roma traveled to other countries from India to Europe, the Roma introduced many influences in their music, beginning with their Indian roots and adding elements of Greek, Persian, Turkish, Romanian, Czech and Slavic influence, as well as Western European such as German, French and Spanish influences.[62]
The
Classical music
Romani music is very important in Eastern European cultures such as Hungary, Russia, and Romania.[67] Performance practices by Romani musicians have influenced European classical composers such as Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms.[68]
Language
The Romani language is spoken by millions of Romani people throughout the world.[69] It is of the Indo-Aryan branch. Many Romani people can speak two or more languages. It is not considered an official language because it varies from tribe to tribe.[70]
Observances
Each June, Gypsy Roma Traveller History Month is celebrated in London.[71] International Romani Day is a holiday celebrated in Europe, especially in Budapest, Bulgaria, Romania and Eastern Europe, on April 8.[72] World Roma Festival is a festival celebrated in Prague.[73] Ederlezi and Kakava are holidays celebrated in spring by the Turkish Roma.[74]
Romani Christians celebrate Christmas on December 25 and Easter in either April or May. Romani adults may also fast on these holidays and may eat special foods for these holidays.[75]
World Day of Romani Language is celebrated every November 5.[76]
Anthem
Theatre, circus and cinema
There exist four well-known Romani theatres in the world, Romen Theatre, Romance Theatre, Romanothan and Phralipe, and also many small theatres.[77][78][79]
Museums
There are some Romani museums in Europe.[80]
Museum of Romani Culture is located in Brno in the Czech Republic.[81]
Cuisine
Romani people don’t eat food prepared by a non-Roma.[82]
Horse meat is forbidden by Christian Roma. Any Christian Roma who eats horse meat, are punished and banished from their tribe. Cat meat and dog meat are also forbidden and are considered unclean.[83][84][85]
Christian Romani tea is similar to Russian tea and
The
There is a Romani restaurant called Romani Kafenava in Maribor, Slovenia. Rabbit stew is a Romani favorite. Other Romani dishes are fried bread dishes, including xaritsa (fried cornbread), pufe (fried wheat bread) and bogacha (baked bread). A Romani dessert is pirogo, a sweet noodle casserole similar to Jewish kugel made with raisins, cream cheese, and butter.[88]
Hedgehogs are both eaten and given high status by the Roma.[90]
Medicine
Romanian Roma uses parsley leaves to heal bruises.[91] Roma suffering from illness often seek treatment from a Romani doctor, an elderly Roma who uses traditional medicines such as herbs.[92] Roma refuse to seek medical help from non-Roma and use healers, magic, prayer or herbal remedies for illnesses.[93] A drabarni is a Romani female healer.[94]
Art
Art among Romani people is important. It is associated with mobility, travelling, trading, creating transportable objects and music.[95]
Fashion
Turkish Roma wear Ottoman pants whereas as Christian Roma wear long skirts.[96]
In most traditional Romani communities, Romani women tend to wear gold bracelets and gold necklaces and headscarves that are decorated with golden coins.[97]
Literature
Romani literature is written by Romani people.[98]
Superstitions
Romani culture is steeped in superstition. Many Roma hold on to belief in charms, amulets, curses, bad luck, and ghosts.[99]
Folklore
Romani people have their own ethnic hero. Among the Vlach Roma, it is Mundro Salamon or Wise Solomon. Other Romani groups call this hero O Godjiaver Yanko. Among the Welsh Kale, he is Merlinos (the Wizard), taken from Celtic folklore.[100]
Fortune-telling
A stereotype that Romani people have psychic powers (e.g. fortune-teller) is still sometimes present, and some romantics attribute the invention of the Tarot cards to them.[101][102][103]
Travel
The Roma traditionally travelled with wagons pulled by horses and donkeys.[104] The Gypsy Cob is the most popular breed to pull vardo wagons.[105]
Relations with other people
There are still tensions between Roma and the majority population around them. Common complaints are that Roma
Law enforcement agencies in the United States hold regular conferences on the Roma and similar nomadic groups.[109]
