Rosa Bonheur
Rosa Bonheur | |
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Oscar-Raymond Bonheur (father) | |
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Rosa Bonheur (born Marie-Rosalie Bonheur; 16 March 1822 – 25 May 1899) was a French artist known best as a painter of animals (
It has been claimed that Bonheur was openly lesbian, as she lived with her partner Nathalie Micas for over 40 years until Micas's death, after which she lived with American painter Anna Elizabeth Klumpke.[5] However, others remark that nothing supports this claim.[6]
Early development and artistic training
Bonheur was born on 16 March 1822 in
Bonheur moved to Paris in 1828 at the age of six with her mother and siblings, after her father had gone ahead of them to establish a residence and income there. By family accounts, she had been an unruly child and had a difficult time learning to read, though she would sketch for hours at a time with pencil and paper before she learned to talk.[11] Her mother taught her to read and write by asking her to choose and draw a different animal for each letter of the alphabet.[12] The artist credited her love of drawing animals to these reading lessons with her mother.[13]
At school she was often disruptive, and was expelled numerous times.[14] After a failed apprenticeship with a seamstress at the age of twelve, her father undertook her training as a painter. Her father allowed her to pursue her interest in painting animals by bringing live animals to the family's studio for studying.[15]
Following the traditional art school curriculum of the period, Bonheur began her training by copying images from drawing books and by sketching plaster models. As her training progressed, she made studies of domesticated animals, including horses, sheep, cows, goats, rabbits and other animals in the pastures around the perimeter of Paris, the open fields of Villiers near
She studied animal
Early success
A French government commission led to Bonheur's first great success,
Bonheur exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts and The Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.[22] In 1889 and 1890 she developed a friendship with American sculptor Cyrus Dallin who was studying in Paris. Together they traveled to Neuilly outside of Paris to sketch the animals and cast of Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show at their encampment.[23] In 1890 Bonheur painted Cody on horseback. Dallin's work from this period "A Signal of Peace" would also be displayed in Chicago in 1893 and be the first major step in his career.
Though she was more popular in England than in her native France, she was decorated with the French
Patronage and the market for her work
Bonheur was represented by the art dealer Ernest Gambart (1814–1902). In 1855 he brought Bonheur to the United Kingdom,[27] and he purchased the reproduction rights to her work.[28] Many engravings of Bonheur's work were created from reproductions by Charles George Lewis (1808–1880), one of the finest engravers of the day.
In 1859 her success enabled her to move to the
Personal life and legacy
Women were often only reluctantly educated as artists in Bonheur's day, and by becoming such a successful artist she helped to open doors to the women artists who followed her.[29]
Bonheur was known for
She lived with her first partner, Nathalie Micas, for over 40 years until Micas' death, and later began a relationship with the American painter Anna Elizabeth Klumpke.[32] At a time when lesbianism was regarded as animalistic and deranged by most French officials, Bonheur's outspokenness about her personal life was groundbreaking.[33]
In a world where gender expression was policed,[34] Bonheur broke boundaries by deciding to wear trousers, shirts and ties, although not in her painted portraits or posed photographs. She did not do this because she wanted to be a man, though she occasionally referred to herself as a grandson or brother when talking about her family; rather, she identified with the power and freedom reserved for men.[35] It also broadcast her sexuality at a time where the lesbian stereotype consisted of women who cut their hair short, wore trousers, and chain-smoked. Rosa Bonheur did all three. Bonheur never explicitly said she was a lesbian, but her lifestyle and the way she talked about her female partners suggest this.[36]
