Romanization of Georgian

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Mtskheta and Tbilisi romanized

Romanization of Georgian is the process of

Georgian script into the Latin script
.

Georgian national system of romanization

This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics,

Google translate
.

Unofficial system of romanization

Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in

Georgian keyboard layout
that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the shift key to make another letter).

ISO standard

ISO 9984:1996, "Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters", was last reviewed and confirmed in 2010.[2] The guiding principles in the standard are:

  • No
    ejectives
    are unmarked, e.g.: კ → k, ქ → k̕
  • Extended characters are mostly Latin letters with caron (haček – ž, š, č̕, č, ǰ), with the exception of "g macron" ღ → ḡ. Archaic extended characters are ē, ō, and ẖ (h with line below).
  • No capitalization, both as it does not appear in the original script, and to avoid confusion with claimed popular ad hoc transliterations of caron characters as capitals instead. (e.g. შ as S for š)

Transliteration table

Georgian letter IPA National system
(2002) 		BGN/PCGN
(1981—2009) 		ISO 9984
(1996) 		ALA-LC
(1997) 		Unofficial system Kartvelo translit NGR2
ა /ɑ/ a a a a a a a
ბ /b/ b b b b b b b
გ /ɡ/ g g g g g g g
დ /d/ d d d d d d d
ე /ɛ/ e e e e e e e
ვ /v/ v v v v v v v
ზ /z/ z z z z z z z
ჱ[a] /eɪ/ ey ē ē é ej ẽ
თ /tʰ/ t tʼ t̕ tʻ T[b] or t t t / t̊
ი /i/ i i i i i i i
კ /kʼ/ kʼ k k k k ǩ k̉
ლ /l/ l l l l l l l
მ /m/ m m m m m m m
ნ /n/ n n n n n n n
ჲ[a] /i/, /j/ j y y j ĩ
ო /ɔ/ o o o o o o o
პ /pʼ/ pʼ p p p p p̌ p̉
ჟ /ʒ/ zh zh ž ž J,[b] zh or j ž g̃
რ /r/ r r r r r r r
ს /s/ s s s s s s s
ტ /tʼ/ tʼ t t t t t̆ t̉
ჳ[a] /w/ w w ŭ f̃
უ /u/ u u u u u u u
ფ /pʰ/ p pʼ p̕ pʻ p or f p p / p̊
ქ /kʰ/ k kʼ k̕ kʻ q or k q or k k / k̊
ღ /ʁ/ gh gh ḡ ġ g, gh or R[b] g, gh or R[b] q̃
ყ /qʼ/ qʼ q q q y[c] q q
შ /ʃ/ sh sh š š sh or S[b] š x
ჩ /t͡ʃ(ʰ)/ ch chʼ č̕ čʻ ch or C[b] č c̃
ც /t͡s(ʰ)/ ts tsʼ c̕ cʻ c or ts c c
ძ /d͡z/ dz dz j ż dz or Z[b] ʒ d̃
წ /t͡sʼ/ tsʼ ts c c w, c or ts ʃ c̉
ჭ /t͡ʃʼ/ chʼ ch č č W,[b] ch or tch ʃ̌ j̉
ხ /χ/ kh kh x x x or kh (rarely) x k̃
ჴ[a] /q/, /qʰ/ qʼ ẖ x̣ q̌ q̊
ჯ /d͡ʒ/ j j ǰ j j - j
ჰ /h/ h h h h h h h
ჵ[a] /oː/ ō ō ȯ h̃


Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Archaic letters.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.
  3. ^ Initially, the use of letter y for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.

References

  1. ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5
    . Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  2. ^ ISO 9984:1996, Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters
  3. ^ Evertype.com: ISO 5426 mapping to Unicode; Joan M. Aliprand: Finalized Mapping between Characters of ISO 5426 and ISO/IEC 10646-1; The Unicode Standard: Spacing Modifier Letters.

External links

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