Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport
Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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AMSL 15 ft / 5 m | | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Coordinates | 38°51′8″N 77°2′16″W / 38.85222°N 77.03778°W | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Website | www | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maps | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FAA's diagram of the airport | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Runways | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Statistics (2023) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Source: Federal Aviation Administration,[2] Passenger traffic[3]
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Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (
The airport opened in 1941 and was originally named Washington National Airport. Part of the original terminal is still in use as Terminal 1. A larger second terminal, now known as Terminal 2, opened in 1997. In 1998, Congress passed and President Bill Clinton signed a bill renaming the airport in honor of former President Ronald Reagan.[9][10][11][12] MWAA operates the airport with close oversight by the federal government due to its proximity to the national capital.
Long distance flights to and from the airport are limited by a perimeter rule which generally prohibits flights longer than 1,250 statute miles (2,010 km) in any direction nonstop, in an effort to send coast-to-coast and overseas traffic to Dulles International Airport, though there are 40 slot exemptions to this rule. Planes are required to take unusually complicated paths to avoid restricted and prohibited airspace above sensitive landmarks, government buildings, and military installations in and around Washington, D.C.,[13] and comply with some of the tightest noise restrictions in the country.[14]
Reagan National serves 98 nonstop destinations as of October 2023[update].
The airport served over 25.4 million passengers in 2023, the second most of any of the three airports serving the region, and a new passenger record for the airport.[16] The airport's main runway is the busiest in the nation.[17]
History
20th century
The first airport in the area was Arlington's Hoover Field, which opened in 1926.[18] Near the present site of The Pentagon, its single runway was crossed by a street; guards had to stop automobile traffic during takeoffs and landings. The following year, in 1927, Washington Airport, another privately operated field, began service next door.[1] In 1930, the Great Depression led the two terminals to merge to form Washington-Hoover Airport. Bordered on the east by U.S. Route 1, with its accompanying high-tension electrical wires, and obstructed by a high smokestack on one approach and a dump nearby, the field was inadequate.[19]
The need for a better airport was acknowledged in 37 studies conducted between 1926 and 1938,[1] but a statute prohibited federal development of airports. When Congress lifted the prohibition in 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made a recess appropriation of $15 million to build National Airport by reallocating funds from other purposes. Construction of Washington National Airport began in 1940–1941 by a company led by John McShain. Congress challenged the legality of FDR's recess appropriation, but construction of the new airport continued.[20]
The airport is located southwest of Washington, D.C., in the Crystal City section of Arlington County, Virginia, adjacent to National Landing. The western part of the airport was once within a large Virginia plantation, a remnant of which is now inside a historic site near the airport's Metrorail station.[21] The eastern part of the airport was built in the District of Columbia on and near mudflats in the tidal Potomac River near Gravelly Point, about 4 statute miles (6.4 km) from the United States Capitol, using landfill dredged from the Potomac River.
The airport opened June 16, 1941, just before U.S. entry into World War II.[1] The public was entertained by displays of wartime equipment including a captured Japanese Zero war prize flown in with U.S. Navy colors.[22] In 1945 Congress passed a law that established the airport was legally within Virginia, mainly for liquor sales taxation purposes, but under the jurisdiction of the federal government.[1] On July 1 of that year the airport's weather station became the official point for D.C. weather observations and records by the National Weather Service, in Washington, D.C.[23]
Until 1946, nonstop airline flights did not reach beyond
The grooving of runway 18–36 to improve traction when wet, in March 1967, was the first at a civil airport in the United States.[26]
Service to the airport's Metro station began in 1977.[27]
The Washington National Airport Terminal and South Hangar Line were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.[4][28]
Expansion and restrictions
The runway layout has changed little since the 1956 closure of the east–west runway at the south end of the field. Changes to the terminal complex over the years include:
- Extension of the original Main Terminal (today's Terminal 1) to the south in 1950
- The construction of a North Terminal supplemented the original terminal in 1958; construction connected the two terminals in 1961.
- A United Airlines holdroom complex was built in 1965, a facility for American Airlines was completed in 1968, and a facility for Northwest Airlines and TWA (still in use today as the Terminal A concourse), along with a commuter terminal in 1970.[1]
- The Metrorail station serving the Airport opened in 1977.
- A major terminal expansion including a new air traffic control tower, officially called Terminals B/C, opened in 1997 giving the terminal its current configuration.
