Rose
Rose Temporal range:
| |
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Rosa rubiginosa, a wild rose native to Europe and West Asia | |
Rosa 'Precious Platinum', a hybrid tea garden cultivar | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Rosales |
Family: | Rosaceae |
Subfamily: | Rosoideae |
Tribe: | Roseae
|
Genus: | Rosa L.[1] |
Type species | |
Rosa cinnamomea
L.[2] | |
Species | |
Synonyms[3] | |
|
A rose is either a woody
Etymology
The name rose comes from Latin rosa, which was perhaps borrowed from
Botany
The
The
Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.The
The sharp growths along a rose stem, though commonly called "thorns", are technically
Evolution
The oldest remains of roses are from the Late Eocene Florissant Formation of Colorado.[9] Roses were present in Europe by the early Oligocene.[10]
Today's garden roses come from 18th-century China.[11] Among the old Chinese garden roses, the Old Blush group is the most primitive, while newer groups are the most diverse.[12]
Species
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2021) |
The genus Rosa is composed of 140–180 species and divided into four subgenera:[13]
- Hulthemia (formerly Simplicifoliae, meaning "with single leaves") containing two species from southwest Asia, compound leaves or stipules.
- Hesperrhodos (from the Greek for "western rose") contains Rosa minutifolia and Rosa stellata, from North America.
- Platyrhodon (from the Greek for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, Rosa roxburghii(also known as the chestnut rose).
- Rosa (the typesubgenus, sometimes incorrectly called Eurosa) containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.
- Banksianae – white and yellow flowered roses from China.
- Bracteatae – three species, two from China and one from India.
- Caninae – pink and white flowered species from Asia, Europe and North Africa.
- Carolinae – white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from North America.
- Chinensis – white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-colour roses from China and Burma.
- Gallicanae – pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western Asia and Europe.
- Gymnocarpae – one species in western North America (Rosa gymnocarpa), others in east Asia.
- Laevigatae – a single white flowered species from China.
- Pimpinellifoliae – white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe.
- Rosa (syn. sect. Cinnamomeae) – white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but North Africa.
- Synstylae – white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.
Uses
Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. They have been also used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization.
Ornamental plants
The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as Rosa glauca and Rosa rubiginosa), ornamental thorns (such as Rosa sericea) or for their showy fruit (such as Rosa moyesii).
Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in
In the early 19th century the
Cut flowers
Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial cut flowers. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale.
In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in greenhouses, and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pest and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world.[16]
Some kind of roses are artificially coloured using dyed water, like rainbow roses.
Perfume
Rose perfumes are made from
The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol and L-citronellol and rose camphor, an odorless solid composed of alkanes, which separates from rose oil.[18] β-Damascenone is also a significant contributor to the scent.
Food and drink
In France, there is much use of rose syrup, most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the Indian subcontinent, Rooh Afza, a concentrated squash made with roses, is popular, as are rose-flavoured frozen desserts such as ice cream and kulfi.[22][23]
The flower stems and young shoots are edible, as are the petals (sans the white or green bases).[19] The latter are usually used as flavouring or to add their scent to food.[24] Other minor uses include candied rose petals.[25]
Rose creams (rose-flavoured fondant covered in chocolate, often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK.
Under the American Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act,[26] there are only certain Rosa species, varieties, and parts are listed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
- Rose absolute: Rosa alba L., Rosa centifolia L., Rosa damascena Mill., Rosa gallica L., and vars. of these spp.
- Rose (otto of roses, attar of roses): Ditto
- Rose buds
- Rose flowers
- Rose fruit (hips)
- Rose leaves: Rosa spp.[27]
As a food ingredient
The rose hip, usually from R. canina, is used as a minor source of vitamin C.[28] Diarrhodon (Gr διάρροδον, "compound of roses", from ῥόδων, "of roses"[29]) is a name given to various compounds in which red roses are an ingredient.
Art and symbolism
The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol. In ancient Greece, the rose was closely associated with the goddess Aphrodite.[30][31] In the Iliad, Aphrodite protects the body of Hector using the "immortal oil of the rose"[32][30] and the archaic Greek lyric poet Ibycus praises a beautiful youth saying that Aphrodite nursed him "among rose blossoms".[33][30] The second-century AD Greek travel writer Pausanias associates the rose with the story of Adonis and states that the rose is red because Aphrodite wounded herself on one of its thorns and stained the flower red with her blood.[34][30] Book Eleven of the ancient Roman novel The Golden Ass by Apuleius contains a scene in which the goddess Isis, who is identified with Venus, instructs the main character, Lucius, who has been transformed into a donkey, to eat rose petals from a crown of roses worn by a priest as part of a religious procession in order to regain his humanity.[31] French writer René Rapin invented a myth in which a beautiful Corinthian queen named Rhodanthe ("she with rose flowers") was besieged inside a temple of Artemis by three ardent suitors who wished to worship her as a goddess; the god Apollo then transformed her into a rosebush.[35]
Following the
Ever since the 1400s, the Franciscans have had a Crown Rosary of the Seven Joys of the Blessed Virgin Mary.[31] In the 1400s and 1500s, the Carthusians promoted the idea of sacred mysteries associated with the rose symbol and rose gardens.[31] Albrecht Dürer's painting The Feast of the Rosary (1506) depicts the Virgin Mary distributing garlands of roses to her devotees.[31]
Roses symbolised the Houses of York and Lancaster in a conflict known as the Wars of the Roses.
