Romanian Orthodox Church
Romanian Orthodox Church | ||
---|---|---|
Biserica Ortodoxă Română | ||
Monasteries 359[1] | | |
Associations | Eastern Orthodox Church | |
Language | Romanian | |
Liturgy | Byzantine Rite | |
Headquarters | Dealul Mitropoliei, Bucharest | |
Territory | Romania Moldova[a] | |
Possessions | Serbia Hungary Western and Southern Europe; Germany, Central and Northern Europe; Americas; Australia and New Zealand | |
Founder | (as Metropolis of Romania) Nifon Rusailă, Carol I (as Patriarchate of Romania) Old Calendarist Romanian Orthodox Church (1925) Evangelical Church of Romania (1927) Romanian Greek Catholic Church (1990) | |
Members | 16,367,267 in Romania;[2] 720,000 in Moldova[3] 11,203 in United States[4] | |
Publications | Ziarul Lumina | |
Official website | patriarhia.ro |
Part of a series on the |
Eastern Orthodox Church |
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Overview |
The Romanian Orthodox Church (ROC;
The majority of Romania's population (16,367,267, or 85.9% of those for whom data were available, according to the 2011 census data[5]), as well as some 720,000 Moldovans,[3] belong to the Romanian Orthodox Church.
Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church sometimes refer to
History
In the Principalities and the Kingdom of Romania
The Orthodox hierarchy in the territory of modern Romania had existed within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople until 1865 when the churches in the Romanian principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia embarked on the path of ecclesiastical independence by nominating Nifon Rusailă, Metropolitan of Ungro-Wallachia, as the first Romanian primate. Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza, who had in 1863 carried out a mass confiscation of monastic estates in the face of stiff opposition from the Greek hierarchy in Constantinople, in 1865 pushed through a legislation that proclaimed complete independence of the church in the principalities from the patriarchate.
In 1872, the Orthodox churches in the principalities, the
Following the
Romanian Orthodox theological education was underdeveloped at the end of the nineteenth century. The theological institute at Sibiu, for example, had only one theologian as part of its faculty; the rest were historians, journalists, naturalists, and agronomists. The focus of priestly education was practical and general rather than specialized. In the early twentieth century the curriculum of a priest included subjects such as hygiene, calligraphy, accountancy, psychology, Romanian literature, geometry, chemistry, botany, and gymnastics. A strong emphasis was placed on church music, canon law, church history, and exegesis.[7]
After
The second half of the 1920s is marked by the rise of antisemitism in Romanian politics with figures such as
1930s - Patriarch Miron Cristea's premiership
The rise of Nazi Germany exposed Romania to the Reich's theological ideas. This mixture of nationalism, racism and theological thought found fertile ground in a Romanian Orthodox Church that was already no stranger to antisemitism. It became particularly evident in the second half of the 1930s in the writings of theologians such as Nichifor Crainic, Nicolae Neaga or Liviu Stan.[9]
In 1936, Crainic published a seminal text titled Rasă și religiune (Race and Religion). While rejecting the Nazi idea of a superior Germanic race, as well as the fascination with Germanic paganism, Crainic argued that some races are indeed superior based on their accomplishment of the Christian essence. Crainic also denied the Jews the moral right to use the books of the Old Testament since, according to him, those prophesies had been fulfilled by the coming of Christ who had abolished the Jewish religion.[9]
The deaths of prominent Iron Guard members Ion Moța and Vasile Marin on the same day, January 13, 1937, at Majadahonda during the Spanish Civil War while fighting for the Nationalist faction led to the organization of massive processions in Romania, particularly in Bucharest where they were interred. Hundreds of Orthodox priests participated and Metropolitans Nicolae Bălan of Transylvania and Visarion Puiu of Bukovina held special services.[10][9] Shortly after the funeral, Orthodox theologian Gheorghe Racoveanu and priest Grigore Cristescu founded the theological journal Predania (The Tradinion). The first issue featured a glorification of Moța and Marin and their sacrifice and reflected the Guard's obsession for martyrdom. Intended as a bi-monthly Predania printed a total of twelve issues before being banned by the authorities. It stood out for its profoundly anti-ecumenical editorial line, publishing attacks against Catholics, Protestants, Evangelicals.[8]
Also in the aftermath of Moța and Marin's grandiose funeral, the Holy Synod issued a condemnation of