Until 2013 women in France were technically forbidden from wearing trousers by the “Decree concerning the cross-dressing of women” which was implemented on 17 November 1800. By at least World War II this was largely ignored, but in Bonheur's time was still an issue.[37] In 1852, Bonheur had to ask permission from the police to wear trousers, as this was her preferred attire to go to the sheep and cattle markets to study the animals she painted.[38]
Bonheur, while taking pleasure in activities usually reserved for men (such as hunting and smoking), viewed her womanhood as something far superior to anything a man could offer or experience. She viewed men as stupid and mentioned that the only males she had time or attention for were the bulls she painted.[34]
Having chosen to never become an adjunct or appendage to a man in terms of painting, she decided she would be her own boss and that she would lean on herself and her female partners instead. She had her partners focus on the home life while she took on the role of breadwinner by concentrating on her painting. Bonheur's legacy paved the way for other lesbian artists who didn't favour the life society had laid out for them.[39]
Bonheur died on 25 May 1899, at the age of 77, at Thomery (By), France.[7] She was buried together with Nathalie Micas (1824 – 24 June 1889), her lifelong companion and lover, at Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris. Klumpke was Bonheur's sole heir after her death,[40] and later joined Micas and Bonheur in the same cemetery upon her death. Bonheur, Micas, and Klumpke's collective tombstone reads, "Friendship is divine affection".[41] Many of her paintings, which had not previously been shown publicly, were sold at auction in Paris in 1900.[42][43]
Along with other realist painters of the 19th century, for much of the 20th century Bonheur fell from fashion, and in 1978 a critic described Ploughing in the Nivernais as "entirely forgotten and rarely dragged out from oblivion"; however, that same year it was part of a series of paintings sent to China by the French government for an exhibition titled "The French Landscape and Peasant, 1820–1905".[44] Since then her reputation has been somewhat revived.
Art historian
One of Bonheur's works, Monarchs of the Forest, sold at auction in 2008 for just over $200,000.[46]
On 16 March 2022, Google honoured Bonheur with a Doodle to mark the bicentennial of her birth.[47] The Doodle reached five countries: the United States, Ireland, France, Iceland and India.[48]
Biographical works
The first biography of Bonheur was published during her lifetime: a pamphlet written by Eugène de Mirecourt, Les Contemporains: Rosa Bonheur, which appeared just after her Salon success with The Horse Fair in 1856.[49] Bonheur later corrected and annotated this document.[citation needed]
The second account was written by Anna Klumpke, Bonheur's companion in the last year of her life. Klumpke's biography, published in 1909 as Rosa Bonheur: sa vie, son oeuvre, was translated in 1997 by Gretchen Van Slyke and published as Rosa Bonheur: The Artist's (Auto)biography, so-named because Klumpke had used Bonheur's first-person voice.[50]
Reminiscences of Rosa Bonheur, edited by Theodore Stanton (the son of Elizabeth Cady Stanton), was published in London and New York in 1910. It includes numerous correspondences between Bonheur and her family and friends, in which she describes her art-making practices.[51]
The 1905 book Women Painters of the World (assembled and edited by Walter Shaw Sparrow) was subtitled "from the time of Caterina Vigri, 1413–1463, to Rosa Bonheur and the present day".
List of works
- Ploughing in the Nivernais, 1849
- The Horse Fair, 1852–55
- Haymaking in the Auvergne, 1853–55
- The Highland Shepherd, 1859
- A Family of Deer, 1865
- Changing meadows (Changement de pâturages), 1868
- Spanish muleteers crossing the Pyrenees (Muletiers espagnols traversent les Pyrénées), 1875
- Weaning the Calves, 1879
- Relay Hunting, 1887
- Portrait of William F. Cody, 1889
- The Monarch of the herd, 1868
Gallery
-
Changement de pâturages (1863), Hamburger Kunsthalle
-
Noon Day Rest (1877), Aberdeen Art Gallery
-
The Pyrenees (1879), Aberdeen Art Gallery
-
The Charcoal Burners (1853), Aberdeen Art Gallery
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A Stag (1893), National Gallery of Ireland
See also
- Rosa Bonheur Memorial Park
- Prix Rosa-Bonheur (Rosa Bonheur Prize)
- Women artists
References
- ISBN 9780740768729.
- ^ "Musée d'Orsay: Rosa Bonheur Labourage nivernais". musee-orsay.fr. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair, Metropolitan Museum of Art
- ISBN 0-13-182895-9, page 674.