Roses are a favored subject in art and appear in portraits, illustrations, on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements. The Luxembourg-born Belgian artist and botanist Pierre-Joseph Redouté is known for his detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses.
Henri Fantin-Latour was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.
Other impressionists including Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne and Pierre-Auguste Renoir have paintings of roses among their works. In the 19th century, for example, artists associated the city of Trieste with a certain rare white rose, and this rose developed as the city's symbol. It was not until 2021 that the rose, which was believed to be extinct, was rediscovered there.[39]
In 1986 President Ronald Reagan signed legislation to make the rose[40] the floral emblem of the United States.[41]
The rose is often exchanged on St. Valentines Day and is used often as a symbol of such.[42]
-
Codex Manesse illuminated with roses, illustrated between 1305 and 1340 in Zürich. It contains love songs in Middle High German
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Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil with a rose in her hair (1849)
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The Roses of Heliogabalus by Alma-Tadema (1888)
-
White rose pictured in the coat of arms of Viljandi
-
Thewhite rose of York
-
Insignia of the Brazilian Order of the Rose
Pests and diseases
Wild roses are host plants for a number of pests and diseases. Many of these affect other plants, including other genera of the Rosaceae.
Cultivated roses are often subject to severe damage from
See also
- ADR rose
- List of Award of Garden Merit roses
- List of rose cultivars named after people
- Rose (colour)
- Rose garden
- Rose Hall of Fame
- Rose show
- Rose trial grounds
References
- ^ "Rosa". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
- ^ "Rosa". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
- ^ "Rosa L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
- ^ a b Gove, Philip B., ed. (1961). Webster's Third New International Dictionary. G. & C. Merriam.
- ^ a b c "Rose | Description, Species, Images, & Facts". Britannica. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
- ^ The Free Dictionary, "rose".
- ^ "GOL". Encyclopaedia Iranica. February 9, 2012 [December 15, 2001]. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ISBN 9780521414210.
- S2CID 10169419.
- S2CID 83909271.
- ^ "The History of Roses - Our Rose Garden - University of Illinois Extension". Web.extension.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
- PMID 29133839.
- ISBN 978-3319906973.
- ^ Goody, Jack (1993). The Culture of Flowers. Cambridge University Press.
- PMID 23364936.
- ^ "ADC Commercialisation bulletin #4: Fresh cut roses" (PDF). FOODNET Uganda 2009. May 14, 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ Nikbakht, Ali (2004). "A study on the relationships between Iranian people and Damask rose (Rosa damascena) and its therapeutic and healing properties". researchgate. Archived from the original on Oct 27, 2022.
The origin of Damask rose is the Middle East and it is the national flower of Iran. Rose oil usage dates back to ancient civilization of Persia. Avicenna, the 10th century Persian physician, distilled its petals for medical purposes and commercial distillery existed in 1612 in Shiraz, Persia.
- ISBN 978-0-934426-99-2.
- ^ OCLC 799792.
- ^ "Rose Hip Benefits". Herbwisdom.com. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
- ^ "Rosewater recipes – BBC Food". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
- ^ "Rose Flavored Ice Cream with Rose Petals". eCurry.
- ^ Samanth Subramanian (27 April 2012). "Rooh Afza, the syrup that sweetens the subcontinent's summers". The National.
- ^ "St. Petersburg Times – Google News Archive Search". google.com.
- ^ "rosepetal candy – Google Search". google.co.uk.
- ^ "Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)". Food and Drug Administration. 6 September 2019.
- ^ "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)". Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR).
- ^ "Rosa chinensis China Rose PFAF Plant Database". Pfaf.org. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ "dia-". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4438-7127-3.
- ^ Iliad 23.185–187
- ^ Ibycus, fragment 288.4
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 6.24.7 Archived 2018-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-0-12-374086-1.
- ^ "Rose Flower Meaning and Symbolism". 20 July 2016.
- Lexington Books, 2008), pp. 64–65.
- ^ Cucciniello, Rose Lore, at pp. 65–67.
- ^ Ugo Salvini "La rarissima Rosa di Trieste spezza l’oblio e rispunta a sorpresa sulle colline di Muggia" In: Il Piccolo 27.01.2021, La Rosa.
- ^ "National Flower | The Rose". statesymbolsusa.org. 6 May 2014.
- ^ "National Flower of United States – Fresh from the Grower". Growerflowers.com. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
- ^ "Giving Roses for Valentine's Day? Here's How the Flower Came to Symbolize Love". TIME. 2019-02-13. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
External links
- World Federation of Rose Societies
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.