Roskilde Cathedral
Roskilde Cathedral | |
---|---|
Modernist | |
Groundbreaking | c. 1170 |
Completed | 1636 |
Specifications | |
Length | 86 metres (282 ft) |
Width | 27 metres (89 ft) |
Height | 75.7 metres (248 ft)[1] |
Number of towers | 2 |
Number of spires | 2 |
Administration | |
Diocese | Roskilde |
Clergy | |
Bishop(s) | Ulla Thorbjørn Hansen |
Criteria | Cultural: ii, iv |
Reference | 695 |
Inscription | 1995 (19th Session) |
Roskilde Cathedral (
.The cathedral is the most important church in Denmark, the official royal burial church of the Danish monarchs, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This is due to two criteria: the architecture of the cathedral shows 800 years of European architectural styles, and it is one of the earliest examples in Scandinavia of a Gothic cathedral to be built in brick; it encouraged the spread of the Brick Gothic style throughout Northern Europe. Constructed during the 12th and 13th centuries, the cathedral incorporates both Gothic and Romanesque architectural features in its design. The cathedral has been the main burial site for Danish monarchs since the 15th century. As such, it has been significantly extended and altered over the centuries to accommodate a considerable number of burial chapels and the many added chapels show different architectural styles.
The cathedral is a major tourist attraction, bringing in over 165,000 visitors annually. Since 1995, it has been listed as a
History
Previous churches
There is some doubt as to when Roskilde became the
Funded by the weregild Estrid Svendsdatter had received, the old Trinity Church was torn down and construction of a simple stone cathedral began around 1026. This may have formed the base of the later travertine cathedral, but it is difficult to tell, as two cathedrals have subsequently been built on the same site. However, an archaeological excavation in 1968 showed that the bases of both buildings were at the same height, which would not make sense if two separate buildings had been constructed in a 50-year span.[5]
It is, however, certain that a travertine cathedral was built at the location. Construction had been started by Bishop Wilhelm between 1060–1073 and was completed by his successor Svend Nordmand around 1080. The new cathedral was built using travertine, a stone found in abundance around Roskilde Fjord. It was constructed as a basilica in Romanesque style with half-rounded interior arches to support the flat interior ceiling, with two towers flanking the west front entrance. To the north, a three-sided stone monastery was constructed for monks and others associated with the cathedral. Svend Nordmand's successor, Arnold, added a wall around the building, which was to act as a guarantee of safety for anyone who sought sanctuary there. However, Arnold was also considered the bishop who lost the Archdiocese of Scandinavia to Lund Cathedral, as a result of his lack of drive and motivation.[6]
With the new cathedral completed, there was a desire to obtain a
It is not known for certain which year the relic arrived in Roskilde, only the date, August 25, as it was on that date that the relic's arrival was always celebrated. The first written mention of the relic dates to Ælnoth, a monk in Odense, who described it in a work on the life of Canute the Holy in 1122. Another item of the period, a seal carved from a walrus tusk, depicting St Lucius between the twin towers of the cathedral, has been dated to the early 12th century. The relic may have been acquired to help win Roskilde the archdiocese, which was given to Lund in 1103/1104.[8]
Current cathedral
It has been accepted, that soon after he became Bishop of Roskilde in 1157, Absalon began to expand the travertine cathedral.[9] In 1160, the art of firing bricks was brought to Denmark from Italy by monks, and the new material was employed. Researchers decided to build a new cathedral around the existing one, allowing services to continue during construction. It has long been believed that bishop Absalon began construction, and when Absalon was forced to surrender his position as Bishop of Roskilde in 1191, only the two floors of the apse, the choir towers and part of the transept had been completed.[10] Absalon's successor, Peder Sunesen, embracing the new French Gothic style, later made significant changes to the plans, tearing down the choir towers and reducing the width of the transept.[11] But new research points to Peder Sunesen as the main initiator and hence instead of rebuilding it, it was constructed in the transition period between Romanesque and Gothic show elements from both styles in the cathedral.
