Rothschild family
Rothschild | |
---|---|
German): 'red shield' | |
Place of origin | Frankfurter Judengasse, Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire |
Founded | 1760s (1577 | )
Founder | Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812) (Elchanan Rothschild, b. 1577) |
Titles | List
|
Traditions | Latin for 'Harmony, Integrity, Industry') |
Estate(s) | |
Cadet branches | |
Website | rothschildarchive.org |
The Rothschild family (/ˈrɒθ(s)tʃaɪld/ ROTH(S)-chylde German: [ˈʁoːt.ʃɪlt]) is a wealthy Ashkenazi Jewish noble banking family originally from Frankfurt that rose to prominence with Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744–1812), a court factor to the German Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel in the Free City of Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire, who established his banking business in the 1760s.[2] Unlike most previous court factors, Rothschild managed to bequeath his wealth and established an international banking family through his five sons,[3] who established businesses in London, Paris, Frankfurt, Vienna, and Naples. The family was elevated to noble rank in the Holy Roman Empire and the United Kingdom.[4][5] The family's documented history starts in 16th century Frankfurt; its name is derived from the family house, Rothschild, built by Isaak Elchanan Bacharach in Frankfurt in 1567.
During the 19th century, the Rothschild family possessed the largest private
Overview
The first member of the family who was known to use the name "Rothschild" was Isaak Elchanan Rothschild, born in 1577. The name is derived from the German zum rothen Schild (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "at the red shield", in reference to the house where the family lived for many generations (in those days, houses were designated not by numbers, but by signs displaying different symbols or colours). A red shield can still be seen at the centre of the Rothschild coat of arms. The family's ascent to international prominence began in 1744, with the birth of
Paul Johnson writes "[T]he Rothschilds are elusive. There is no book about them that is both revealing and accurate. Libraries of nonsense have been written about them... A woman who planned to write a book entitled Lies about the Rothschilds abandoned it, saying: 'It was relatively easy to spot the lies, but it proved impossible to find out the truth.'" Johnson writes that, unlike the court factors of earlier centuries, who had financed and managed European noble houses, but often lost their wealth through violence or expropriation, the new kind of international bank created by the Rothschilds was impervious to local attacks. Their assets were held in financial instruments, circulating through the world as stocks, bonds and debts. Changes made by the Rothschilds allowed them to insulate their property from local violence: "Henceforth their real wealth was beyond the reach of the mob, almost beyond the reach of greedy monarchs."[15] Johnson argued that their fortune was generated to the greatest extent by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in London; however, more recent research by Niall Ferguson indicates that greater and equal profits also were realised by the other Rothschild dynasties, including James Mayer de Rothschild in Paris, Carl Mayer von Rothschild in Naples and Amschel Mayer Rothschild in Frankfurt.[16]
Another essential part of Mayer Rothschild's strategy for success was to keep control of their banks in family hands, allowing them to maintain full secrecy about the size of their fortunes. In about 1906, the
- Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773–1855): Frankfurt, died childless as his fortune passed to the sons of Salomon and Kalman
- Salomon Mayer Rothschild (1774–1855): Vienna
- Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836): London
- Kalman Mayer Rothschild (1788–1855): Naples
- Jakob Mayer Rothschild (1792–1868): Paris
The German family name "Rothschild" is pronounced [ˈʁoːt.ʃɪlt] in German, unlike /ˈrɒθ(s)tʃaɪld/ in English. The surname "Rothschild" is rare in Germany.[19]
Families by country:
- Rothschild banking family of Austria
- Rothschild banking family of England
- Rothschild banking family of Naples
- Rothschild banking family of France
The five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild were elevated to the Austrian nobility by Emperor Francis I of Austria, and they were all granted the Austrian hereditary title of Freiherr (baron) on 29 September 1822.[20] The British branch of the family was elevated by Queen Victoria, who granted the hereditary title of baronet (1847)[21] and later the hereditary peerage title of Baron Rothschild (1885).[22]
Napoleonic Wars
The Rothschilds already possessed a significant fortune before the start of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), and the family had gained preeminence in the bullion trade by this time.[23] From London in 1813 to 1815, Nathan Mayer Rothschild was instrumental in almost single-handedly financing the British war effort, organising the shipment of bullion to the Duke of Wellington's armies across Europe, as well as arranging the payment of British financial subsidies to their continental allies. In 1815 alone, the Rothschilds provided £9.8 million (equivalent to about £710 million in 2019) in subsidy loans to Britain's continental allies.[24]
The brothers helped coordinate Rothschild activities across the continent, and the family developed a network of agents, shippers and couriers to transport gold across war-torn Europe. The family network was also to provide Nathan Rothschild time and again with political and financial information ahead of his peers, giving him an advantage in the markets and rendering the house of Rothschild still more invaluable to the British government.
