Romanian district

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A Romanian district (

Latin: districtus Valachorum) was an autonomous administrative unit of the Vlachs (or Romanians) in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary
.

Origins

Further information: Origin of the Romanians and Romania in the Early Middle Ages
Earliest mentions of Romanian settlements in official documents in the Kingdom of Hungary (between 1200 and 1400).

According to scholars who say that the

seats") in medieval royal charters, but most commonly as districtus Valachorum ("district of the Romanians").[3]

According to a concurring scholarly theory, the Romanians' districts came into existence through organized migration in the 13th-15th centuries.[4][5] The knezes who organized the settlement of the pastoralist Vlachs in the mountainous regions became the hereditary leaders of the newly established villages.[6][5] The knezes were responsible for the collection of the "fiftieth", which was an in kind tax (two ewes for every hundred sheep), specific to the Vlach communities.[6] In exchange, they had a share in the tax income and they were entitled to own mills in their districts.[7]

Administration

The local administration of the districts is known from documents issued in the second half of the 14th century.[8] The districts, with their own assemblies and officials, had a strong corporate character.[5] For instance, in 1360, the property rights of local knezes to two villages was confirmed at the assembly of "all the knezes and men of other status" in the Hațeg district.[8] The assembly was presided by the castellan of the royal castle of Hațeg, and the ruling was made by a jury, made up of twelve knezes, six priests and six communers.[8]

List of Romanian districts

Districts in Banat

Further information: Banat in the Middle Ages
Bans of Severin

Almăj

The Almăj district was located along the upper course of the

Teutonic Knights, who was also Ban of Severin, referred to the knezes and nobles of Almăj, implying that the district had already come to existence.[10] According to the letter, the knezes and nobles refused to accept the Ban's judgement in their conflict with Emeric Himfy. [11] Almăj district (or pertinencis Halmas) was first mentioned when its representatives (Ioan of Săliște, Blasiu of Gârliște and Ioan, Dragomir's son) were present at the joint meeting of seven Romanian districts in 1452.[10]

Bârzava

The Bârzava (or Borzafeu) district was located along the uppermost course of the

Bratova) were situated in the district, according to documents from the 14th and 15th centuries.[13] The district was first mentioned in 1370 in a royal charter referring to one Peter's village "in pertinencibus Borzafeu".[13]

Caraș

The Caraș (or Crasofeu) district was located between the

Agadici).[12]

Comiat

The Comiat (or Comyath) district was situated along the upper course of the

Sigismund of Luxemburg, King of Hungary, pledged the district to John Hunyadi.[16] The local inhabitants paid the debt and the pledge was cancelled in 1457, showing that the local Romanians were willing to protect their autonomy.[16]

Cuiești

The Cuiești (or Kuesd) district was located along the Bârzava River in the western slopes of the Dognecea Mountains.[17] The district was first mentioned in a royal charter of grant, which was issued on 4 July 1349.[17]

Districts in Transylvania

Făgăraș

Districts in Crișana

Maramureș

Main article: Voivodeship of Maramureș

In Maramureș was present the Romanian Voivodeship of Maramureș.

References

  1. ^ a b Pop 2005, p. 233.
  2. ^ Pop 2005, pp. 217, 233.
  3. ^ Pop 2005, p. 234.
  4. ^ Makkai 1994, pp. 195, 197.
  5. ^ a b c Rady 2000, p. 92.
  6. ^ a b Makkai 1994, pp. 196–197.
  7. ^ Makkai 1994, p. 196.
  8. ^ a b c Makkai 1994, p. 198.
  9. ^ Țeicu 2002, p. 190.
  10. ^ a b c Țeicu 2002, p. 191.
  11. ^ Țeicu 2002, pp. 191–192.
  12. ^ a b Țeicu 2002, pp. 192–193.
  13. ^ a b c d Țeicu 2002, p. 192.
  14. ^ a b c Țeicu 2002, p. 196.
  15. ^ Țeicu 2002, p. 197.
  16. ^ a b Țeicu 2002, p. 198.
  17. ^ a b Țeicu 2002, p. 199.

Sources

  • Makkai, László (1994). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243.
    ISBN 963-05-6703-2
    .
  • Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2005). "Romanians in the 14th–16th centuries: From the "Christian Republic" to the "Restoration of Dacia"". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 209–314.
    ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4
    .
  • Rady, Martyn (2000). Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary. Palgrave.
    ISBN 0-333-80085-0
    .
  • Țeicu, Dumitru (2002). Mountainous Banat in the Middle Ages. University Press Cluj.
    ISBN 973-610-141-X
    .
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