The choir was completed and inaugurated in 1225, allowing services to begin there, and the old travertine cathedral was torn down. Work on the nave continued for the next 55 years, limited by funds, lack of kilns to fire the bricks, and the winters.[12] With the exception of the two towers on the west facade, the cathedral was completed by 1280, and work on the interior proceeded, slowed by a fire in 1282 which also destroyed several of the canons' houses in the area. Several chapels were also added to the cathedral, and in 1405, work on the towers was completed.
When
In his "Chronica novella", German chronicler
On 14 May 1443, a fire swept through Roskilde, destroying most of the city and all but three of the clergy's houses. The fire was so intense that the glass windows cracked, and the lead roofing melted. The cathedral was badly damaged and it was not until 1463 that the bishop, Oluf Mortensen, could rededicate it. To help with its reconstruction, the bishops of Denmark each signed a letter granting 40 days of indulgence to whoever would contribute to its cost.[13] The reconstruction could also have been helped by the decision of Christian I to build a chapel at the cathedral. The Chapel of the Magi was built during the 1460s, and together with the sarcophagus of Margrethe I and the remains from the previous churches, it marks the earliest royal burials.
The
After the Reformation, the cathedral was opened up to the ordinary congregation, necessitating the purchase of new furniture, especially pews. As in other former Catholic cathedrals, the choir, which had been separated from the nave by a large wall, was left intact with the altar placed against the wall.
While the cathedral suffered financial hardship, having been forced to give away all its property (which at the time included one in every four farms on Zealand and 30 large estates), it was endowed with a variety of gifts from Christian IV: The altarpiece (between 1555 and 1623), a royal box ca 1600, the pulpit in 1610, his own burial chapel in 1614, the construction of the iconic twin spires in 1633 and finally a grand Renaissance sandstone entrance portal in 1635.[15]
On 26 February 1658, the Treaty of Roskilde was signed in the cathedral. In the loot the Swedes took from the cathedral, was the golden dress of Margrethe I, which had hung in a closet near her sarcophagus. The dress was taken by the Swedish queen consort Hedwig Eleonora and is now located at Uppsala Cathedral. In 1690, Christian V ordered the old Catholic choir cleared, so he could create a crypt beneath it for the children he had had with his mistress Sophie Amalie. This also allowed for the altar to be moved to its present position.
In 1774, work on the third royal burial chapel, Frederick V's chapel, began with the removal of the pre-existing Chapel of Our Lady. Money soon ran out, and it was not until 1825 that the work was completed. In the meantime, in 1806, the cathedral sold its inventory from its Catholic days at a notorious auction. Among the items sold was a grand crucifix which went to a local coppersmith. While he was sawing the crucifix into firewood, the head of Jesus split open and a small, golden patriarchal cross fell out. Upon closer inspection, it was revealed that the cross was hollow and that a splinter from Christ's cross was hidden inside. Rumour of the find quickly reached the Royal Art Collection, later the National Museum of Denmark, which immediately purchased it.[16]
In 1871, the entrance portal was replaced with one that matched the rest of the cathedral, while the old portal was donated to Holmen Church. However, when the new portal arrived, the churchwarden was horrified to see it was a poor copy of the old style. But he had no choice but to erect it.[15]
Work on the fourth royal burial chapel began in 1915, and prior to its completion in 1924, Roskilde was once again made a diocese. On 27 August 1968, as restoration work on the Margrethe spire was nearing completion, the spire burned, threatening to collapse into the choir. During firefighting operations, members of the
In 2018, the future resting place and monument for the former Queen of Denmark
Description
Chapels
Chapel of the Magi (Christian I's chapel)
When King Christopher III died childless in 1448, his widow Dorothea of Brandenburg remarried the newly chosen king, Christian I. Within a few years, he became king of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, and Dorothea had given birth to the future king John, thus establishing the House of Oldenburg. Against this background of events, the Christian I decided to build a grand chapel at the cathedral.[21] The instrument of foundation was signed on April 28, 1459, which not only ordered the construction of the chapel but also granted large tracts of land to the church.[22] In the spring of 1462, the king applied to Pope Pius II for indulgence for having constructed the chapel, which was finally granted upon his visit to Pope Sixtus IV in Rome in 1474.[23]
Built in Gothic style, in line with the rest of the cathedral, the chapel consists of two floors, the lower floor intended as a burial chapel for Christian I and the upper floor as
The burials of
Frederick II's monument, crafted from the same materials, was built 1594–1598 by the Flemish sculptor Gert van Egen, who was a pupil of Cornelis Floris and was a resident of Elsinore. Both monuments are empty, however, as the coffins have been buried below the floor of the chapel.[27] King John was also supposed to have been buried in the chapel, but in his later years, he and his wife enjoyed living in Næsbyhoved Castle near Odense so much, that he expressed a preference to be buried in the town's Franciscan cathedral. However, the bishop and canons in Roskilde claimed that the King had determined that he was to be buried in Roskilde. The king's widow, Christina of Saxony, sent a letter to Pope Leo X asking for assistance, and in his reply, the pope stated that a man's last wish must always be followed, and the king was therefore buried in Odense.[28]
The chapel's vaults and walls are richly decorated with frescos, dating from the 1460s when the chapel was created by Christian I and his wife. Once whitewashed over, they were rediscovered in 1826. The arms of the king and queen decorate the chapel's east wall.[29]
The upper floor is currently used as a museum, displaying various artifacts such as old coloured stained glass windows and giving a thorough walkthrough of the history of the cathedral.