- Runways 18/36 and 3/21 were renumbered as 1/19 and 4/22 in 1999 as Earth's magnetic field drifted.[29]
- In March 2012 the main 1/19 runway was lengthened 300 feet (91 m) to add Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) compliant runway safety runoff areas.[30]
Despite the expansions, efforts have been made to restrict the growth of the airport. The advent of jets and traffic growth led Congress to pass the Washington Airport Act of 1950, which led to the opening of
The airport originally had no perimeter rule; from 1954 to 1960, piston-engine airliners flew nonstop to California.
The perimeter rule was implemented in January 1966 as a voluntary agreement by airlines, to get permission to use short-haul jets at National. Dulles was to continue to serve the long haul markets, limiting traffic and noise at National; the FAA assumed that ground level noise would be reduced because planes would take off light on fuel and be up and away quickly. The agreement limited jet flights to 650 statute miles (1,050 km), with 7 grandfathered exceptions under 1,000 statute miles (1,600 km). The spirit of the agreement was regularly violated as flights left National to an airport within the perimeter and then immediately took off for a destination beyond it. Within a year there was a proposal to reduce the perimeter to 500 statute miles (800 km), but it was widely opposed and never implemented. Overcrowding at National was later managed by the 1969 High Density Rule, thereby removing one of the justifications for the perimeter agreement.[34]
In the 1960s and 1970s, several attempts were made to codify the perimeter rule, but it was not until Dulles was endangered that it actually become a strict rule. In 1970 the FAA lifted the ban at National of the stretched Boeing 727-200, which resulted in a lawsuit by Virginians for Dulles who argued that the airport's jet traffic was a nuisance. That suit resulted in a Court of Appeals order to create an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). In addition to the court order, there were economic problems at Dulles. Following the extension of Metrorail to National in 1977, and airline deregulation in 1978, traffic at Dulles began to plummet while it increased at National. As part of a slate of efforts to protect Dulles, including removing landing fees and mobile lounge user charges, the FAA proposed regulations as part of the EIS to limit traffic at National and maintain Dulles's role as the area's airport for long-haul destinations. In 1980, the FAA proposed codifying the perimeter rule as part of a larger rulemaking effort. When the rule was announced, airlines challenged it in court; the Metropolitan Washington Airports Policy of 1981 codified the perimeter rule on an interim basis "to maintain the long-haul nonstop service at Dulles and BWI which otherwise would preempt shorter haul service at National." At the same time, the perimeter was extended to 1,000 statute miles (1,600 km) miles to remove the unfairness of having seven grandfathered cities. The perimeter rule was upheld by the Court of Appeals in 1982.[35][34] In 1986, as part of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Act, which handed control of National over to the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, the perimeter was extended to 1,250 statute miles (2,010 km) to allow nonstop flights to Houston with Dallas also being permitted to be served nonstop.[34]
Slots at the airport have been traded in several instances. In 2011 US Airways acquired a number of Delta's slots at Reagan National in exchange for Delta receiving a number of US Airways slots at LaGuardia Airport in New York. JetBlue paid $40 million to acquire eight slot pairs at auction in the same year.[36] JetBlue and Southwest acquired 12 and 27 US Airways slot pairs, respectively, in 2014 as part of a government-mandated divestiture following the merger of US Airways and American.[37]
Flights normally use Runway 1/19 (7169' x 150' / 2185 m x 46 m), as the shorter Runways 15/33 and 4/22 can accommodate them only under very windy conditions.
Transfer of control and renaming
In 1984, the Secretary of Transportation
On February 6, 1998, President Bill Clinton signed legislation[41] changing the airport's name from Washington National Airport to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, to honor the former president on his 87th birthday.[42] The legislation[43] was drafted against the wishes of MWAA officials and political leaders in Northern Virginia and Washington, D.C.[44][45] Opponents of the renaming argued that a large federal office building had already been named for Reagan, the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center, and that the airport was already named for George Washington, the first United States president.[45]
The bill stated that it did not require the expenditure of any funds to accomplish the name change; however, state, regional, and federal authorities were later required to change highway and transit signs at their own additional expense as new signs were made.[46][47]
21st century
In 2015, The Express conducted an online survey asking people what they call “the airport in Northern Virginia that’s not Dulles." The results found that only 31% of people referred to the airport as "Reagan" and only 12% as "Reagan National", compared to 57% dropping the former president from the name.[11] Political preference was shown to have a direct correlation with how people called the airport, with 72% of Republicans referring to the airport using "Reagan," while 64% of Democrats call it "National" or "DCA."[12]
Given that Washington, D.C., is one of the most Democratic cities in the United States, the dominant name does not feature the name "Reagan".[48]
Construction of current terminal buildings
With the addition of more flights and limited space in the aging main terminal, the airport began an extensive renovation and expansion in the 1990s. Hangar 11 on the northern end of the airport was converted into The USAir Interim Terminal, designed by Joseph C. Giuliani, FAIA. Soon after an addition for Delta Air Lines was added in 1989 and was later converted to Authority offices. These projects allowed for the relocation of several gates in the main terminal until the new $450 million terminal complex became operational. On July 27, 1997, the new terminal complex, Terminal 2, and two parking garages, opened. Argentine architect César Pelli designed the new terminals of the airport. The Interim Terminal closed immediately after its opening and was converted back into a hangar. One pier of the main terminal (now widely known as Terminal A), which mainly housed American Airlines and Pan Am, was demolished; the other pier, originally designed by Giuliani Associates Architects for Northwest and TWA remains operational today as gates A1–A9.