In one instance, the family network enabled Nathan to receive in London the news of Wellington's victory at the Battle of Waterloo a full day ahead of the government's official messengers.[23] Rothschild's first concern on this occasion was not to the potential financial advantage on the market which the knowledge would have given him; he and his courier immediately took the news to the government.[23] That he used the news for financial advantage was a fiction then repeated in later popular accounts, such as that of Morton.[25][26] The basis for the Rothschilds' most famously profitable move was made after the news of British victory had been made public. Nathan Rothschild calculated that the future reduction in government borrowing brought about by the peace would create a bounce in British government bonds after a two-year stabilisation, which would finalise the post-war restructuring of the domestic economy.[24][25][26] In what has been described as one of the most audacious moves in financial history, Nathan immediately bought up the government bond market, for what at the time seemed an excessively high price, before waiting two years, then selling the bonds on the crest of a short bounce in the market in 1817 for a 40% profit. Given the sheer power of leverage the Rothschild family had at their disposal, this profit was an enormous sum.[24]
Nathan Mayer Rothschild started his business in
International high finance
"I have not the nerve for his operations. They are well-planned, with great cleverness and adroitness in execution – but he is in money and funds what Napoleon was in war." —Baron Baring on Nathan Rothschild[29] |
"... your friends at the West End have the business in their hands to decide between Portugal & Brazil and an early intimation from you may serve us materially."—Samuel Phillips & Co to Nathan Rothschild, referring to the question on whether or not to support Brazilian independence[30] |
Rothschild family banking businesses pioneered international high finance during the industrialisation of Europe and were instrumental in supporting railway systems across the world and in complex government financing for projects such as the Suez Canal. From 1895 through 1907 they loaned nearly $450,000,000 (equivalent to $14,700,000,000 in 2023[31]) to European governments.[32] During the 19th century, the family bought up a large proportion of the property in Mayfair, London.[33]
The Rothschild family was directly involved in the
Major 19th-century businesses founded with Rothschild family capital include:
- Alliance Assurance (1824) (now Royal & Sun Alliance)
- Chemin de Fer du Nord(1845)
- The Rio Tinto mining company (1873) (from the 1880s onwards, the Rothschilds had full control of Rio Tinto)[35]
- Eramet (1880)
- Imerys (1880)
- De Beers (1888)
The family funded Cecil Rhodes in the creation of the African colony of Rhodesia. From the late 1880s onwards, the family took over control of the Rio Tinto mining company.
The Japanese government approached the London and Paris families for funding during the Russo-Japanese War. The London consortium's issue of Japanese war bonds would total £11.5 million (at 1907 currency rates; £1.08 billion in 2012 currency terms).[36]
The name of Rothschild became synonymous with extravagance and great wealth; and the family was renowned for its art collecting, for its palaces, as well as for its philanthropy. By the end of the century, the family owned, or had built, at the lowest estimates, 41 palaces, of a scale and luxury perhaps unparalleled even by the richest royal families.[24] The British Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George claimed, in 1909, that Nathan, Lord Rothschild was the most powerful man in Britain.[6][failed verification][37]
Niles' Weekly Register, Volume 49 had the following to say about the Rothschilds' influence on international high finance in 1836:
The Rothschilds are the wonders of modern banking ... we see the descendants of Judah, after a persecution of two thousand years, peering above kings, rising higher than emperors, and holding a whole continent in the hollow of their hands. The Rothschilds govern a Christian world. Not a cabinet moves without their advice. They stretch their hand, with equal ease, from [Saint] Petersburgh to Vienna, from Vienna to Paris, from Paris to London, from London to Washington. Baron Rothschild, the head of the house, is the true king of Judah, the prince of the captivity, the Messiah so long looked for by this extraordinary people. He holds the keys of peace or war, blessing or cursing. ... They are the brokers and counselors of the kings of Europe and of the republican chiefs of America. What more can they desire?[38]
Changes to family fortunes
The
In 1901, the German branch closed its doors after more than a century in business following the death of Wilhelm Rothschild with no male heirs. It was not until 1989 that the family returned to Germany, when N M Rothschild & Sons, the British branch, plus Bank Rothschild AG, the Swiss branch, set up a representative banking office in Frankfurt.
