Romani people in Turkey
Romanlar | |
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Total population | |
500,000–2,750,000 Abdal of Turkey |
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The Romani people in Turkey (
Since 1996, their official name in Turkey has been Romanlar and not Roma. They are also called Şopar ("Gypsy kid") in Rumelian Romani dialect, and Manuş ("Human") or Çingene ("Gypsy") in Turkish, while once in Ottoman Turkish they were named Cingân ("Gypsy"), Kıptî ("Copts") and Mısırlı ("Egyptians").[4] As Gastarbeiter some Turkish Roma came to Germany and Austria and other European countries and fully assimilated in Turkish European communities.[5]
There are an estimated 5,000,000 Romani people in Turkey.[6][7][8][9]
History
There are records of the presence of Romani people from AD 800 in
With the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish speaking Muslim Romani people settled in Rumelia (southeastern Europe) under Ottoman rule. The Ottoman Turkish Historian
Origin
The Romani people in Turkey are of very mixed ancestry. According to their own oral tradition, (but it varies in some stories), their ancestors once came from Hindustan[16][17] The Early Romani originate from the Indian subcontinent,[18][19][20][21][22][23] especially from Rohri in the Sukkur District of Sindh.[24] The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that the roots of the Romani language lie in Central India: The language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.[25] More precisely, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Sanskrit and Prakrit.[26] In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were "children of India". The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community, spread across 30 countries, as a part of the Indian diaspora.[27]
Genetic
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the
Migration to Turkey
During the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, different Muslim Roma groups from Greece such as the Sepetčides (Basketmakers)[34] or the Tütünčides (tobacco workers)[35] moved to Turkey, and were called Mübadil Romanlar.[36] Some Roma who were tobacco laborers from Greece became active members in the Communist Party of Turkey (historical).[37]
Turkish-speaking Muslim Roma migrated in waves from Bulgaria to Turkey over the years between 1878 - 1989, together with many Turks and Pomaks.[38] Many Turkish-speaking tribes known for their pipe-and-drum bands, who were descendants of the Turcoman Gypsies went to Istanbul following the Bulgarian Declaration of Independence.[39]
In the early 1950s, Muslim Roma from Bulgaria came to Turkey and settled in Çanakkale and its surroundings.[40]
In the period from 1953 to 1968, Muslim Roma and Turks from Yugoslavia emigrated to Turkey.[41][42]
Demographics
The majority of the Romani people in Turkey live in East Thrace, Marmara Region and Aegean Region. Cities with a high percentage of Romanlar are Edirne and Istanbul.[15]
Culture
The Turkified Romani speak
Conservative Romani groups are, among others, the long-established Tekkekapılı, Kağıtçılar (Papermakers), the semi-nomadic Bandırmalı, (named after Bandırma, but their ancestors once came from Greece around 1923), who all live in Selamsız Romani-quarter in Üsküdar. The Kağıtçılar, in particular, have their own dialect that is not understood by other roma groups in their neighborhood.[48][49] Turkish-speaking Roma from Turkey distance themselves from other non-Turkish Roma groups, especially from Christian Roma, they call them Yabancı (foreigners), while Christian Roma regard them simple as
Legal status
In modern Turkey,
In popular culture
A Turkish Romani settlement in
A group of Turkish Romani appears in the 16th century
A Turkish TV series made between 2004 and 2007 called Cennet Mahallesi is based on Istanbulite Romans.
Sufism
Many Turkish Roma, are members of the Hindiler Tekkesi a Qadiriyya-Tariqa, founded in 1738 by the Indian Muslim Sheykh Seyfullah Efendi El Hindi in Selamsız.[2]
Groups of Turkish Romanlar
Yerli and Çerge generic term
The majority of the Romani people in Turkey live in
Sepetçi subgroup
Since Ottoman Empire, the Muslim basket weavers Romanlar were very respected alongside Roma musicians. Because those Romani people, who became Muslims after the conquest of Istanbul at 1453, set up the mehter band of the Ottoman military band and the best and richest basket makers of Istanbul came from Sulukule. The Basketmakers' Kiosk was also built in their honor, where the basket makers guild was based.[54] In East Thrace, the European part of turkey, in the Kırklareli Province, they are the Sepetçi Romanlar (Basket-weaver Roma), who are still doing their old job today and The Sepetçi Association was established in the Vize district of Kırklareli.[55] Also in In Keşan, a special cooperative was established by Sepetçi women.[56] At Evreşe in Gelibolu they are a Group of Sepečides whose Nomad Ancestor's once came from Thessaloniki/Selanik in Greece, still weave Baskets.[57] In other parts in Turkey, live descendants of the Sepečides, especially in İzmir, who once came from Thessaloniki/Selanik in Greece in 1923, some of them still speak Sepečides Romani but the majority speak Turkish.[58]
Ayjides subgroup
The Ayjides or Ayıcı are former Bear-leaders who hold Tame bears until the 1990s.[59][60]
Romani Heritage
Through the World Romani Congress and contact with other Romani groups of different countries, the interest in their own Romani heritage and language was awakened among the Romanlar in Turkey.[61][62] Only a view Romanlar in East Thrace use Sedentary Rumelian Romani dialect at Home together,[63] also the Sepečides Romani language in İzmir are nearly lost.[58]
Gallery
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Postcard of a Muslim Romani Men with his 8 Wives and 10 Children, in front of their tent in Smyrna (today İzmir) in 1903
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A dancing bear around 1970 in Samsun. His holder beats the frame drum Def.
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Romani in Istanbul in 2008
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Romani men of Turkey
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Children in Ortaköy in Istanbul, 2000
Notable Turkish people of Romani heritage
- Sibel Can, folk pop and classical music singer
- Didem, belly dancer, model and singer[64]
- Kibariye, Arabesque-pop singer[65]
- Özcan Purçu, politician
- Hüsnü Şenlendirici, musician
- Selim Sesler, clarinet virtuoso
- Ankaralı Turgut, musician
- Rafet el Roman, singer[66]
See also
- Minorities in Turkey
- Abdal of Turkey
- Muslim Roma
- Turkish Roma
References
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Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.
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- ^ "Sepetçilik - Definition und Synonyme von sepetçilik im Wörterbuch Türkisch".
- ^ "Vize'de Sepetçi Romanları Derneği açılışına ilgi" (in Turkish).
- ^ "Keşan Sepetçi Kadın Girişimi Üretim ve İşletme Kooperatifi ile ilgili tüm haberleri ve son dakika gelişmeleri". Edirnesonhaber.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
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- ^ "Et tu, 'Brütüs': Last dancing bear in Turkey dies in shelter". Daily Sabah. 27 November 2021.
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External links
Media related to Romani people in Turkey at Wikimedia Commons