In 1937, the
Overall, the church became increasingly involved in politics and, after
Cristea's death led to elections being held in order to select a new Patriarch. Metropolitans
1940s - World War II
King Carol II abdicated on September 6, 1940. An openly pro-German coalition of the military headed by marshal Ion Antonescu and the Iron Guard took over. Patriarch Nicodim Munteanu's reaction was cautious and his September 1940 address was unenthusiastic. Munteanu, like Cristea before him, feared the anti-establishment nature of the Guard. But the Iron Guard was highly influential on the Church's grassroots. In January 1941, seeking full control of the country, the Iron Guard attempted a violent insurrection known as the Legionary Rebellion. The putsch failed and out of the 9000 people arrested, 422 were Orthodox priests.[16]
Some particularly violent episodes during the insurrection directly involved the Orthodox clergy. Students and staff of the Theological Academy in Sibiu, led by Professor Spiridon Cândea and assisted by Iron Guard militiamen rounded up Jews in the courtyard of the academy and forced them to hand over their valuables at gunpoint. Monks from the Antim Monastery in Bucharest, led by their abbot, armed themselves and, using explosives, blew up a Synagogue on Antim Street. The numerous Jewish inhabitants of the neighborhood hid in terror.[17]
After Antonescu and the Army crushed the insurrection, the Holy Synod was quick to condemn the Legionary Rebellion and publicly paint it as a diabolical temptation that had led the Iron Guard to undermine the state and the Conducător. Many of the clergymen who had participated in the Rebellion were, however, shielded by their bishops and continued parish work in remote villages. Romania's participation in World War II on the Axis side after June 1941 would provide them with opportunities for rehabilitation.[17]
By the early 1940s, Orthodox theologians such as
A particular case was Romanian-occupied Transnistria. On August 15, 1941, The Holy Synod established a mission, rather than a new bishopric, in Romanian-occupied territories across the Dniester. The assumption was that Soviet atheist rule had destroyed the Russian Orthodox Church and the Romanian Orthodox Church took it upon itself to "re-evangelize" the locals. The main architect of the enterprise was Archimandrite Iuliu Scriban. In 1942 the Mission evolved into an Exarchate and was taken over by Visarion Puiu. Many of the missionaries were former affiliates of the Iron Guard, some were seeking rehabilitation after the 1941 insurrection. Abuse against the Jewish population was widespread and numerous reports of Orthodox priests partaking and profiting from the abuse exist.[17] In 1944, Visarion Puiu fled to Nazi Germany, then, after the war, in the West. In Romania he was tried and convicted in absentia after the war. Many priests active in Transnistria also faced prosecution after the war, although communist prosecutors were mostly looking for connections to the Iron Guard, rather than explicitly investigating the persecution of Jews.[23]
Historical evidence regarding the Romanian Orthodox Church's role in World War II is overwhelmingly incriminating but there are a few exceptions.[24] Tit Simedrea, metropolitan of Bukovina is one two high-ranking bishops known to have interceded in favor of the Jewish population, the other being the metropolitan Nicolae Bălan of Transylvania. Evidence also surfaced that Simedrea personally sheltered a Jewish family in the metropolitanate compound. [25] Priest Gheorghe Petre was recognized as Righteous Among the Nations for having saved Jews in Kryve Ozero. Petre was arrested in 1943 and court-martialed but was released in 1944 for lack of evidence.[26]
After
Starting in 1944, and even more after Petru Groza became Prime-minister with Soviet support in 1945, the Church tried to adapt to the new political situation. In August 1945 a letter of the Holy Synod was published in BOR. Again, it blamed the Germans for the horrors of the war and claimed that the Orthodox Church had always promoted democracy. The Romania Army was also praised for having joined forces with "the brave Soviet armies in the war against the true adversaries of our country." Finally, the Orthodox faithful were asked to fully support the new government.[29] Later that year BOR published two relatively long articles authored by Bishop Antim Nica and, respectively, by Teodor Manolache. Both articles dealt with the Holocaust and painted the Romanian Orthodox Church as a savior of Jews.[30]
Communist period
Romania officially became a communist state in 1947. Restricted access to ecclesiastical and relevant state archives
The