A land bridge is planned which would connect the airport with National Landing directly to Amazon HQ2.[49]
Operations
Perimeter restrictions
Airlines | Destinations |
---|---|
Las Vegas
| |
Delta | 4 slots operating as 1x Salt Lake City, 1x Los Angeles |
Frontier | 6 slots operating as 3x Denver |
JetBlue | 2 slots operating as 1x San Juan |
Southwest | 2 slots operating as 1x Austin |
United | 4 slots operating as 1x Denver, 1x San Francisco |
Reagan National Airport is subject to a federally mandated perimeter limitation to keep it a short-haul airport and to keep most long-haul air traffic to Dulles International Airport.[50] The rule was implemented in 1966 and originally limited nonstop service to 650 statute miles (1,050 km), with some exceptions for previously existing service.[50] Congress extended the limit in the 1980s to 1,000 miles (1,600 km) and then again to 1,250 miles (2,010 km).[51] Congress and the United States Department of Transportation have created many "beyond-perimeter" exceptions that have weakened the rule.[51]
Members of
In 2023, representatives Chip Roy and Greg Casar, both of Austin, initiated a new bipartisan proposal to amend the perimeter under an FAA reauthorization bill; the current 1,250 mi perimeter passes through central Texas, giving the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex and Greater Houston access to Reagan while excluding Austin, El Paso and San Antonio, although Austin has a single daily nonstop flight under an exemption. Delta, Texas business interests, and Texas senator Ted Cruz back the amendment, while American Airlines and others oppose it, citing an FAA memo and statistics showing that Reagan has a high rate of delays and that additional flights may exceed its capacity.[56]
Approach patterns
Reagan National Airport has some of the strictest noise restrictions in the country.
The River Visual airport approach is only possible with a ceiling of at least 3,500 feet (1,100 m) and visibility of 3 statute miles (4.8 km) or more.
When the River Visual is not available due to visibility or winds, aircraft may fly an offset
Special security measures
In 1938,
In the aftermath of the
After the September 11 attacks, the airport was closed for several weeks, and security was tightened when it reopened. Increased security measures included:
- A ban on aircraft with more than 156 seats (lifted in April 2002)[64]
- A ban on the "River Visual" approach (lifted in April 2002)[64]
- A requirement that, 30 minutes prior to landing or following takeoff, passengers were required to remain seated; if anyone stood up, the aircraft was to be diverted to Washington Dulles International Airport under military escort and the person standing would be detained and questioned by federal law enforcement officials (lifted in July 2005)[65]
- A ban on general aviation (lifted in October 2005, subject to the restrictions below)[66]
On October 18, 2005, National Airport was reopened to general aviation on a limited basis (48 operations per day) and under restrictions: passenger and crew manifests must be submitted to the
Terminals and facilities
DCA has 59 gates with jetways: 9 gates in Terminal 1 and 50 gates in Terminal 2 (13 gates in Concourse B, 12 in Concourse C, 11 in Concourse D and 14 in the new Concourse E).[70] The two terminals are not connected to each other post-security. A new terminal and gate numbering scheme was implemented in 2022. Previously Terminal 1 was Terminal A, and Terminal 2 was Terminal B/C, as it is one building. All gates also now have a letter, A through E for each of the five concourses. Therefore, Gate 33 became Gate C33. Other changes include B Parking and C Parking, becoming Parking 2 South and Parking 2 North.[71]
Terminal 1
Designed by architect Charles M. Goodman, terminal 1 opened in 1941 and was expanded in 1955 to accommodate more passengers and airlines. The exterior of this terminal has had its original architecture restored, with the airside façade restored in 2004 and the landside façade restored in 2008.[72] The terminal underwent a $37 million renovation that modernized the airport's look by bringing in brighter lighting, more windows, and new flooring. The project was completed in 2014 along with a new expanded TSA security checkpoint.[73] In 2014, additional renovations were announced including new upgraded concessions and further structural improvements, the project was completed in 2015.[74] Terminal 1 contains gates A1–A9 and houses operations from Air Canada Express, Frontier, and Southwest, with Southwest having the largest presence in Terminal 1.
