Romania in World War II

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The

In the aftermath of

On 13 April 1939, France and the United Kingdom had pledged to guarantee the independence of the Kingdom of Romania. Negotiations with the Soviet Union concerning a similar guarantee collapsed when Romania refused to allow the Red Army to cross its frontiers.^[1][8]

On 23 August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Among other things, this recognized in a secret annex the Soviet "interest" in Bessarabia (which had been ruled by the Russian Empire from 1812 to 1918). This Soviet interest was combined with a clear indication that there was an explicit lack of any German interest in the area.

Eight days later Nazi Germany invaded the

In 1940 Romania's territorial gains made following

Shortly thereafter, on 30 August, under the Second Vienna Award, Germany and Italy mediated a compromise between Romania and the Kingdom of Hungary: Hungary received a region referred to as 'Northern Transylvania', while 'Southern Transylvania' remained part of Romania (Hungary had lost Transylvania after World War I in the Treaty of Trianon). On 7 September, under the Treaty of Craiova, Southern Dobruja (which Bulgaria had lost after the Romanian invasion during the Second Balkan War in 1913), was ceded to Bulgaria under pressure from Germany. Despite the relatively recent acquisition of these territories, those were inhabited by a majority of Romanian speaking people (except Southern Dobruja), so the Romanians had seen them as historically belonging to Romania, and the fact that so much land was lost without a fight shattered the underpinnings of King Carol's power.

On 4 July,

Antonescu comes to power

The cohabitation between the Iron Guard and Antonescu was never an easy one. On 20 January 1941, the Iron Guard attempted a coup, combined with a bloody pogrom against the Jews of Bucharest. Within four days, Antonescu had successfully suppressed the coup. The Iron Guard was forced out of the government. Sima and many other legionnaires took refuge in Germany;^[10] others were imprisoned. Antonescu abolished the National Legionary State, in its stead declaring Romania a "National and Social State."

The war on the Eastern Front

On 22 June 1941, German armies with a massive Romanian support attacked the Soviet Union. German and Romanian units conquered Bessarabia, Odessa, and Sevastopol, then marched eastward across the Russian steppes toward Stalingrad. Romania welcomed the war because it allowed them to retake lands annexed by the Soviet Union a year prior. Hitler rewarded Romania's loyalty by returning Bessarabia and northern Bukovina and by allowing Romania to administer Soviet lands immediately between the Dniester and the Bug, including Odessa and Nikolaev.

Romanian armies advanced far into the Soviet Union during 1941 and 1942 before being involved in the disaster at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–43. Petre Dumitrescu, one of Romania's most important generals, was commander of the Third Army at Stalingrad. In November 1942, the German Sixth Army was briefly put at Dumitrescu's disposal during a German attempt to relieve the Third Army following the devastating Soviet Operation Uranus.

Prior to the Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad, the Antonescu government considered a war with Hungary over Transylvania an inevitability after the expected victory over the Soviet Union.^[1] Although it was an ally of Germany, Romania's later turning to the Allied side in August 1944 was rewarded by returning Northern Transylvania, which had been granted to Hungary in 1940 after the Second Vienna Award.

War comes to Romania

Air raids

By 1944, the Romanian economy was in tatters because of the expenses of the war, and destructive Allied air bombing throughout the country, including the capital, Bucharest. In addition, most of the products sent to Germany – such as oil, grain, and equipment – were provided without monetary compensation, as Germany refused to pay. As a result of these uncompensated exports, inflation in Romania skyrocketed. This caused widespread discontent among the Romanian population, even among those who had once enthusiastically supported the Germans and the war, and an angry relationship between Romania and Germany.^[1]

