Abrus precatorius
Abrus precatorius | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Fabales |
Family: | Fabaceae |
Subfamily: | Faboideae |
Genus: | Abrus |
Species: | A. precatorius
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Binomial name | |
Abrus precatorius | |
Occurrence data from GBIF
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Synonyms[1] | |
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Abrus precatorius, commonly known as jequirity bean or rosary pea, is a
The plant is best known for its
Names
Abrus precatorius is commonly known as jequirity,
In Africa, Abrus precatorius is known as Ojuologbo (Yoruba), Oto-berebere (Igbo), Idonzakara (Hausa) and Nneminua (Ib) in southwestern Nigeria[9][10] and obirekuaiura in Ghana.[11]
Ecology and invasiveness
Abrus precatorius is a severely invasive plant in warm temperate to tropical regions, so much so that it has become effectively pantropical in distribution. It had been widely introduced by humans, and the brightly coloured and hard-shelled seeds had been spread by birds. By the end of the twentieth century, it had been proclaimed as an invasive weed in many regions including some in Belize, Caribbean Islands, Hawaii, Polynesia and parts of the mainland United States. In Florida in particular, the plant has invaded undisturbed pinelands and hammocks, including the vulnerable pine rocklands.
Once Abrus precatorius plants have grown to maturity under favourable conditions, their deep roots are extremely difficult to remove, and the plants' aggressive growth, hard-shelled seeds, and ability to sucker, renders an infestation extremely difficult to eradicate and makes it very difficult to prevent re-infestation. Herbicides such as glyphosate are effective, but need skilled application if they are not to do more harm than good.[12]
Toxin
The
Symptoms are identical to those of
This plant is also poisonous to horses.[16]
Symptoms of poisoning include nausea, vomiting, convulsions, liver failure, and death, usually after several days.[17]
Uses
Jewelry
The seeds of Abrus precatorius are much valued in native
In Trinidad in the West Indies the brightly colored seeds are strung into bracelets and worn around the wrist or ankle to ward off
In December 2011 a recall was issued for bracelets made using jequirity beans sold by the Eden Project and other outlets in the UK.[18]
Unit of measure
The seeds of Abrus precatorius are very consistent in weight, even under different moisture conditions due to the water-impermeable seed-coat.[19] Formerly Indians used these seeds to weigh gold using a measure called a Ratti, where 8 Ratti = 1 Masha; 12 Masha = 1 Tola (11.6 Grams).[20]
As a weapon
According to the 1898 King's American Dispensatory,[21]
Abrus seeds are the agents by which the Chamàr or "Native Skinner" caste of India carry on the felonious poisoning of cattle for the purpose of securing their hides. This is done by means of small spikes, called sui (needles) or sutari (awls), which are prepared by soaking the awl in a thin paste of the water-soaked, pounded seeds, and then drying the weapon in the sun, after which it is oiled and sharpened upon stone, affixed in a handle, and then used to puncture the skin of the animal.
An 1881 work by the District Superintendent of Police for British-occupied Bengal details the preparation and use of the sutari for the killing of cattle and in at least six murder cases. A native, promised a reduced sentence for the poisoning of a fellow villager's bullock in exchange for his testimony, demonstrated the technique. First the outer shells of red or white seeds were cracked between stones, then the two cotyledons from within thirty or forty seeds were soaked in water for ten minutes. These seeds were ground to a paste and rolled up into six sharp-ended one-inch cones, which were inserted into either end of three pieces of straw and "exposed to the moderate influence of the sun" to dry, whereupon they regained some of the original hardness of the seed. In this account, the sutaries were described as being these cones, entirely made up of the hardened seed paste. The dried cones were checked for sharpness, and if need be, whetted with a brick and re-set. Finally, to prevent softening, they were waterproofed by "burying them for a night in some sort of animal grease." For testing, which Major Ramsay asked to be done exactly like a surreptitious killing, the prisoner set two sutaries into a 1.5-inch wooden handle meant to be held in the hand by pressing them into a rag stretched over sockets in the wood. A wandering "Brahmanee bull" was procured, and the prisoner brought the sutari down in one direction and away in the other, so as to break off the cones inside the animal's flesh behind the horn, then pressed the skin over the broken ends leaving no obvious trace of the injury. This process was repeated with two more cones to the base of the animal's tongue. The bull died after 34.5 hours, leaving no visible trace of the sutaries but a small amount of pus at the wound site, whose swelling had mostly subsided by the time of death.[22]
The 1890 Pharmacographia Indica gives an account, based in part on the above work, describing the sutaris or suis (the terms being equivalent, depending on district, with the former based on the object's resemblance to the point of a cobbler's awl). It describes the sutaris as 3/4 inch long and weighing 1.5 to 2 grains, varying in color from dirty white to black, and describes the handle as 3 to 3.5 inches long and frequently made from two joints of bamboo wood, with sockets 1/4 to 3/8 inch deep and with the cavity exposed at one end for storage of additional sutaris. The weapons were sometimes made with the milky juice of
In traditional medicine
Abrus precatorius, called "Gulaganji" in Kannada, kundu mani in Tamil, Guruvinda ginja in Telugu and 'Kunni kuru' in Malayalam, has been used in
The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia' records that "The roots of this plant are used in India as a substitute for liquorice, though they are somewhat bitter. In Java the roots are considered demulcent. The leaves, when mixed with honey, are applied to swellings, and in Jamaica are used as a substitute for tea. Under the name of "Jequirity" the seeds have recently been employed in cases of ophthalmia, a use to which they have long been put in India and Brazil."[27]
The plant is also used in Ayurveda[28] and is said to promote hair growth. It is sometimes used as an ingredient in Indian hair products.
