Rose oil
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Rose oil (rose otto, attar of rose, attar of roses, or rose essence) is the
R. damascena and R. centifolia
Two major species of rose are cultivated for the production of rose oil:[5]
- Rosa damascenaproduction today is dominated by 3 producers account for over 70% of the Rose oil market share:
- Bulgaria, sold as "Bulgarian Rose"
- Turkey, sold as "Turkish Rose"
- Saudi Arabia, sold as "Taif Rose"
- It is also grown on a smaller scale in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia, Croatia, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Georgia, Greece, Jordan, Lebanon, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Moldova, North Macedonia, Oman, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
- Rosa centifolia, the cabbage rose, which is more commonly grown in Morocco, Egypt and France.
Rosa damascena composition
Composition of rose oil and headspace vary, but the Rose international standard survey of 2003–2020 lists three components as the major components with a specific range specified in ISO 9842:2003.[6]
Major rose components
- Citronellol 20–34%
- Geraniol 15–22%
- Nonadecane 8–15%
Minor rose components
Key rose components
- β-damascenone(0.01–1.85%)
- β-damascone(under 1%)
- other damascones (under 1%)
- beta-ionone(under 1%)
- rose oxide (under 1%)
Rosa centifolia composition
Rosa centifolia does not have a rose oil because of the delicate nature of its petals. The Rosa centifolia absolute is composed of more than 50%
Production
Due to the labor-intensive production process and the low content of oil in the rose blooms, rose oil commands a very high price. Harvesting of flowers is done by hand in the morning before sunrise, and the material is distilled the same day.
There are three main methods of extracting the oil from the plant material:
- Steam distillation, which produces an essential oil called rose otto or attar of roses.
- Solvent extraction, which results in an absolutecalled rose absolute.
- Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, yielding a concrete that may be marketed as a concrete, absolute or CO
2 extract.
Distillation
In the first part of the two-stage process of distillation, large stills – traditionally of copper – are filled with roses and water. The still is fired for 60–105 minutes. The vaporized water and rose oil exit the still and enter a condensing apparatus and are then collected in a flask. This distillation yields a very concentrated oil, direct oil, which makes up about 20% of the final product of the whole process. The water which condenses along with the oil is drained off and redistilled, cohobation, in order to obtain the water-soluble fractions of the rose oil such as phenethyl alcohol which are a vital component of the aroma and which make up the large bulk, 80%, of the oil. The two oils are combined and make the final rose attar.
Rose attar is mobile in room temperature and is usually clear, light yellow in color. It will form white crystals at normal room temperature which disappear when the oil is gently warmed. It will tend to become more
The essence has a very strong odor, but is pleasant when diluted and used for perfume. Attar of roses was once made in India, Persia, Syria, and the Ottoman Empire. The Rose Valley in Bulgaria, near the town of Kazanlak, is among the major producers of attar of roses in the world.[10] In India, Kannauj is an important city of fabrication of rose attar, Kannauj is nicknamed "The Grasse of the East" or "The Grasse of the Orient". Grasse (in France) is an important city of fabrication of rose fragrance.
Due to the heat required for distillation, some of the compounds extracted from the rose denature or break down chemically. As such, rose attar does not smell very similar to "fresh" roses.
The hydrosol portion of the distillate is known as rosewater. This inexpensive by-product is used widely as a food flavoring as well as in skin care.
Solvent extraction
In the solvent extraction method, the flowers are agitated in a vat with a
Rose absolute is a deep reddish brown with no crystals. Due to the low temperatures in this process, the absolute may be more faithful to the
Carbon dioxide extraction
A third process,
2 extracts the aromatics from the plant material.
Like solvent extraction, the CO
2 extraction takes place at a low temperature, extracts a wide range of compounds rendering an essence more faithful to the original, and leaves the aromatics unaltered by heat. Because CO
2 is gas at normal atmospheric pressure, it leaves no trace of itself in the final product. The equipment for CO
2 extraction is expensive, which is reflected in the price of the essential oils obtained from the process.
Adulteration
It takes a large amount of rose
Bulgarian rose oil
Bulgarian rose oil is generally characterized by the following qualities:[1]
- It differs to other rose oils in the quantitative content of its ingredients. About 283 components have been identified in the composition of Bulgarian rose oil. They are divided into two groups of substances:
- odor carriers – represent the liquid part of the oil-eleoptene;
- odor fixatives – hard at room temperature and odorless, but fix the odor and give it durability-stearoptene. Of the many components of eleoptene with a rosy odor are citronellol, geraniol, nerol, phenylethyl alcohol, but the typical rose odor is also formed by the presence of some characteristic molecules in trace amounts.
- contains: Ethanol (up to 3%), Linalool (1 to 3%), Phenethyl alcohol(up to 3%), Citronellol (24 to 35%), Nerol (5 to 12%), Geraniol (13 to 22%), Geranyl acetate (up to 1.5%), Eugenol (up to 2.5%), Methyl eugenol (up to 2%) and Farnesol (at least 1.4%); hydrocarbons – C17 heptadecane (from 1 to 2.5%), C19 saturated hydrocarbon nonadecane CH3 (CH2) 17CH3 (from 8 to 15%), C19 unsaturated hydrocarbon with one or more double carbon bonds nonadecene CH3 (CH2) 16CH = CH2 from 2 to 5%), C21 heneicosan (from 3 to 5.5%) and C23 tricosan (from 0.5 to 1.5%).
- It has a light yellow color with a greenish tinge;
- It resembles almond oil in consistency;
- It has a strong aroma and sharp balsamic taste;
- It has an excellent combination of liquid and solid components.
References
- ^ S2CID 230534578.
- .
- .
- PMID 26870673.
- ^ Hass, Nancy (24 September 2015). "Francis Kurkdjian and Fabien Ducher, Changing History in a Bottle". The New York Times.
- ^ "Iso 9842:2003".
- ISBN 9780471467434.
- ^ Leffingwell, John C. (1999). "Rose (Rosa damascena)". Aroma from Carotenoids. Leffingwell & Associates. Retrieved 2006-06-08.
- PMID 23493250.
- ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
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(help) - ^ Parry, Ernest John (1899). The Chemistry of Essential Oils and Artificial Perfumes: Illustrated with Engravings. London: Scott, Greenwood & Company. p. 288.
External links
- The dictionary definition of rose oil at Wiktionary