Beginning in December 1943, the Soviet

• Romanian engineers contributed to the construction of the longest bridge ever built under fire – the bridge over the Dnieper at Beryslav.^[15]
• The Romanian capture of Odessa was the most important wartime conquest – without substantial German support – by any of the minor European Axis powers.^[16]
• On 1 September 1942, the Romanian 3rd Mountain Division took part in the largest amphibious assault undertaken in Europe by the Axis Powers during the war.^[17]
• In late 1942, General Ioan Dumitrache captured Nalchik, the furthest point of Axis advance in the Caucasus.^[18]
• Romania provided up to 40% of the Axis personnel in the
  Kuban Bridgehead. On 7 April 1943, a single Romanian battalion restored the front of an entire German division.^[19]
• When an entire German army (the 6th) came under Romanian command in May 1944 (as part of general Petre Dumitrescu's Armeegruppe), German commanders came under the actual (rather than nominal) command of their foreign allies for the first time in the war.^[20]
• Romania received more Knight's Crosses than any other non-German Axis power.^[21]
  • Ion Antonescu was the first foreigner to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.^[22]
  • Mihail Lascăr was the first foreign recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.^[23]
• The Romanian Mareșal tank destroyer is credited with being the inspiration for the German Hetzer.^[24]
• In terms of heavy armored vehicles, Romania captured 2 KV-1 tanks, 1 IS-2 tank and 1 ISU-152 assault gun. These were the only heavy AFVs that Romania possessed throughout the war, as the country's armor establishment - even as late as July 1944 - never went beyond medium tanks and assault guns.^[25]

• 
  The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space on 3 July 1940 AD, after the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.
• 
  The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space on 30 August 1940 AD, after the Second Vienna Award. The Hungarian advance into Northern Transylvania began on the 5th of September.
• 
  The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space on 7 September 1940 AD, after the Treaty of Craiova.
• 
  The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space on 13 September 1940 AD, after the Hungarian army reached the Second Vienna Award frontier.
• 
  The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space on 25 July 1941 AD, after Operation München.
• 
  The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space on 19 August 1941 AD, after the establishment of the Transnistria Governorate. Odessa fell to the Axis armies on the 16th of October.
• 
  The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space on 23 August 1944 AD, after King Michael's coup and its withdrawal from the Axis. German troops were present on the eastern front at the time.
• 
  The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space on 10 February 1947 AD, after the Paris Peace Treaties.

The Holocaust

See also

Porajmos#Persecution in other Axis countries

.

According to an international commission report released by the Romanian government in 2004, between 280,000 and 380,000 Jews were murdered or died in various forms on Romanian soil, in the war zones of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and in the formerly-occupied Soviet territories under Romanian's control (Transnistria Governorate). Of the 25,000 Romani deported, who were deported to concentration camps in Transnistria, 11,000 died.^[26]

Though much of the killing was committed in the war zone by Romanian and German troops, there were also substantial persecutions behind the front line. During the

Half of the estimated 270,000 to 320,000 Jews living in Bessarabia, Bukovina, and

Romanian soldiers and gendarmes also worked with the Einsatzkommandos, German killing squads, tasked with massacring Jews and Roma in conquered territories, the local Ukrainian militia, and the SS squads of local Ukrainian Germans (Sonderkommando Russland and Selbstschutz). Romanian troops were in large part responsible for the Odessa massacre, in which from October 18, 1941, until mid-March 1942, Romanian soldiers in Odessa, aided by gendarmes and police, killed up to 25,000 Jews and deported more than 35,000.^[26]

The number of deaths in all areas is not certain, but the lowest respectable estimates run to about 250,000 Jews and 11,000 Roma in these eastern regions.

Nonetheless, half of the Jews living within the pre-Barbarossa borders survived the war, although they were subject to a wide range of harsh conditions, including forced labor, financial penalties, and discriminatory laws. All Jewish property was nationalized.

The report commissioned and accepted by the Romanian government in 2004 on the Holocaust concluded:^[26]

Of all the allies of Nazi Germany, Romania bears responsibility for the deaths of more Jews than any country other than Germany itself. The murders committed in Iasi, Odessa, Bogdanovka, Domanovka, and Peciora, for example, were among the most hideous murders committed against Jews anywhere during the Holocaust. Romania committed genocide against the Jews. The survival of Jews in some parts of the country does not alter this reality.