Christian IV's chapel
Construction of the chapel was ordered by
The wrought-iron lattice separating the chapel from the nave was forged by Caspar Fincke in 1619, and contains a quip by its creator:
- Caspar Fincke bin ich benant
- Dieser arbeit bin ich bekant
(Rough translation: Caspar Fincke I am named, for this work I am famed).
Upon the death of Christian IV in 1648 the interior had not been completed, and the king's coffin was placed in the crypt below instead. The king had commissioned his own monument, depicting him and his queen kneeling before a crucifix, but since it had been completed before his death, the monument had been temporarily placed in storage in the king's arsenal. When the arsenal burned in 1647, all that remained of the monument was the grand sandstone crucifix and a head carved from alabaster. The crucifix was subsequently placed in Holmen Church, while the head was given to the National Museum of Denmark.[32] The king's successors were each unable to provide a fitting resting place for the king, and it was not until 1840 and Christian VIII that work was finally begun. He had hoped to see the project finished by 1848, the 200th anniversary of Christian IV's death, but it was not until 1870 that the work was completed.[33]
Work on the interior began in 1840 when Christian VIII ordered a statue of Christian IV from famed sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen. This was to be part of a planned monument for Christian IV, which was to be designed by architect G.F. Hetcsh, but it still had to be decided who was going to create the decorations. In 1845 a commission tasked Heinrich Eddelien with the job, but work progressed slowly, perhaps due to Christian VIII's close concern with the matter and criticism of the proposed works. When Christian VIII died in 1848, the project lost its major motivational force, as the new king, Frederick VII, was not sufficiently interested in seeing project finished. When Eddelien died in 1852, only the work on the starry vaulted ceiling and the allegory motives beneath it had been completed, and work ground to a complete halt.[34]
In 1856,
Marstrand and Hansen submitted their decoration proposals in 1861, having decided that Marstrand would paint the paintings while Hansen would paint the framings. That year the pair traveled to France to study oil painting on plaster. Marstrand then spent the summers of 1864–1866 in Roskilde, painting one wall per year. When Marstrand had finished his work, the five coffins in the chapel were placed in their current positions.[35]
Frederick V's chapel
Consisting of two chapels in neoclassical style, the construction spanned 51 years (1774–1825) and required the removal of a previous existing chapel, the Chapel of Our Lady.
Construction of the chapel was started by C. F. Harsdorff in 1774, possibly using early sketches made during his travels to Rome 1762–1764, but due to a lack of funding the work was suspended in 1779. It was resumed by his apprentice C. F. Hansen in 1820 and completed in 1825. The chapel consists of a vestibule with two adjoining rooms on the north and south sides, usually referred to as Christian VI's chapel, and a domed cruciform-shaped hall, Frederick V's chapel. While the interior of the building had classical, whitewashed walls, the exterior retained the red brick characteristic of the rest of the cathedral.