Terminal 2
Terminal 2 is the airport's newest and largest terminal; the terminal opened in 1997 and replaced a collection of airline-specific terminals built during the 1960s. The new terminal (Concourses B-D) was designed by architect
Terminal 2 has four concourses. Concourse B (Gates B10–B22) houses Alaska Airlines, Delta, and United. Concourse C (Gates C23–C34) houses American and JetBlue. Concourse D (Gates D35–D45) is exclusive to American for their hub at DCA along with Concourse E (Gates E46–E59) that houses American Eagle and American.[77] The corridor/hall connecting the four concourses of Terminal 2 is known as National Hall. Concourse B houses a Delta Sky Club and United Club, and there are three American Admirals Clubs in Terminal 2.[78] The Delta Sky Club was renovated in summer 2018.[79]
Lounges
There are currently six
Project Journey
MWAA began construction of a new concourse north of Terminal 2 in February 2018 to accommodate 14 new regional jet gates with jetways, bringing the total number of gates at DCA to 60. This replaced "Gate 35X," a bus gate formerly used to bring passengers to and from American Eagle flights that used parking spots on the ramp. Officially called Project Journey, construction was completed on April 20, 2021.[75][76]
In addition, the individual security checkpoints for the four concourses in Terminal 2 were replaced with higher-capacity security checkpoints in two new buildings to the west of National Hall, located next to the two Metro station pedestrian bridges, and in between the two existing arrivals and departures roadways, placing all of National Hall within the secured area of the airport and allowing passengers to walk between concourses without re-clearing security.[75] The new checkpoints were opened on November 9, 2021.[84]
Ground transportation
The Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport station on the Washington Metro, served by the Yellow and Blue lines, is located on an elevated outdoor platform station adjacent to Terminal 2. Two elevated pedestrian walkways connect the station directly to the concourse levels of Terminal 2. An underground pedestrian walkway and shuttle services provide access to Terminal 1.[85]
Metrobus provides service on weekend mornings before the Metro station opens or during any disruptions to regular Metro service.[citation needed]
Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is located on the
The airport is accessible by bicycle and foot from the
Airlines and destinations
Airlines | Destinations | Refs |
---|---|---|
Toronto–Pearson | [89] | |
Seattle/Tacoma | [90] | |
[93] | ||
Toronto–Pearson, Tulsa, West Palm Beach, White Plains, Wichita,[95] Wilmington (NC) Seasonal: Daytona Beach, Destin/Fort Walton Beach, Halifax, Hilton Head, Hyannis (begins June 22, 2024),[96] Martha's Vineyard, Melbourne/Orlando, Nantucket, Nassau, Traverse City | [93] | |
New York–LaGuardia, Orlando, Salt Lake City | [97] | |
New York–LaGuardia, Omaha, Raleigh/Durham | [97] | |
Frontier Airlines | Denver | [98] |
JetBlue | Boston, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Nassau, Orlando, San Juan, West Palm Beach Seasonal: Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket | [99] |
Sarasota | [101] | |
Houston–Intercontinental, San Francisco | [102] | |
Houston–Intercontinental, Newark | [102] |
Statistics
Top destinations
Rank | Airport | Passengers | Carriers |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Atlanta, Georgia | 787,000 | American, Delta, Southwest |
2 | Boston, Massachusetts | 765,000 | American, Delta, JetBlue |
3 | Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois | 689,000 | American, United |
4 | Orlando, Florida | 560,000 | American, JetBlue, Southwest |
5 | Miami, Florida | 455,000 | American |
6 | Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas | 442,000 | American |
7 | New York–LaGuardia, New York | 371,000 | American, Delta |
8 | Charlotte, North Carolina | 342,000 | American |
9 | Fort Lauderdale, Florida | 310,000 | American, JetBlue, Southwest |
10 | Nashville, Tennessee | 268,000 | American, Delta, Southwest |
Rank | Airline | Passengers | Market share |
---|---|---|---|
1 | American Airlines | 6,929,000 | 28.76% |
2 | Southwest Airlines | 3,496,000 | 14.51% |
3 | Delta Air Lines | 2,154,000 | 8.94% |
4 | JetBlue Airways
|
1,825,000 | 7.57% |
5 | United Airlines | 1,246,000 | 5.17% |
Other | 8,447,000 | 35.05% |
Annual traffic
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Year | Passengers | Year | Passengers | Year | Passengers | Year | Passengers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 15,888,199 | 2010 | 18,118,713 | 2020 | 7,574,966 | 2030 | |