- ^ "10 Famous Female Painters Every Art Lover Should Know". My Modern Met. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
She was also an open lesbian, first living with partner Nathalie Micas for over 40 years and then, after Micas' death, forging a relationship with American painter Anna Elizabeth Klumpke. By living her life openly in an era when lesbianism was disparaged by the government, Bonheur staked her claim as a groundbreaking individual both in her career and her personal life.
- ^ "Rich, Famous and Then Forgotten: The Art of Rosa Bonheur". The New York Times. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
But Katherine Brault, the current owner of Bonheur's chateau, which is now a museum, says there is no proof that Bonheur was a lesbian. In another essay in the catalog, co-written with her daughter Lou, Brault characterizes Bonheur's relationship with Micas as an "act of independence and extraordinary sisterhood."(...)But Bonheur did not want to be a symbol for other women or for women's rights. Asked by an American newspaper in 1859 what she thought of the women's rights movement, she said, "Women's rights — women's nonsense! Women should seek to establish their rights by good and great works, and not by conventions."
- ^ a b Kuiper, Kathleen. "Rosa Bonheur", Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Retrieved 23 May 2015.
- ^ )
- ^ Bus, Lawrence (24 May 2016). "The Realism of Rosa Bonheur". Jewish Currents. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
- ^ Galton, Francis. Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences. Second edition. (London: MacMillan and Co, 1892), p. 247. Original 1869.
- ^ Mackay, James, The Animaliers, E.P. Dutton, Inc., New York, 1973
- ^ Rosalia Shriver, Rosa Bonheur: With a Checklist of Works in American Collections (Philadelphia: Art Alliance Press, 1982) 2-12. (It must be said that, as a reference source this book is itself riddled with inaccuracies and mis-attributions but it accords with the consensus account on this matter.)
- ISBN 9780472088423.
- ^ Theodore Stanton, Reminiscences of Rosa Bonheur (New York: D. Appleton and company, 1910), Theodore Stanton, Reminiscences of Rosa Bonheur (London: Andrew Melrose, 1910).
- ^ ISBN 978-1-884964-21-3.
- ^ a b Boime, Albert. "The Case of Rosa Bonheur: Why Should a Woman Want to be More Like a Man?", Art History v. 4, December 1981, p. 384-409.
- ^ Wild Spirit: The Work of Rosa Bonheur by Jen Longshaw
- ^ Ashton, Dore and Denise Browne Hare. Rosa Bonheur: A Life and a Legend, (New York: Viking, 1981, 206pp.
- ^ "Rosa Bonheur: Labourage nivernais". Musée d'Orsay. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ "The Horse Fair at Albright Knox Gallery". Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2018., sketch for the London version; the sketch for the New York version is in the Ludwig Nissen Foundation, see: C. Steckner, in: Bilder aus der Neuen und Alten Welt. Die Sammlung des Diamantenhändlers Ludwig Nissen, 1993, p. 142 and spaeth.net Archived 10 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Horse Fair, National Gallery
- ^ Nichols, K. L. "Women's Art at the World's Columbian Fair & Exposition, Chicago 1893". Retrieved 24 July 2018.
- )
- ^ "Base Léonore, recensement des récipiendaires de la Légion d'honneur". culture.gouv.fr.
- ISBN 978-0714878775.
- ^ Stammers, Tom (5 November 2020). "Twenty Kicks in the Backside". London Review of Books 42 (21): 17–20.
- OCLC 195744889.
- ^ "Ernest Gambart". goodallartists.ca.
- ^ Stanton, Theodore (1910). Reminiscences of Rosa Bonheur (with twenty-four full-page illustrations and fifteen line drawings in the text. A. Melrose. p. 64.
- ^ Britta C. Dwyer, "Bridging the gap of difference: Anna Klumpke's "union" with Rosa Bonheur", Out of context. (New York: Greenwood Press, 2004), p. 69-79.; Laurel Lampela, "Daring to be different: a look at three lesbian artists", Art Education v.54 no. 2 (March 2001), p. 45-51. and Gretchen Van Slyke, "The sexual and textual politics of dress: Rosa Bonheur and her cross-dressing permits", Nineteenth-Century French Studies v. 26 no. 3-4 (Spring/Summer 1998) p. 321-35.