As a result of measures passed in 1947–48, the state took over the 2,300 elementary schools and 24 high schools operated by the Orthodox Church. A new campaign struck the church in 1958-62 when more than half of its remaining monasteries were closed, more than 2,000 monks were forced to take secular jobs, and about 1,500 clergy and lay activists were arrested (out of a total of up to 6,000 in the 1946-64 period[37]). Throughout this period Patriarch Justinian took great care that his public statements met the regime's standards of political correctness and to avoid giving offence to the government;[38] indeed the hierarchy at the time claimed that the arrests of clergy members were not due to religious persecution.[35]
The church's situation began to improve in 1962, when relations with the state suddenly thawed, an event that coincided with the beginning of Romania's pursuit of an independent foreign policy course that saw the political elite encourage nationalism as a means to strengthen its position against Soviet pressure. The Romanian Orthodox Church, an intensely national body that had made significant contributions to Romanian culture from the 14th century on, came to be regarded by the regime as a natural partner. As a result of this second co-optation, this time as an ally, the church entered a period of dramatic recovery. By 1975, its diocesan clergy was numbering about 12,000, and the church was already publishing by then eight high-quality theological reviews, including Ortodoxia and Studii Teologice. Orthodox clergymen consistently supported the
In an attempt to adapt to the newly created circumstances, the Eastern Orthodox Church proposed a new ecclesiology designed to justify its subservience to the state in supposedly theological terms. This so-called "Social Apostolate" doctrine, developed by Patriarch Justinian, asserted that the church owed allegiance to the secular government and should put itself at its service. This notion inflamed conservatives, who were consequently purged by
Collaboration with the Securitate
In the wake of the
In 1986, Metropolitan
Widespread dissent from religious groups in Romania did not appear until revolution was sweeping across Eastern Europe in 1989. The Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church Teoctist Arăpașu supported Ceaușescu up until the end of the regime, and even congratulated him after the state murdered one hundred demonstrators in Timișoara.[43] It was not until the day before Ceaușescu's execution on 24 December 1989 that the Patriarch condemned him as "a new child-murdering Herod".[43]
Following the removal of Communism, the Patriarch resigned (only to return a few months after) and the Holy Synod apologised for those "who did not have the courage of the martyrs".[41]
After 1989
As Romania made the transition to democracy, the church was freed from most of its state control, although the State Secretariat for Religious Denominations still maintains control over a number of aspects of the church's management of property, finances and administration. The state provides funding for the church in proportion to the number of its members, based on census returns[44] and "the religion's needs" which is considered to be an "ambiguous provision".[45] Currently, the state provides the funds necessary for paying the salaries of priests, deacons and other prelates and the pensions of retired clergy, as well as for expenses related to lay church personnel. For the Orthodox church this is over 100 million euros for salaries,[46] with additional millions for construction and renovation of church property. The same applies to all state-recognised religions in Romania.
The state also provides support for church construction and structural maintenance, with a preferential treatment of Orthodox parishes.[47] The state funds all the expenses of Orthodox seminaries and colleges, including teachers' and professors' salaries who, for compensation purposes, are regarded as civil servants.
Since the fall of Communism,
The church openly supported banning same-sex marriage in a referendum in 2018.[49][50] The church believes that homosexuality is a sin and unnatural.[51]
In the Republic of Moldova
The Romanian Orthodox Church also has jurisdiction over a minority of believers in Moldova, who belong to the Metropolis of Bessarabia, as opposed to the majority, who belong to the Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova, under the Moscow Patriarchate. In 2001 it won a landmark legal victory against the Government of Moldova at the Strasbourg-based European Court of Human Rights.
This means that despite current political issues, the Metropolis of Bessarabia is now recognized as "the rightful successor" to the Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia and Hotin, which existed from 1927 until its dissolution in 1944, when its canonical territory was put under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church's Moscow Patriarchate in 1947.