The leaves of Abrus precatorius are used by the indigenous communities of the Western region of Ghana as an anti-diabetic medicine.[citation needed]
Laboratory study of extracts
A variety of pharmacological effects have been observed in rodents, but have not been demonstrated clinically in humans, including:
- An ethanolic extract of Abrus precatorius was found to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential in rodents.[citation needed]
- A Sprague-Dawley rats.[29]
- Studies on aqueous, methanolic and chloroform extracts of Abrus precatorius showed greater inhibitory activity against a number of disease-causing bacteria such as
- A dried ethanolic leaf extract of Abrus precatorius showed pancreato-protective effects and glucose lowering effects in Sprague-Dawley rats.[32] This was found in another study to be through modulation of insulin and GLP-1 inversely with glucagon, noncompetitive inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, free radical scavenging, and recovery of damaged/necro-apoptosized pancreatic β-cells.[33]
Cultural significance
In Rajasthan, India, Chirmi song is associated with this plant. There is also evidence that this plant has significant economic value to the traditional Zulu people, due to the fact that it is a form of income for Zulu people that make and sell crafts that were made from the seeds of this plant.[34]
During the Tang dynasty, Wang Wei wrote a poem titled "One-hearted" (Xiāng Sī / 相思), which most likely refers to Abrus precatorius as a "red bean" (hóng dòu / 红豆).[citation needed]
In Mathura, India, the god Vishnu and Krishna is associated with the seeds of the plant. Lord Krishna is sometimes depicted wearing the seeds on a mala (rosary).[citation needed]
Gallery
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White variety of seeds.
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Abrus precatorius leaves and flowers
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Abrus precatorius flowers
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Abrus precatorius seeds
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c "Abrus precatorius L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
- ^ "Abrus precatorius L." InChem. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4200-6252-6. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-11-012677-8.
- ISBN 978-0-412-39770-7. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
- ^ SDF (5 June 2015). "ඔලිඳ බීජ මාරාන්තික විය හැකියි" [Olinda seeds might be deadly]. News.lk. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- PMID 28515607.
- ^ a b Mendes (1986), p. 79.
- PMID 20150030.
- PMID 24929108.
- ISBN 978-0-429-09361-6, retrieved 2024-02-19
- ^ Langeland, K.A.; et al. (2008). "Identification and Biology of Nonnative Plants in Florida's Natural Areas - Second Edition" (PDF). University of Florida-IFAS Pub SP 257.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Abrus precatorius, jequirity, rosary pea - The POISON GARDEN Website". www.thepoisongarden.co.uk.
- ^ http://www.cbif.gc.ca/eng/species-bank/canadian-poisonous-plants-information-system/all-plants-scientific-name/abrus-precatorius/?id=1370403266739%7C[permanent dead link] Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility website, Home → Species Bank → Canadian Poisonous Plants Information System → All Plants (Scientific Name)→ Abrus precatorius - math was used to determine 0.1mg/150lb datapoint based on 0.00015% body weight datapoint
- ^ Jang D.H., Hoffman R.S., Lewis L.S. "Attempted suicide, by mail order: Abrus precatorius".Clinical Toxicology. Conference: 2010 International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists Bordeaux France. Conference Start: 20100511 Conference End: 20100514. Conference Publication: (var.pagings). 48 (3) (pp 308),
- ISBN 978-1-893441-11-8. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
- ^ "The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Biotoxin: ABRIN – NIOSH". cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
- ^ "Eden Project recalls tropical seed bracelets". BBC News. 23 December 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
- ISSN 2516-712X.
- ^ Wheeler, Mortimer (1959). Early India and Pakistan (Revised ed.). London: Thames and Hudson.
- ^ "Abrus.—Abrus". Henrietta's Herbal (scanned version). 1898.
- ^ Major H. M. Ramsay (1881). Detective footprints: with bearings for a future course. Army and Navy Co-operative Society, Limited. pp. 42–65.
- ^ William Dymock; C.J.H. Warden; David Hooper (1890). Pharmacographia Indica: a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin met with in India. Kegan Paul, Trench, Truebner & Co. (London). pp. 444–445.. The relevant portion is cited to Dr. Warden's (Surgeon-Major, Bengal Army, Professor of Chemistry in the Calcutta Medical College) prior publication in Indian Medical Gazette vol. 138.
- ^ Raamachandran, J. "Herbs of Siddha medicines: The First 3D Book on Herbs", page 2.
- ^ Verma, D.; Tiwari, S. S.; Srivastava, S.; Rawat, A. (2011). "Pharmacognostical evaluation and phytochemical standardization of Abrus precatorius L. seeds". Natural Product Sciences. 17 (1): 51–57.
- ^ "Abrus precatorius L._IPCS INCHEM".
- ^ J. H. Maiden (1889). The useful native plants of Australia: Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
- ]
- PMID 20150030.
- ^ Kekuda TR, Vinayaka KS, Soumya KV, Ashwini SK, Kiran R. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extract of Abrus pulchellus Wall and Abrus precatorius Linn: A comparative study Archived August 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Int J Toxicol Pharmacol Res. 2010;2:26–9.
- PMID 23929989.
- S2CID 218492743.
- PMID 34341763.
- ^ "Abrus precatorius subsp. africanus". www.plantzafrica.com. Retrieved 2016-05-18.
References
- Mendes, John (1986). Cote ce Cote la: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary. Arima, Trinidad.
External links
- Abrus precatorius: Plant of deadly but most beautiful seeds at Disabled World
- Where did the rosary pea come from Archived 2018-12-06 at the Wayback Machine
- Evaluation of the Invasiveness of Non-native Plants at Archbold Biological Station
- INCHEM - Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations: Abrus precatorius L.
- Abrus precatorius Linn. Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) (in Chinese) (in English)
- Abrus precatorius in West African plants – A Photo Guide.