The royal coup

On 23 August 1944, with the Red Army penetrating German defenses during the

During the Moscow Conference in October 1944 Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, proposed an agreement to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin on how to split up Eastern Europe into spheres of influence after the war. The Soviet Union was offered a 90% share of influence in Romania.^[34]

The Armistice Agreement of 12 September stipulated in Article 18 that "An Allied Control Commission will be established which will undertake until the conclusion of peace the regulation of and control over the execution of the present terms under the general direction and orders of the Allied (Soviet) High Command, acting on behalf of the Allied Powers". The Annex to Article 18 made clear that "The Romanian Government and their organs shall fulfil all instructions of the Allied Control Commission arising out of the Armistice Agreement." The Agreement also stipulated that the

As the country declared war on Germany on the night of 23 August 1944, border clashes between Hungarian and Romanian troops erupted almost immediately. On 24 August, German troops attempted to seize Bucharest and suppress Michael's coup, but were repelled by the city's defenses. Other Wehrmacht units in the country suffered severe losses: remnants of the Sixth Army retreating west of the Prut River were cut off and destroyed by the Red Army, which was now advancing at an even greater speed, while Romanian units attacked German garrisons at the Ploiești oilfields, forcing them to retreat to Hungary. The Romanian Army captured over 50,000 German prisoners around this time, who were later surrendered to the Soviets.^[36]

In early September 1944, Soviet and Romanian forces entered Transylvania and captured the towns of

The Battle of Carei marked the last stage of recovering Romania's former territory of Northern Transylvania, ceded in 1940 to Hungary as a result of the Second Vienna Award. On the evening of October 24, 1944, the Romanian 6th Army Corps attacked in the direction of Carei with a force comprising 4 divisions; at the same time, the 2nd Infantry Division of 2nd Army Corps attacked in the direction of Satu Mare, in a pincer movement. On October 25, both cities were freed from Hungarian and German control; by a decree from 1959, this day was established as the Romanian Armed Forces Day.^[37][38]

The

Under the

in 1947.

Major battles and campaigns

This is a list of battles and other combat operations in World War II in which Romanian forces took part.