1999 | 15,185,348 | 2009 | 17,577,359 | 2019 | 23,945,527 | 2029 | |
1998 | 15,970,306 | 2008 | 18,028,287 | 2018 | 23,464,618 | 2028 | |
1997 | 15,907,006 | 2007 | 18,679,343 | 2017 | 23,903,248 | 2027 | |
1996 | 15,226,500 | 2006 | 18,550,785 | 2016 | 23,595,006 | 2026 | |
1995 | 15,506,244 | 2005 | 17,847,884 | 2015 | 23,039,429 | 2025 | |
1994 | 15,700,825 | 2004 | 15,944,542 | 2014 | 20,810,387 | 2024 | |
1993 | 16,307,808 | 2003 | 14,223,123 | 2013 | 20,415,085 | 2023 | 25,453,581 |
1992 | 15,593,535 | 2002 | 12,881,601 | 2012 | 19,655,440 | 2022 | 23,961,442 |
1991 | 15,098,697 | 2001 | 13,265,387 | 2011 | 18,823,094 | 2021 | 14,044,724 |
Abingdon plantation historical site
A part of the airport is located on the former site of the 18th and 19th century Abingdon plantation, which was associated with the prominent Alexander, Custis, Stuart, and Hunter families.[106] In 1998, MWAA opened a historical display around the restored remnants of two Abingdon buildings and placed artifacts collected from the site in an exhibit hall in Terminal A.[107][108] The Abingdon site is located on a knoll between parking Garage A and Garage B/C, near the south end of the Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Metrorail station.[107][109][110][111]
Accidents and incidents
Page Airways
On April 27, 1945, a Page Airways
Eastern Air Lines Flight 537
On November 1, 1949, a mid-air collision between an Eastern Air Lines passenger aircraft and a
Bridoux's plane had taken off from National just 10 minutes earlier and was in contact with the tower during a brief test flight. The Eastern Air Lines DC-4 was on approach from the south when the nimble and much faster P-38 banked and plunged right into the passenger plane. Both aircraft dropped into the Potomac River.
Capital Airlines Flight 500
On December 12, 1949, Capital Airlines Flight 500, a Douglas DC-3, stalled and crashed into the Potomac River while on approach to Washington National. Six of the 23 passengers and crew on board were killed.[115]
Air Florida Flight 90
On the afternoon of January 13, 1982,
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- ^ This can be seen by Congress's continued use of legislation to limit the number of flights at National Airport, as well as expanding the perimeter and number of exemptions for flights outside that limit.
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Commonwealth investing $195 million in infrastructure in the neighborhood, including improvements to the Crystal City and the Potomac Yard Metro stations; a pedestrian bridge connecting National Landing and Reagan National Airport;
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External links
- Official website
- This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Airport Map Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. June 2011
- Historic American Engineering Recorddocumentation:
- HAER No. VA-51-A, "Washington National Airport, Hangar No. 1", 30 photos, 9 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
- HAER No. VA-51-B, "Washington National Airport, Air Transport Command, Passenger Terminal/Operations Building", 25 photos, 23 data pages, 3 photo caption pages
- HAER No. VA-51-C, "Washington National Airport, Air Transport Command, Portable Hangar", 11 photos, 9 data pages, 3 photo caption pages
- HAER No. VA-51-D, "Washington National Airport, Hangar Nos. 8, 9, 11, and 12", 23 photos, 13 data pages, 5 photo caption pages
- HAER No. VA-82, "North Airport Entry Underpass, George Washington Memorial Parkway at National Airport", 2 data pages
- HAER No. VA-84, "South Airport Exit Overpass, George Washington Memorial Parkway at National Airport", 2 data pages
- HAER No. VA-85, "Route 1-National Airport Overpass, George Washington Memorial Parkway at Route 1, National Airport", 2 data pages
- HAER No. VA-92, "Original Airport Entrance Overpass, Spanning original Airport Entrance Road at National Airport", 6 photos, 3 data pages, 1 photo caption page
- KDCA - Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport at airnav.com
- FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective March 21, 2024
- FAA Terminal Procedures for DCA, effective March 21, 2024
- Resources for this airport:
- AirNav airport information for KDCA
- ASN accident history for DCA
- FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
- NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
- SkyVector aeronautical chart for KDCA
- FAA current DCA delay information