When the chapel was inaugurated in September 1825, coffins that had been temporarily stored in Christian IV's chapel were moved to the new chapel, and as members of the royal family died, more were added. This led to the chapel, which had been designed for five marble sarcophagi,[36] holding upwards of 17 coffins in 1912. However, the addition of Christian IX's chapel, the removal of some coffins to the crypts, and a rearrangement of the coffins, led to the present situation where only 12 coffins and sarcophagi are present. It has however led to confusion, as some of the coffins have not been arranged in the pairs which correspond to the relationships that existed during their lifetimes.[37]
The chapel shows a gradual trend in moving from grand marble sarcophagi to more simple, velvet-covered coffins, and in the case of Frederick VII, a wooden coffin.
Christian IX's chapel
When the Constitution of Denmark was revised in 1915, the Folketing decided to honour the royal family, granting King Christian X's wish, by constructing a new chapel at the cathedral, dedicated to the House of Glücksburg which had held the throne since Christian IX became king in 1863. The chapel was designed by then cathedral architect, Andreas Clemmensen.[38]
Construction of the chapel, overseen by a master builder Schledermann, began in 1919 and was completed in 1924, built in a
In the northern arm stands the double sarcophagus of Christian IX and his Queen
Following the death of Maria Feodorovna in 1928, and following a short ceremony in the Alexander Nevsky Church in Copenhagen and a Russian Orthodox ceremony in Roskilde, the coffin of the dowager empress was placed in the chapel close to the tomb of her parents and brother and sister-in-law. In 1957, the coffin was placed in the crypt under the chapel, until September 2006, when it was returned to Russia. It had been the wish of the dowager empress to be buried when possible next to her husband Alexander III in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. This was possible after extensive negotiations between Queen Margrethe II and President Putin.
Following Frederik IX's death in 1972, his coffin was placed in the chapel, draped with his Royal Standard, guarded by three silver lions from the Danish Crown Regalia, and flanked by a pair of candelabra in the shape of anchors. After the king's coffin was buried in 1985, only the candelabra remain in the chapel.
St Andrew's Chapel and St Bridget's Chapel
These two chapels, on the north side of the cathedral, are the only remnants of the many medieval chapels that were attached to the original cathedral. St Andrew's chapel was constructed in 1396, and St Bridget's in 1485.
St Andrew's chapel was completely redecorated in 2010 by artist Peter Brandes, who provided a new altarpiece as well as a latticework separating the chapel from the nave. It is the intention of the parochial church council that in the future the chapel will provide a more intimate setting for some of the church functions in the cathedral, such as weddings or baptisms. The chapel has its own small organ for these services.
Since the Reformation, St Bridget's chapel has mainly been used to store various items of church inventory from Catholic times, no longer needed in the Lutheran era. These include the three-seated
Frederik IX's burial site
Opened on September 23, 1985,[41] it was the first burial site outside of the cathedral itself. The reason for the construction was twofold: it had been Frederik IX's wish to be buried outside the cathedral, in view of Roskilde Fjord (the king was a keen sailor and closely connected to the navy), and in any case there was no space left in the chapel of Christian IX.[42] It was only on the king's death in January 1972 that debate was opened on how his wish could be granted. A meeting was held in May of the same year, involving the municipality, the parochial church council, the National Museum of Denmark, and a foundation for building and landscaping culture. In 1974 a discussion paper was presented, which spelled out how the area would be preserved and the new burial site established. There was some opposition from members of the parochial council, who insisted that the tradition of burying monarchs inside the cathedral be upheld.[43] The zoning plan for the area was finished in 1982 and work on the burial site could begin.[44]
The burial site was designed by architect Vilhelm Wohlert in cooperation with Inger and Johannes Exner, and consists of a simple, uncovered brick octagon with a bronze gate designed by Sven Havsteen-Mikkelsen. The gravestone was cut from Greenlandic granite by sculptor Erik Heide, though the grave was not sealed permanently until the burial of Queen Ingrid in 2000.[45] At the wish of Queen Ingrid, the grounds of the burial site are covered in wild vines and plants from throughout the kingdom.