Battle	Date	Location	Romania and its allies	Enemies	Issue
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina	28 June – 3 July 1940	Romania	Romania	Soviet Union	Defeat
Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom	21–23 January 1941	Romania	Romanian government	Iron Guard	Victory
As part of the Axis (1941–1944)
Operation Barbarossa	22 June – 5 December 1941	Soviet Union	Germany  Romania  Finland  Italy  Hungary  Slovakia  Croatia	Soviet Union	Defeat
Raid on Constanța	26 June 1941	Romania	Romania  Germany	Soviet Union	Victory
Operation München	2–26 July 1941	Romania	Romania  Germany	Soviet Union	Victory
Battle of Uman	15 July – 8 August 1941	Soviet Union	Germany  Romania  Hungary  Slovakia  Croatia	Soviet Union	Victory
Siege of Odessa	8 August – 16 October 1941	Soviet Union	Romania  Germany	Soviet Union	Victory
Battle of the Sea of Azov	September 1941 – August 1942	Soviet Union	Romania  Germany	Soviet Union	Victory
Siege of Sevastopol	30 October 1941 – 4 July 1942	Soviet Union	Germany  Romania  Italy	Soviet Union	Victory
Battle of Rostov	21 – 27 November 1941	Soviet Union	Germany  Romania  Slovakia	Soviet Union	Defeat
Second Battle of Kharkov	12 – 28 May 1942	Soviet Union	Germany  Romania  Italy	Soviet Union	Victory
Case Blue	28 June – 24 November 1942	Soviet Union	Germany  Italy  Romania  Hungary  Slovakia  Croatia	Soviet Union	Defeat
Battle of the Caucasus	25 July 1942 – 12 May 1944	Soviet Union	Germany  Italy  Romania	Soviet Union	Defeat
Battle of Stalingrad	23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943	Soviet Union	Germany  Italy  Romania  Hungary  Croatia	Soviet Union	Defeat
Operation Uranus	19 – 23 November 1942	Soviet Union	Germany  Italy  Romania  Hungary	Soviet Union	Defeat
Operation Winter Storm	12 – 23 December 1942	Soviet Union	Germany  Romania	Soviet Union	Defeat
Operation Little Saturn	12 December 1942 – 18 February 1943	Soviet Union	Germany  Italy  Romania  Hungary	Soviet Union	Defeat
Operation Tidal Wave	1 August 1943	Romania	Germany  Romania  Bulgaria	United States	Victory
Donbass Strategic Offensive	13 August – 22 September 1943	Soviet Union	Germany  Italy  Romania  Hungary	Soviet Union	Defeat
Battle of the Dnieper	24 August – 23 December 1943	Soviet Union	Germany  Romania	Czechoslovak Army Corps	Defeat
Kerch-Eltigen Operation	November 1943	Soviet Union	Germany  Romania	Soviet Union	Defeat
Dnieper-Carpathian Offensive	24 December 1943 – 14 April 1944	Soviet Union	Germany  Romania	Soviet Union	Defeat
Uman–Botoșani Offensive	5 March – 17 April 1944	Soviet Union	Germany  Romania	Soviet Union	Defeat
First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive	8 April – 6 June 1944	Soviet Union	Germany  Romania	Soviet Union	Victory
Crimean Offensive	8 April – 12 May 1944	Soviet Union	Germany  Romania  Bulgaria	Soviet Union	Defeat
Lublin-Brest Offensive	18 July – 2 August 1944	Belarus/Poland	Germany  Romania	Soviet Union Poland	Defeat
Jassy–Kishinev Offensive (First phase)	20–23 August 1944	Romania	Germany  Romania	Soviet Union	Switched sides
As part of the Allies (1944–1945)
Jassy–Kishinev Offensive (Second phase)	23–29 August 1944	Romania	Soviet Union  Romania aerial support:  United States	Germany	Victory
Battle of Turda	5 September – 8 October 1944	Romania	Soviet Union  Romania	Germany  Hungary	Victory
Battle of Păuliș	14–19 September 1944	Romania	Romania	Hungary	Victory
Battle of Debrecen	6–29 October 1944	Hungary	Soviet Union  Romania	Germany Hungary	Victory
Battle of Carei	21–25 October 1944	Hungary	Romania	Hungary	Victory
Budapest Offensive	29 October 1944 – 13 February 1945	Hungary	Soviet Union  Romania	Germany Hungary	Victory
Siege of Budapest	29 December 1944 – 13 February 1945	Hungary	Soviet Union  Romania	Germany Hungary	Victory
Bratislava–Brno Offensive	25 March – 5 May 1945	Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Slovakia	Czechoslovakia Army Corps	Germany Hungary	Victory
Prague Offensive	6–11 May 1945	Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia	Soviet Union Poland  Romania Russian Liberation Army	Germany Hungary  Slovakia	Victory

Romanian armament during World War II

Modern non-self-propelled weapons

The list below displays the modern (designed and built after the end of World War I) infantry weapons and artillery pieces used by the Romanian Army during World War II.