Organization
The Romanian Orthodox Church is organized in the form of the Romanian Patriarchate. The highest hierarchical, canonical and dogmatical authority of the Romanian Orthodox Church is the Holy Synod.
There are six Orthodox
Notable theologians
Dumitru Stăniloae (1903–1993) is considered one of the greatest Orthodox theologians of the 20th century, having written extensively in all major fields of Eastern Christian systematic theology. One of his other major achievements in theology is the 45-year-long comprehensive series on Orthodox spirituality known as the Romanian Philokalia, a collection of texts written by classical Byzantine writers, that he edited and translated from Greek.
Archimandrite Cleopa Ilie (1912–1998), elder of the Sihăstria Monastery, is considered one of the most representative fathers of contemporary Romanian Orthodox monastic spirituality.[52]
Metropolitan Bartolomeu Anania (1921-2011) was the Metropolitan of Cluj, Alba, Crișana and Maramureș from 1993 until his death.
List of patriarchs
- Miron (1925–1939)
- Nicodim (1939–1948)
- Justinian (1948–1977)
- Iustin (1977–1986)
- Teoctist (1986–2007)
- Daniel (since 2007)
Jubilee and commemorative years
Initiative of Patriarch Daniel’s, with a deep missionary impact for Church and society, has been the proclamation of jubilee and commemorative years in the Romanian Patriarchate, with solemn sessions of the Holy Synod, conferences, congresses, monastic synaxes, debates, programmes of catechesis, processions and other Church activities dedicated to the respective annual theme.
- 2008 – The Jubilee Year of the Holy Scripture and the Holy Liturgy;
- 2009 – The Jubilee-Commemorative year of Saint Basil the Great, Archbishop of Cæsarea in Cappadocia;
- 2010 – The Jubilee Year of the Orthodox Creed and of Romanian Autocephaly;
- 2011 – The Jubilee Year of Holy Baptism and Holy Matrimony;
- 2012 – The Jubilee Year of Holy Unction and of the care for the sick;
- 2013 – The Jubilee Year of the Holy Emperors Constantine and Helena;
- 2014 – The Jubilee Year of the Eucharist (of the Holy Confession and of the Holy Communion) and the Commemorative Year of the Martyr Saints of the Brancoveanu family;
- 2015 – The Jubilee Year of the Mission of Parish and Monastery Today and the Commemorative Year of Saint John Chrysostom and of the great spiritual shepherds in the eparchies;
- 2016 – The Jubilee Year of Religious Education for Orthodox Youth and the Commemorative Year of the Holy Hierarch and Martyr Antim of Iveria and of all the printing houses of the Church;
- 2017 – The Jubilee Year of the Holy Icons and of church painters and the Commemorative Year of Patriarch Justin and of all defenders of Orthodoxy during communism;
- 2018 – The Jubilee Year of Unity of Faith and Nation, and the Commemorative Year of the 1918 Great Union Founders;
- 2019 – Solemn Year of church singers and of the Commemorative Year of Patriarch Nicodim and of the translators of church books;
- 2020 – Solemn Year of Ministry to Parents and Children and the Commemorative Year of Romanian Orthodox Philanthropists;
- 2021 – Solemn Year of pastoral care of Romanians abroad and the Commemorative Year of the reposed in the Lord;
- 2022 – Solemn Year of Prayer in the Church’s life and the Christian’s life and the Commemorative Year of the Hesychast Saints Symeon the New Theologian, Gregory Palamas and Paisius of Neamț;
- 2023 – Solemn Year of the Pastoral Care of the Elderly and the Commemorative Year of the Hymnographers and Church Chanters;
- 2024 – Solemn Year of the pastoral care of the sick and the Commemorative Year of all the holy unmercenary healers;
- 2025 – The Jubilee Year of the Centennial of the Romanian Patriarchate and the Commemorative Year of the Romanian Orthodox confessors of the twentieth century.;
Current leaders
The patriarchal chair is currently held by
- Teofan Savu, Metropolitan of Moldavia and Bukovina[55]
- Laurențiu Streza, Metropolitan of Transylvania[56]
- Andrei Andreicuț, Metropolitan of Cluj, Maramureș and Sălaj
- Ioan Selejan, Metropolitan of Banat
- Irineu Popa, Metropolitan of Oltenia
- Petru Păduraru, Metropolitan of Bessarabia
- Iosif Pop, Metropolitan of Western and Southern Europe[57]
- Serafim Joantă, Metropolitan of Germany and Central Europe
- Nicolae Condrea, Metropolitan of the Americas
See also
- Romanian People’s Salvation Cathedral
- List of Romanian Orthodox monasteries
- Romanian Orthodox icons
- Frumușeni Mosaics
- Byzantium after Byzantium
- Religion in Romania
- Orthodox Church of France
- Orthodox Church of Italy
- Orthodox Church in America Romanian Episcopate
- Religious education in Romania
References
Notes
- ^ Disputed with the Russian Orthodox Church.