In Denmark, there was much controversy when the city of Helsingør decided to put all Romani students in special classes in its public schools. The classes were later abandoned after it was determined that they were discriminatory and the Romani students were put back in regular classes.[110]
Romani people have traditionally avoided gadje because non-Romani are believed to be polluting and defile the Romani world.[111]
The Greek Doctor A. G. Paspati made the statement in his Book from 1860, that Turks married often Roma Woman, and the Rumelian Romani dialect is nearly lost by the Muslim Turkish Roma, who speak entirely Turkish.[112] Ernest Gilliat-Smith, explained in 1915, that this Turkish Roma in Bulgaria can't speak Romani language, and compare them with very poor Turks rather than Romani people. The French orientalist Henri Bourgeois referred too the Turkish Roma as Pseudo Chingiane, especially the newspaper Laço who was published in 1910 by Emin Resa.[113]
Roma in Eastern Europe
Many countries that were formerly part of the
In the Czech Republic, 75% of Romani children are educated in schools for people with learning difficulties and 70% are unemployed, compared with a national rate of 9%. In Hungary, 44% of Romani children are in special schools, while 74% of men and 83% of women are unemployed. In Slovakia, Romani children are 28 times more likely to be sent to a special school than non-Roma, whilst Romani unemployment stands at 80%.[114]
In 2004,
Seven former Communist Central European and Southeastern European states launched the Decade of Roma Inclusion initiative in 2005 to improve the socioeconomic conditions and status of the Romani minority.[116]
See also
- Flag of the Romani people
- Gadjo (non-Romani)
- Museum of Romani Culture
- Rom baro (tribal leader)
- Romani folklore
- Romani dress
- Romani studies
- Romani cuisine
- Anti-Romani sentiment
References
- ^ "Who are the Roma people?". New Internationalist. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-9470-5. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- S2CID 57561829.
- ^ Berthier, Jean-Charles (1979). "The Socialization of the Gypsy Child". International Social Science Journal. 31 (3): 376–392.
- ISBN 9789633861097.
- ISBN 9781000904048.
- ^ Elena Marushiakova; Veselin Popov. "Development of Romani culture". rm.coe.int. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ISBN 9786155053931– via OpenEdition Books.
- ^ Matras, Y. "Romani Project - The History of the Romani Language". Romani Project- Romani Linguistics and Romani Language Projects. Yaron Matras. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ Hubschmannova, Milena. "Origin of Roma". ROMBASE. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
- ^ "From India to Europe".
- ^ Factsheets on Romani Language
- ^ Alina Bradford (26 November 2018). "Roma Culture: Customs, Traditions & Beliefs". livescience.com. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
- ^ ISBN 9780195300949. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
- ISBN 9780520221857. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
- ^ Brabant, Malcolm (6 October 2003). "Roma rivalry over child bride ban". BBC News Online. BBC News. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ a b McDonald, Henry (3 September 2007). "Gardaí hunt gang accused of seizing Roma child bride". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ ISBN 978-8360190371. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ a b Pamporov, Alexey (2006). Roma/Gypsy population in Bulgaria as a challenge for the policy relevance. European Population Conference Liverpool, 20–24 June 2006. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ Oprea, Alexandra (21 July 2005). "Child Marriage a Cultural Problem, Educational Access a Race Issue? Deconstructing Uni-Dimensional Understanding of Romani Oppression". European Roma Rights Centre. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- S2CID 144820319.
- PMID 24890123.
- ^ Cooke, Jennifer (1 March 2007). "Blood feud: gypsy clans in court". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
- ^ Papapavlou, Maria (2006). "Book Review: Gypsy law: Romani legal traditions and culture". ssoar.info. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
- ^ "Roma Culture: An Introduction | Language Contact Manchester" (PDF). Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ Introduction to Roma culture usaid.gov
- ^ S2CID 153933600.