- ^ Janson: History of Art, page 929
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
- ISBN 9780815333548.
- ^ .
- PMID 22039638.
- ISBN 9781136787515.
- ^ Wills, Matthew (28 May 2022). "Rosa Bonheur's Permission to Wear Pants". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ^ France, Connexion. "Women wearing trousers was illegal in France until 2013". www.connexionfrance.com. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- S2CID 189018696.
- ^ "The late Rosa Bonheur's relatives have been defeated in their contest over the great painter's will. It will be remembered that Miss Klumpke, the artist, was the legatee, and the courts have decided largely in her favor, all of the property, except the paintings, being awarded her, while the proceeds of the paintings, which are to be sold at auction, are to be equally divided between Miss Klumpke and the relatives." "Foreign Notes," Mark Hopkins Institute Review of Art, Sept. 1900, vol. 1 no. 2, p. 17.
- ^ "The eight women artists of The National Gallery | Art UK". artuk.org. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Galerie Georges Petit. 1er. Tome, Catalogue des tableaux par Rosa Bonheur, May 30-June 2, 1900. 2eme Tome, Aquarelles, dessins, gravures par Rosa Bonheur, June 5–8, 1900.
- JSTOR 879183.
- ISBN 9781856493123.
- ^ Christie's. "Rosa Bonheur (French, 1822-1899)". christies.com.
- ^ "Google". www.google.com. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ "Remembering French painter Rosa Bonheur". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ Eugène de Mirecourt, Les Contemporains: Rosa Bonheur (Paris: Gustave Havard, 15 Rue Guénégaud, 1856) 20.
- ^ Anna Klumpke, Rosa Bonheur: Sa Vie, Son Oeuvre, (Paris: E. Flammarion, 1909), Anna Klumpke, Rosa Bonheur: The Artist's (Auto)Biography, trans. Gretchen Van Slyke (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998).
- ^ Theodore Stanton, Reminiscences of Rosa Bonheur, (New York: D. Appleton and company, 1910), Theodore Stanton, Reminiscences of Rosa Bonheur, (London: Andrew Melrose, 1910).
Resources
- NMWA.org Collection Profile - Bonheur article and artwork at NMWA.
Further reading
- Dore Ashton, Rosa Bonheur: A Life and a Legend. Illustrations and Captions by Denise Browne Harethe. New York: A Studio Book/The Viking Press, 1981 NYT Review
- Catherine Hewitt, Art is a Tyrant: The Unconventional Life of Rosa Bonheur. UK Published by Icon Books Ltd in 2020.
- Isabella Zuralski-Yeager, "Tedesco Frères Selling Rosa Bonheur: An Inquiry into Dealers’ Stock Books." The Getty Research Journal, vol. 16, 2022, https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/721990.
External links
- Joseph J. Rishel, “Barbaro after the Hunt by Marie-Rosalie Bonheur (W1900-1-2)[permanent dead link],” in The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works[permanent dead link], a Philadelphia Museum of Art free digital publication.
- How France is leveraging a lottery to finance historic preservation, 2020 atelier
- 20 artworks by or after Rosa Bonheur at the Art UK site
- Rosa Bonheur - Artcyclopediasearch
- Rosa Bonheur - Rehs Galleries' biographical information and an image of her painting Couching Lion, 1872
- Rosa Bonheur Plowing in the Nivernais (1849). A video discussion about the painting from smarthistory.khanacademy.org
- A life without Compromise — Rosa Bonheur biography, artworks and writings on Trivium Art History
- Art and the empire city: New York, 1825-1861, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Bonheur (see index)
- "Bonheur, Rosa,--1822-1899." Library of Congress
- Rosa Bonheur in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website
- Portraits of Rosa Bonheur at the National Portrait Gallery, London