Royal burials
Choir
- Margrethe I (d. 1412): immediately behind the high altar
Piers flanking the apse
- Harald Bluetooth (d. 985–986): supposedly buried in the northwestern pier, but no grave or remains have been found
- Sweyn II Estridsen (d. 1076) in the southeastern pier
Apse
- Christopher III of Bavaria (d. 1448)
- Queen Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel(or Hesse-Cassel) (d. 1714)
- Frederick IV (d. 1730) and Queen Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (d. 1721)
Chapel of the Magi (Christian I's Chapel)
- Christian I (d. 1481) and Queen Dorothy of Brandenburg (d. 1495)
- Christian III (d. 1559) and Queen Dorothy of Saxony-Lauenburg (d. 1571)
- Queen Sophia of Mecklenburg-Schwerin(d. 1631)
Frederick V's chapel
- Christian VI (d. 1746) and Queen Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (d. 1770)
- Frederick V (d. 1766) and Queens: Louise of Great Britain (d. 1751) and Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1796)
- Christian VII (d. 1808)
- Queen Marie of Hesse-Kassel(or Hesse-Cassel) (d. 1852)
- Queen Caroline Amalie of Schleswig-Holstein(d. 1881)
- Frederick VII (d. 1863)
Christian IV's chapel
- Christian, Prince Elect(d. 1647)
- Christian IV (d. 1648) and Queen Anne Catherine of Brandenburg (d. 1612)
- Frederick III (d. 1670) and Queen Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Calenberg (d. 1685)
Christian IX's chapel
- Christian IX (1818-1906) and Queen Louise of Hesse-Kassel (1817-1898)
- Queen Louise of Sweden-Norway(1851-1926)
- Christian X (1870-1947) and Queen Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1879-1952)
Frederik IX's burial site
- Frederik IX (1899-1972) and Queen Ingrid of Sweden (1910-2000)
Maria Feodorovna's burial site
- Maria Feodorovna (1847-1928), Danish princess and Empress of Russia as spouse of Tsar Alexander III was buried here from her death in 1928 until she was reinterred in Russia through a number of ceremonies, between 23 and 28 September 2006. Since then, her remains rest next to her husband's in Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg.[47]
Boys' choir
Since 1987, the cathedral has been home to one of Denmark's leading boys' choirs, the Roskilde Cathedral Boys' Choir. The choir is a key resource in parish youth work. All choristers go to normal school but meet 2–3 times a week to rehearse. Every second year the choir travels abroad to different destinations, such as New Zealand, Scandinavia, England, Greenland, France, and Canada.
Organ
In 1554 a new organ built by Herman Raphaelis (also known as Hermann Rodensteen) was donated to the cathedral for services. It was updated/enlarged in 1611, 1654, the 1690s (?), 1833, 1926 and the 1950s. During the 1980s tonal and technical problems became apparent. A thorough investigation—and the presence in the instrument of a considerable quantity of 16- and 17th-century pipework—led to the decision to re-create a classical Danish organ of the 17th century. This work was carried out by Marcussen & Søn and completed in 1991.[48]
See also
- Roskilde Cathedral School
- List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe
References
Notes
- ^ "Roskilde Domkirke" (PDF) (in Danish). Historiefaget.dk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ Kruse 2003, p. 10.
- ^ Kruse 2003, p. 13.
- ^ Kruse 2003, p. 12.
- ^ Kruse 2003, p. 15.
- ^ Kruse 2003, pp. 16–18.
- ^ Kruse 2003, pp. 19–21.
- ^ Kruse 2003, p. 21.
- ^ Horskjær 1970, p. 30.
- ^ Horskjær 1970, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Kruse 2003, p. 28.
- ^ Højlund 2010, p. 50.
- ^ Fang 1960, p. 82.
- ^ Kruse 2003, p. 110.
- ^ a b Fang 1960, p. 124.
- ^ Kruse 2003, pp. 38–39.
- ^ "Roskilde-luften forbudt område". Politiken (in Danish). p. 4. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ "Retssag efter kirkebranden". Politiken (in Danish). p. 2. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- Prince Henrik, did not want to be buried in the cathedral and was cremated instead following his death in 2018.
- ^ "Margrethe 2.s gravmæle". Roskilde Cathedral. Roskilde Cathedral.
- ^ Arhnung 1965, p. 13.