Citations
- ^ a b c d e Reichel & Eder 2011, p. 25.
- ^ 2011 Romanian census.
- ^ a b "Biserica Ortodoxă Română, atacată de bisericile 'surori'" [The Romanian Orthodox Church, Attacked by Its 'Sister' Churches]. Ziua (in Romanian). 31 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-02-01.
- ^ Krindatch 2011, p. 143.
- ^ "2011 census data on religion" (PDF).
- ^ Hitchins 1994, p. 92.
- ^ a b Clark 2009.
- ^ a b c Biliuță 2018.
- ^ a b c d e Biliuță 2016.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 26.
- ^ a b Popa 2017, p. 27.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 20.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 53.
- ^ a b Popa 2017, p. 33.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 34.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 36.
- ^ a b c Biliuță 2020.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 45.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 46.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 49.
- ^ Gabriel Andreescu, Anti-Semitic issues in Orthodox publications, years 1920-1944, Civitas Europica Centralis, 2014
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 51.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 50.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 57.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 58.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 61.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 83.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 83-84.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 86-87.
- ^ Popa 2017, p. 88-95.
- ^ a b c Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania (2006). "Raport final" (PDF) (in Romanian). Romanian Presidency.
- ^ Neamțu 2007.
- ^ Enache 2006.
- ^ a b Ramet 1989, pp. 19–20.
- ^ a b c Stan & Turcescu 2007.
- ^ Maclear 1995, p. 485.
- ^ a b c Ramet 2004, p. 278.
- ^ a b Ramet 1989, p. 20.
- ^ Ramet 2004, p. 279.
- ^ Ramet 2004, p. 280.
- ^ a b Stan & Turcescu 2000.
- ^ Stan & Turcescu 2006.
- ^ a b Ediger 2005.
- ^ Fox 2008, p. 167.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom - Embassy of the United States Bucharest, Romania". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ Dunlop 2013.
- ^ Iordache 2003, p. 253.
- ^ "The Romanian Greek-Catholic Community is facing a cultural and religious wipe-out – letter to US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton". HotNewsRo. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ Molloy, David (6 October 2018). "Romania marriage poll: One man, one woman definition up for vote". BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
- ^ Verseck, Keno (11 August 2021). "Will Romania step up anti-LGBTQ legislation like Hungary?". Deutsche Welle (DW). Retrieved 7 September 2022.
Although a referendum seeking to prevent same-sex marriage from ever being legalized was held in 2018 after being championed by the Romanian Orthodox Church, it failed after only 21% of eligible voters turned up to cast their ballot.
- ^ "Romanian Orthodox Church steps up propaganda before referendum for family". Romania Insider. 1 October 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
- ^ Electronic version of Dicționarul teologilor români (Dictionary of Romanian Theologians), Univers Enciclopedic Ed., Bucharest, 1996, retrieved from http://biserica.org/WhosWho/DTR/I/IlieCleopa.html.
- ^ Țipău 2004, p. 89.
- ^ Semen & Petcu 2009, p. 635.
- ^ Metropolis of Moldavia and Bukovina
- ^ "Acasă". MItropolia Ardealului.
- ^ "Mitropolia". www.mitropolia-paris.ro.
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