Type	Origin	Number	Notes
Rifles
vz. 24	Czechoslovakia	445,640+	700,000 ordered, 445,640 received by the Romanian Army by mid-1943[44]
Submachine guns
Beretta Model 38	Italy	5,000	5,000 ordered in 1941 and delivered during 1942[45]
Orița M1941	Romania	Unknown (10,000+)	Local design, entered operational service with the Romanian Army in 1943 with a production rate of 666 pieces per month as of October 1942[46]
MP 40	Germany	Unknown	Supplied by Germany[47]
Machine guns
ZB vz. 30	Czechoslovakia  Romania	28,000	18,000 imported from Czechoslovakia[44] and 10,000 licence-built locally at Cugir[48] with a production rate of 250 pieces per month as of October 1942[46]
ZB-53	Czechoslovakia	5,500	5,500 purchased, 3,500 in 1941 followed by 2,000 in 1943[44]
Hotchkiss M1929	France	200	200 ordered and all delivered before the fall of France[44]
Mortars
Brandt Mle 1935	Romania  France	300+	125 imported from France and well over 175 built locally under licence at the Voina Works in Brașov, with a production rate of 26 pieces per month as of October 1942[49][50]
Brandt Mle 27/31	Romania  France	1,188+	188 imported from France and well over 410 built locally under licence at the Voina Works in Brașov, with a production rate of 30 pieces per month as of October 1942[49][50] (over 1,000 such mortars were built in Romania by mid-1943)[51]
M1938	Romania  Soviet Union	Unknown (hundreds)	Captured and reverse-engineered Soviet model, produced at the Reșița Works with a production rate of 80 pieces per month as of October 1942[46]
Anti-aircraft guns
2 cm flak	Germany	300	300 ordered in September 1940, the delivery beginning in May 1941, known as Gustloff guns (after one of their manufacturers)[52]
20 mm Oerlikon	Switzerland	45	45 pieces purchased from Germany[52]
25 mm Hotchkiss	France	72	300 ordered but only 72 delivered until the fall of France[44]
3.7 cm flak	Romania  Germany	360	360 produced under licence at the Astra Works beginning with 1938, with 102 delivered by May 1941 and a production rate of 6 pieces per month as of October 1942[53]
40 mm Bofors	Sweden	54	54 purchased from Germany[52]
75 mm Vickers	Romania  United Kingdom	200	200 built under licence by the Reșița Works, with 100 delivered by mid-1941 and the second batch of 100 started in July 1941, the production rate being of 5 pieces per month as of October 1942[53]
Anti-tank guns
25 mm Hotchkiss	France	Unknown	Unknown quantity delivered[54]
37 mm Bofors	Sweden  Poland	669	669 pieces (former Polish ones) purchased from Germany (most common Romanian anti-tank gun in 1941)[52]
45 mm M1942	Soviet Union	Unknown	Captured Soviet model, some Romanian anti-tank platoons had four pieces during the second half of World War II[55]
47 mm Böhler	Austria  Italy	820	545 made in Austria and 275 made in Italy, all purchased from Germany[52]
47 mm Schneider	Romania  France	300+	160 purchased from France and well over 140 licence-produced at the Concordia Works in Ploiești, with a production rate of 14 pieces per month as of October 1942[49][50]
50 mm Pak 38	Germany	110	Towed by captured and overhauled Komsomolets armored tractors[55]
75 mm Pak 40	Germany	Unknown	During the second half of World War II, some Romanian anti-tank platoons each had three Pak 40 guns, used interchangeably with Romania's own 75 mm Reșița Model 1943 anti-tank gun[55]
75 mm Reșița	Romania	375+	Native design combining features from several foreign models, a total of 210 pieces were produced at the Reșița Works, 120 at the Astra Works in Brașov and 42 at the Concordia Works in Ploiești in addition to three prototypes[56]
Field artillery
100 mm Skoda	Czechoslovakia  Romania	500	248 purchased from Czechoslovakia in the mid-1930s and 252 from Germany in 1940–1941 (the Astra Works in Romania manufactured barrels)[44]
105 mm Schneider	France	144	180 ordered but only 144 delivered until the fall of France[44]
150 mm Skoda	Czechoslovakia  Romania	180	180 purchased from Czechoslovakia between 1936 and 1939 (the Astra Works in Romania manufactured barrels)[44]

Tanks

The list below comprises the models and numbers of Romanian Army tanks of all types in service as of 19 July 1944:^[57]

Name	Type	Country of Origin	Quantity
FT-17	Light tank	France	62
R-1	Tankette	Czechoslovakia	14
R-35	Light tank	France	30
R-35/45	Tank destroyer	Romania	30
R-2	Light tank	Czechoslovakia	44
T-38	Light tank	Nazi Germany	19
T-3	Medium tank	Nazi Germany	2
T-4	Medium tank	Nazi Germany	81
TACAM T-60	Tank destroyer	Romania	34
TACAM R-2	Tank destroyer	Romania	20
TAs	Assault gun	Nazi Germany	60
Mareșal	Tank destroyer	Romania	7
STZ	Tankette	Romania	34

Naval forces

Air force

See also

• German Military Mission in Romania
• Military history of Romania
• List of battles of the Romanian Navy
• Latin Axis (World War II)
• Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation

References

• This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. "Romania : a country study". Country Studies. Federal Research Division.

