Romanticism in Poland
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Romanticism in Poland, a literary, artistic and intellectual period in the evolution of
Polish Romanticism, unlike Romanticism in some other parts of Europe, was not limited to literary and artistic concerns. Due to specific Polish historical circumstances, notably the partitions of Poland, it was also an ideological, philosophical, and political movement that expressed the ideals and way of life of a Polish society subjected to foreign rule and to ethnic and religious discrimination.
History
Polish Romanticism had two distinct periods in terms of its literary forms: 1820–1832, and 1832–1864. In the first period, Polish Romantics were strongly influenced by other European Romantics. Their art featured emotionalism and irrationality, fantasy and imagination, personality cults, folklore and country life, and the propagation of ideals of freedom. The most famous writers of the period were Adam Mickiewicz, Seweryn Goszczyński, Tomasz Zan and Maurycy Mochnacki.
In the second period, many of the Polish Romantics worked abroad, often banished from Poland by the occupying powers due to their politically subversive ideas. Their work became increasingly dominated by the ideals of political struggle for freedom and their country's sovereignty. Elements of mysticism became more prominent. There developed the idea of the poeta wieszcz (the prophet). The wieszcz (bard) functioned as spiritual leader to the nation fighting for its independence. The most notable poet so recognized was Adam Mickiewicz. His famous verse epic Pan Tadeusz describes his love for the partitioned homeland and people of his native country:
"O Lithuania, my country, thou
Art like good health; I never knew till now
How precious, till I lost thee. Now I see
Thy beauty whole, because I yearn for thee."
(— Opening stanza of Pan Tadeusz, Kenneth R. Mackenzie translation)
Other notable Polish Romantic writers active abroad included
Romantic ideas informed not only literature but also painting and music.[3] Polish Romantic painting is exemplified in the work of Artur Grottger, Henryk Rodakowski, or the equestrian master artist Piotr Michałowski (now at Sukiennice), and Jan Nepomucen Głowacki considered the father of Polish school of landscape painting, as well as the renowned historical painter Leopold Loeffler invited to Kraków by Matejko to teach the future luminaries of the Young Poland movement including Wyspiański, Tetmajer, Malczewski and Weiss among others. The music of Frédéric Chopin and Stanisław Moniuszko inspired the development of Polish Romantic movement in all fields of creative expression.
Notable Polish Romantic writers and poets
- Feliks Bernatowicz (1786–1836)
- Ryszard Berwiński(1819–1879)
- Stanisław Bogusławski (?–d. 1870)
- Kazimierz Brodziński (1791–1835)
- Antoni Czajkowski (1816–1873)
- Michał Czajkowski (1804–1886)
- Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (1770–1861)
- Jan Czeczot (1796–1846)
- Franciszek Salezy Dmochowski (1801–1871)
- Gustaw Ehrenberg (1818–1895)
- Aleksander Fredro (1791–1876)
- Antoni Gorecki (1787–1861)
- Seweryn Goszczyński (1801–1876)
- Klementyna Hoffmanowa (1798–1845)
- Teodor Tomasz Jeż (Zygmunt Miłkowski, 1824–1915)
- Kajetan Koźmian (1771–1856)
- Zygmunt Krasiński (1812–1859)
- Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887)
- Teofil Lenartowicz (1822–1893)
- Jadwiga Łuszczewska (1834–1908)
- Antoni Malczewski (1793–1826)
- Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855)
- Maurycy Mochnacki (1803–1834)
- Cyprian Kamil Norwid(1821–1883)
- Wincenty Pol (1807–1882)
- Mieczysław Romanowski (1834–1863)
- Henryk Rzewuski (1791–1866)
- Lucjan Siemieński (1807–1877)
- Juliusz Słowacki (1809–1849)
- Władysław Syrokomla (1823–1862)
- Kornel Ujejski (1823–1897)
- Maria Wirtemberska (1768–1854)
- Józef Bohdan Zaleski (1802–86)
- Tomasz Zan (1796–1855)
- Narcyza Żmichowska (1819–1876)
Other notable figures
- Aleksander Borkowski Dunin (1811–1896)
- Józef Borkowski Dunin (1809–1843)
- Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849), composer
- Edward Dembowski (1822–1846), philosopher, journalist and activist
- Piotr Michałowski (1800–1855), painter
- Stanisław Moniuszko (1819–1872), composer
- Stanisław Kostka Potocki (1755–1821), art patron, philosopher and intellectual
- Andrzej Towiański (1799–1878), philosopher and Messianist religious leader
- Kazimierz Władysław Wójcicki (1807–1879)
See also
References
- ISBN 0-520-04477-0. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
- ^ The Sarmatian ReviewXVII.2., 1997
- ^ "Romantyzm w sztukach plastycznych". Malarstwo, Architektura, Rzeźba (in Polish). Encyklopedia WIEM. Retrieved November 23, 2012.