Rossano Gospels
Diocesan Museum, Rossano Cathedral | |
Size | 188 folios; 31 x 26 cm; 20 lines; 2 col. |
---|---|
Type | Byzantine text-type |
Category | V |
Note | close to N (022) |
The Rossano Gospels, designated by 042 or Σ (in the
History
The manuscript is dated by the
The codex was discovered in 1879 in the sacristy of
On 9 October 2015 in Abu Dhabi, the international UNESCO Committee, inscribed the Codex Purpureus Rossanensis in its register of the memory of the world.[3]
Origin
Discovered in 1846 in Rossano Cathedral, the Rossano Gospels is the oldest extant illuminated manuscript of the New Testament Gospels. The exact time and place of its creation are still uncertain.
The manuscript is dated by the
Rediscovery
The codex was discovered in 1879 in the sacristy of
On October 9, 2015, in Abu Dhabi, the international UNESCO Committee inscribed the Codex Purpureus Rossanensis in its register of the memory of the world.[4]
The Rossano Gospels presents its text in a liturgical order like some other restored manuscripts. Chapters in this manuscript are arranged according to the church year. In this particular case, the readings followed the Lenten seasonal order, telling the story of Jesus' last few weeks on earth and about his death.
Although it is no longer used in Christian ceremonies, this particular Gospels are important for dissecting art and symbolism, and researching the pages sheds light on early Christian beliefs.[5]
Description
Contents
Presenting nearly all of its miniatures in an architecture-like setting, the Rossano Gospels is one of the few illuminated manuscripts that perfectly fits with its definitions. It helps the reader take a spiritual insight into history, politics, religion, and people, and using bright colors on purple vellum with gold and silver lettering, and brightly-painted illustrations.[6] Due to the lavish materials and high quality of the illumination, Byzantine art historians, such as Kathleen Maxwell, have posited that it was created in an imperial scriptorium in Constantinople.[7]
In the
The now incomplete
The text of the Codex agrees generally with the Byzantine text-type in close relationship to the Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus. The Rossano Gospels, along with the manuscripts N, O, and Φ, belong to the group of the Purple Uncials (or purple codices). Aland placed all four manuscripts of the group (the Purple Uncials) in Category V.[9]
In
In
Materials
The Rossano Gospels is one of the oldest
Rossano Gospel's paper are vellum parchment, made from the skin of a calf; the thinner parchment is, the higher its value.
The large (300 mm by 250 mm) book has text written in a 215 mm square block with two columns of twenty lines each. The prefatory cycle of illustrations is also on purple dyed parchment.
Rossano Codex is fully gilded on valuable
Decoration
In the Christ before Pilate illumination, the trial of Christ before
In the illustration of
Other significant images include Jesus giving the last supper to his disciples and of Jesus washing Peter's feet. Jesus and the disciple on the right end of the table are reclining; they are twisted in a way that is not proportional according to the strange dual perspective. The floor actually seems to be part of the table at first glance, as there is no distinction between where the table ends and the floor begins. The floor, too, is miraculously upended, and upon it are drawings of pheasants or peacocks. The disciples that gather around the semi-circular table form an arch. Perhaps an original of this piece was once situated in such a way. Eyes of the disciples are slightly unfocused as they look at Jesus, suggesting that their forms may have been situated along the structure of an apse's shell-like shape.[19]
See also
- Early Christian art and architecture
- List of New Testament uncials
- Christ before Pilate
- Evangelist Mark
Gallery
-
Christ before Pilate
-
Evangelist Mark
-
The Proverb
-
The last Supper
-
Good Samaritan
-
Triumphal entry of Jesus
References
- ^ a b "Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ^ a b c d Gregory, Caspar René (1900). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments, Vol. 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung. p. 92.
- ^ "Codex Purpureus Rossanensis | Iter UNESCO". Codex Purpureus Rossanensis.
- ^ "Codex Purpureus Rossanensis | Iter UNESCO". Codex Purpureus Rossanensis.
- ^ "The Rossano Gosples". www.worldsaga.net. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
- ^ "The Rossano Gosples". www.worldsaga.net. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- ^ Maxwell, Kathleen (2021). "Illuminated Gospels Books" in A Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art. Smarthistory.
- ^ "Rossano Gospels". The Byzantine Legacy. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
- ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
- ^ UBS3, p. 2.
- ^ UBS3, p. 66.
- JSTOR 3047954.
- ISBN 978-0-19-516122-9.
- ^ "The Rossano Gosples". www.worldsaga.net. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
- ^ "The Rossano Gosples". www.worldsaga.net. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
- ^ "Trial of Jesus Christ before Pilate". churchmotherofgod.org. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
- ^ "The Rossano Gosples". www.worldsaga.net. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
- ^ "The Rossano Gosples". www.worldsaga.net. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
- ^ "The Rossano Gosples". www.worldsaga.net. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
Further reading
- A. I. T. Jonker, Studien, Groningen 1880, Bd. 6, S. 405–412.
- Zucker, Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen, Göttingen 1881, Heft 30.
- S. Lamprecht, Jahrbuch des Vereins von Alterhumsfreunden im Rheinland, Bonn 1880, Heft 69, S. 90–98.
- S. A. Usow, Die Miniaturen zu. dem in Rossano entdeckten Evangeliencodex aus dem 6. Jahrh, Moskau 1881.
- Oscar von Gebhardt, Die Evangelien des Matthaeus und des Marcus aus dem Codex purpureus Rossanensis. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1883.
- William Sanday, The Text of the Codex Rossanensis (Σ) Studia biblica, [vol. 1] Oxford 1885, S. 103–112.
- Walther, Ingo F. and Norbert Wolf. Codices Illustres: The world's most famous illuminated manuscripts, 400 to 1600, Köln: Taschen, 2005, pp. 62–63.
- ISBN 9780870991790; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries.
- Kurt Weitzmann. Late Antique and Early Christian Book Illumination, New York: George Braziller, 1977.
- Loerke, William C. "The Miniatures of the Trial in the Rossano Gospels." Art Bulletin 43 (1961): 171–195.
- Whitley, Kathleen. The Gilded Page. New Castle, Oak Knoll Press: 2000.
- Loerke, W. "The Monumental Miniature." The Place of Book Illumination in Byzantine, Art. Princeton, Princeton University Press: 1975.
- Weitzmann, Kurt. Studies in Classical and Byzantine Manuscript Illuminations. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1971.