Further reading

Further information: Ion Antonescu § References and further reading

• Bucur, Maria (April 1, 2002). "Treznea: Trauma, nationalism and the memory of World War II in Romania". Rethinking History. 6 (1): 35–55.
  S2CID 143005164
  .
• Harward, Grant T. (2021). Romania's Holy War: Soldiers, Motivation, and the Holocaust. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  ISBN 9781501759963. Review.
• Bucur, Maria. Heroes and victims: Remembering war in twentieth-century Romania, Indiana University Press, 2009.
• Butnaru, I. C. Silent Holocaust: Romania & Its Jews (HIA Book Collection, 1992) 225pp.
• Case, Holly. Between states: the Transylvanian question and the European idea during World War II. Stanford University Press, 2009.
• Crăciunoiu, Cristian; Mark W. A. Axworthy; Cornel Scafeș (1995). Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. London: Arms & Armour. p. 368.
  ISBN 1-85409-267-7
  .
• Deletant, Dennis. "Romania" in The Oxford Companion to World War II edited by I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot (2001) pp 954–959.
• Deletant, Dennis. Hitler's Forgotten Ally, Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania, 1940–44 (London, 2006).
• ISBN 978-0-7006-1465-3
  .
• Thomas, Martin. "To arm an ally: French arms sales to Romania, 1926–1940." Journal of Strategic Studies 19.2 (1996): 231–259.
• Michelson, Paul E. "Recent American historiography on Romania and the second world war" Romanian Civilization. (1996) 5#2 pp 23–42.
• Solonari, Vladimir (2019). A satellite empire: Romanian rule in southwestern Ukraine, 1941–1944.
  ISBN 9781501743191
  .
• Popa, Ion (2018). "The 7th Roșiori (Cavalry) Regiment and the Holocaust in Romania and the Soviet Union". Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust. 32 (1): 38–56.
  S2CID 159021449
  .
• Porter, Ivor. Operation Autonomous. With SOE in Wartime Romania (1989) 268pp; The British intelligence operation.
• Saiu, Liliana. Great Powers & Rumania, 1944–1946: A Study of the Early Cold War Era (HIA Book Collection, 1992), 290pp.
• Weinbaum, Laurence. "The Banality of History and Memory: Romanian Society and the Holocaust", Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism No. 45 (June 2006)
• Some passages in this article have been taken from the (public domain) U.S. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress Country Study on Romania, sponsored by the U.S. Department of the Army, researched shortly before the 1989 fall of Romania's Communist regime and published shortly after. Romania – World War II, accessed July 19, 2005.

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romania in World War II.

Military and political history

• Axis History Factbook – Romania
• worldwar2.ro: Romanian Armed Forces in the Second World War
• Dan Reynolds. The Rifles of Romania 1878–1948
• Paul Paustovanu. The War in the East seen by the Romanian Veterans of Bukovina
• Rebecca Ann Haynes. 'A New Greater Romania'? Romanian Claims to the Serbian Banat in 1941
• Stefan Gheorge. Romania's economic arguments regarding the shortness of the Second World War
• Map of Romania's territorial changes during World War II
• World War II archive images with the Romanian Forces

Holocaust

• Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania (pdf). Bucharest, Romania: International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. November 2004. p. 89. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
• Murder of the Jews of Romania Archived 2021-10-26 at the Wayback Machine on the Yad Vashem website
• Holocaust in Romania from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not"
• Roma Holocaust victims speak out

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