- JSTOR 1393193.
- ^ Aleksandar G. Marinov (2019). Inward Looking: The Impact of Migration on Romanipe from the Romani Perspective.
- ISBN 978-0-85323-689-4. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
- ISBN 978-1-902806-07-5. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
- ^ "For Roma, Life in US Has Challenges | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. 6 April 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
- ^ "History of the Balkan Egyptians" (PDF).
- ^ "Turcoman Gypsies in the Balkans: Just a Preferred Identity or More?". Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ ISBN 978-0674368385. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
- ^ Religion and Beliefs coe.int
- ^ "RADOC".
- ^ a b c d "Roma". Countries and their Cultures. Advameg, Inc. 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ "Roman Mutfağını Tanıyor muyuz?-3 (ÇİNGENE YUMURTASI) - Romani Godi". 8 October 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
- ^ "Restless Beings Project: Roma Engage". restlessbeings. Restless Beings. 2008–2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ "BLESSED CEFERINO GIMENEZ MALLA 1861-1936". Saviour.org – Visit the Saviour. Voveo Marketing Group. December 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ "ABC SEVILLA (Sevilla) - 30/05/1964, p. 59 - ABC.es Hemeroteca". hemeroteca.sevilla.abc.es. 22 August 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ Ronald Lee (2002). "THE ROMANI GODDESS KALI SARA". Romano Kapachi. Ronald Lee. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ "Saintes Marie de la Mer: The Church". Office of Tourism. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
- ^ Wineyard, Val. "Saintes Maries de la Mer". I Write about Mary Magdalene. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
- ^ Strangwayes-Booth, Alex (19 November 2016). "How Gypsies Have Moved from Fortune-Telling to Fervent Christianity". BBC.
- ^ THE RITE OF MALE CIRCUMCISION AMONG THE MUSLIM POPULATION IN THE WESTERN BALKANS
- ^ "School holidays in Malaysia, time for circumcision". Reuters. 23 November 2009.
- ISBN 9781780232973.
- ^ Barutcu, Atilla (January 2015). ""Ucundan Azıcık"la Atılan Sağlam Temel: Türkiye'de Sünnet Ritüeli ve Erkeklik İlişkisi". Masculinities: A Journal of Identity and Culture.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Veselin. "Roma Muslims in the Balkans". Academia.
- ^ Mironescu, Vlad (20 September 2014). "Care este religia predominantă a țiganilor din România?". Gândul (in Romanian). Retrieved 21 March 2016.
- – via journals.openedition.org.
- ^ Acton, Thomas A.; Barbour, S.; Mundy, G. (19 April 1997). "Mediterranean Religions and Romani People". Journal of Mediterranean Studies. 7 (1): 37–51 – via Project MUSE.
- ISBN 9781413469462.
- ISBN 1931446199. Archived from the originalon 30 August 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ a b Bernal, Jorge (5 May 2003). "The Rom in the America" (PDF). United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ Vishvapani (29 November 2011). "Hungary's Gypsy Buddhists & Religious Discrimination". www.wiseattention.org. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
- ^ Bhalesain, Pravin (2011). "Gypsies embracing Buddhism:A step forward for Building a Harmonious Society in Europe" (PDF). Retrieved 4 June 2021.
- ISBN 9781442257498.
- ^ "Gypsy Belly Dance Costumes & Accessories | Belly Dance".
- ISBN 9781614238041.
- ^ "Jurnalul National". colectie.jurnalul.ro. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
- ISBN 978-0786439232.
- ^ Rethinking (In)Security in the European Union: The Migration-Identity-Security Nexus. p. 148.
- ^ Egypt: Third Edition. p. 101.
- ISBN 978-0415259378.