- ^ Arhnung 1965, p. 17.
- ^ Arhnung 1965, p. 42.
- ^ Horskjær 1970, p. 34.
- ^ "Roskilde Domkirke" (in Danish). Kulturarvsstyrelsen.
Nogle af målene må i højere grad være udtryk for ønsker om kongelig pondus end de reelle forhold. Christian 1. er for eksempel aftegnet som næsten 2,20 meter høj...
- ^ Trudsø, Susanne. "Kongelige gravmæler i sten" (PDF) (in Danish). National Museum of Denmark. p. 3.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Horskjær 1970, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Arhnung 1965, pp. 228–229.
- ^ "Roskilde Cathedral", Astoft. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
- ^ Horskjær 1970, p. 36.
- ^ Højlund 2010, p. 90.
- ^ Fang 1960, p. 128.
- ^ Cederstrøm 1988, p. 23.
- ^ Cederstrøm 1988, p. 24.
- ^ a b Cederstrøm 1988, p. 28.
- ^ Horskjær 1970, p. 49.
- ^ Fang 1960, pp. 49–50.
- ^ a b Fang 1960, p. 145.
- ^ Trudsø, Susanne. "Kongelige gravmæler i sten" (PDF) (in Danish). National Museum of Denmark. p. 8.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Kruse 2003, pp. 17, 210.
- ^ "Nyt kongeligt gravsted" (in Danish). Politikens Hus.
- ^ "Bisættes i Roskilde Domkirke" (in Danish). Politikens Hus.
- ^ "Voksende modstand mod det nye gravkammer" (in Danish). Politikens Hus.
- ^ Fang, Lotte (2001). By og bibliotek. Roskilde Library. p. 47.
- ^ "Roskilde Domkirkes historie" (in Danish). Roskilde Domkirke. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27.
- ^ "Last Viking buried with wrong woman". The Copenhagen Post. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ Danish – http://www.kongper.dk/dagmar.htm
- ^ Marcussen & Søn organ builders. "Roskilde Cathedral – Main organ". marcussen-son.dk/. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
Sources
- Arhnung, J. O. (1965). De hellige tre Kongers Kapel ved Roskilde Domkirke: 1459–1536. G. E. C. Gad.
- Bolvig, Axel (1997). Altertavlen i Roskilde Domkirke. Copenhagen: Nordisk Forlag.
- Cederstrøm, Elisabeth. Kong Christian stod ved højen Mast.... Found in Danmarks Christian – Christian IV i eftertiden. (1988). Edited by Nina Damsgaard. Aarhus: Aarhus Kunstmuseums Forlag.
- Cederstrøm, Elisabeth (1988). Kong Christian stod ved højen Mast in Danmarks Christian: Chr. IV i eftertiden. Aarhus Kunstmuseums forlag. ISBN 978-8788575361.
- Fang, Arthur (1960). Roskilde Domkirke Gennem 1000 Aar. Roskilde: Roskilde Domsongs menighedsråd.
- Fang, Arthur (1960). Roskilde Domkirke gennem 1000 aar. Flensborgs boghandel.
- Fang, Lotte (1989). En Pave i Roskilde.
- Horskjær, Erik (1970). De Danske kirker. Bind 3. Nordsjælland. Gads Forlag. Archived from the original on 2014-12-15.
- Højlund, Ole (2010). Under stilladser og presenninger: Roskilde Domkirke 2005–2010. Roskilde Domkirkes Salgsfond. ISBN 978-8790043162.
- Kruse, Anette (2003). Roskilde Domkirke. Roskilde Domkirkes Salgsfond. ISBN 978-8790043100.
- Smidt, C.M. (1949). Roskilde Domkirkes Middelalderlige Bygningshistorie. Copenhagen: Nordisk Forlag.
- Roskilde Cathedral's official site
External links
- Roskilde Cathedral official site (Danish)
- Roskilde Cathedral official site (English)
- Roskilde Cathedral Boy's Choir (Danish)
- A collection of photos of the cathedral and its royal tombs
- Roskilde Cathedral. Denmark – Travel Photos by Galen R. Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
- Roskilde Cathedral at Find a Grave
- Animation