- ^ "THE GYSPSY INFLUENCE IN CLASSICAL MUSIC" (PDF). Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ "Romani (subgroup)". SIL International. n.d. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
- ^ "Romani language". coe.int. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
- ^ Event to mark Gypsy and traveller day. June 5, 2015.
- ^ "8 April, International Roma Day: "Step up human rights protection for Roma and guarantee their access to vital services during COVID-19 pandemic"". www.coe.int. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ISBN 9781135636371.
- ISBN 9781839051500.
- ISBN 9781440838217.
- ^ "International Romani Language Day | ROMED".
- ^ "The history of the Romen Theatre - RomArchive". www.romarchive.eu. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ "Teatr Romen - RomArchive". www.romarchive.eu. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ISBN 9780810864405.
- ^ "Roma Cultural Route" (PDF). coe.int. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ISBN 9781000161359.
- ISBN 9781315490243.
- ISBN 9781664162785.
- ISBN 9780520221864.
- ^ Dreams of the Road: Gypsy Life in the West Country. p. 141.
- ISBN 9781902806198.
- ISBN 9781504022743.
- ^ "Inside the Culinary Traditions of the Roma people". www.finedininglovers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-313-37627-6.
- ISBN 978-0-521-28870-5.
- ISBN 978-1-317-95693-8.
- ISBN 978-0-674-36838-5.
- ISBN 978-1-4419-5655-2.
- ISBN 978-1-84371-138-4.
- ^ "CoE Protecting the Rights of Roma" (PDF). theioi.org. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ISBN 978-1-108-83951-8.
- ^ Yaron Matras. "Romani Culture: An Introduction". rm.coe.int. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ^ Romani literature coe.int
- ISBN 9781948834926.
- ^ Roma encyclopedia.com
- ISBN 9780874211481.
- ^ "Fortune Telling as Part of the Roma Culture — Правозахисний фонд "Розвиток" | www.rozvitok.org". Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ISBN 9781135578787.
- ^ Scanlan, Lawrence (7 August 2012). "Wild About Horses: Our Timeless Passion for the Horse". Random House of Canada. Retrieved 11 March 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ Lynghaug, F. (2 October 2009). "The Official Horse Breeds Standards Guide: The Complete Guide to the Standards of All North American Equine Breed Associatio". Voyageur Press. Retrieved 11 March 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Gypsies are 'Europe's most hated'". BBC News Online. BBC News. 26 April 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ "Tory traveller proposals: Your views". BBC News Online. BBC News. 23 March 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ "This Week's Highlights: Gypsies". Inside Out. BBC Online. 19 September 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the originalon 13 April 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ "Danish Authorities Find Romani Classes Illegal". European Roma Rights Centre. 16 December 2004. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ISBN 9780160448379.
- JSTOR 592158.
- ISBN 9783657705207.
- ^ Gary Younge (8 January 2003). "Shame of a continent". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ "The Building Blocks of the Romani Women's Movement in Europe - RomArchive". www.romarchive.eu. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ "Greenberg Turns Attention To Plight Of The Roma". www.law.columbia.edu. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
External links
- "European Roma Institute for Arts and Culture (ERIAC)".
- "RomArchive" (in English, German, and Romany). — education on the arts and civil rights movements
- "Romani Atlantic". — transcontinental perspective
- A Roma Journey—explores Romani culture in the Balkans and beyond, including digitised texts, photographs, paintings and recordings of traditional songs.
- Gypsy law by Peter T. Leeson ()
- The Economics of Gypsies—Freakonomics
- Romani Lives—Lungo Drom
- Mention of romanipe as being a Rom
- Roma culture and traditions: the ROMANIPEN
- Mention of romanipe as the Romani Code (in Russian)
- Mention of romanipe as Romani culture (in Russian)
- Mention of romanipe as being a Rom (in Russian)
- Romowie - bliscy i dalecy. A short definition of romanipe in the text (in Polish)
- Romanipen-sistemul valorilor rome—BBC News (in Romanian)