By the start of the 20th century, the introduction of national taxation systems had ended the Rothschilds' policy of operating with a single set of commercial account records, which resulted in the various branches gradually going their own separate ways as independent banks. The system of the five brothers and their successor sons all but disappeared by World War I.[39]
The rise of
Later, the
In addition, The New York Times wrote that the Rothschilds "grossly misjudged the opportunities directly across the Atlantic" and quoted Evelyn de Rothschild as saying that despite the accomplishments made by the various branches of the family in international high finance for over 200 years, "we never seized the initiative in America and that was one of the mistakes my family made."[41]
Hereditary titles
In 1816, four of the five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild were elevated to the Austrian nobility by Emperor Francis I of Austria.[20] The remaining son, Nathan, was elevated in 1818.[dubious ] All of them were granted the Austrian hereditary title of Freiherr (baron) on 29 September 1822.[20] As a result, some members of the family used the nobiliary particle de or von before their surname to acknowledge the grant of nobility.
In 1847, Anthony de Rothschild was made a hereditary baronet of the United Kingdom.[42] In 1885, Sir Nathan Rothschild, 2nd Baronet, was granted the hereditary peerage title of Baron Rothschild in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.[22] This title is currently held by the 5th Baron Rothschild.
Branches
English branch
The Rothschild banking family of England was founded in 1798 by
During the early part of the 19th century, the Rothschild family's London bank took a leading part in managing and financing the subsidies that the British government transferred to its allies during the Napoleonic Wars. Through the creation of a network of agents, couriers and shippers, the bank was able to provide funds to the armies of the Duke of Wellington in Portugal and Spain, therefore funding the war. The providing of other innovative and complex financing for government projects formed a mainstay of the bank's business for the better part of the century. N M Rothschild & Sons' financial strength in the City of London became such that, by 1825–26, the bank was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a liquidity crisis.
Nathan Mayer's eldest son,
The London banking house continued under the management of
French branches
There are two branches of the family connected to France.
The first was the branch of
"No kings could afford this! It could only belong to a Rothschild."
— Wilhelm I, Emperor of Germany, on visiting Château de Ferrières.[45] |
However, the Paris business suffered a near death blow in 1982, when the socialist government of
Ensuing generations of the Paris Rothschild family remained involved in the family business, becoming a major force in international investment banking. The Paris Rothschilds have since led the
The second French branch was founded by
Austrian branch
In
Neapolitan branch
The
Jewish identity and positions on Zionism
Jewish solidarity in the family was not homogeneous. Many Rothschilds were supporters of
After the death of
Baron
Interviewed by Haaretz in 2010, Baron Benjamin Rothschild, who was a Swiss-based member of the banking family, said that he supported the Israeli–Palestinian peace process: "I understand that it is a complicated business, mainly because of the fanatics and extremists – and I am talking about both sides. I think you have fanatics in Israel. ... In general I am not in contact with politicians. I spoke once with Netanyahu. I met once with an Israeli finance minister, but the less I mingle with politicians the better I feel."[63] Due to a dispute with the Israeli tax authorities, the baron refused to visit Israel. But his widow Ariane de Rothschild often visits Israel where she manages the Caesarea Foundation. She says: "It is insulting that the state [Israel] casts doubt on us. If there is a family that does not have to prove its commitment to Israel, it's ours."[64]
Places in Israel named after Rothschild family members
Primarily due to the generosity and influence of Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, HaNadiv (the Benefactor), on the history of the Land of Israel and the State of Israel, a tradition exists of naming cities, towns and other settlements in Israel in honor of members of the Rothschild family. Six of these places are grouped in the same vicinity, on the Sharon plain, while the others are scattered throughout the country. They are, listed in order of founding:
- Zichron Ya'akov (Hebrew: Jacob's Memory), a town founded in 1882 and named after the Benefactor's father, James [Jacob] Mayer de Rothschild(1792–1868) from the Paris branch of the family;
- Mazkeret Batya (Hebrew: Remembrance of Batya), a local council near Tel Aviv, founded in 1883 and named after Betty von Rothschild (1805–1886), the Benefactor's mother;
- Bat Shlomo (Hebrew: Salomon's Daughter), a moshav near Rehovot, founded in 1889 and also named after the Baron's mother, who was the daughter of Salomon Mayer von Rothschild (1774–1855), the Benefactor's grandfather from the Vienna branch;
- Amschel Mayer von Rothschild(1773–1855), the Benefactor's grandfather from the Frankfurt branch;
- Givat Ada (Hebrew: Ada's Hill), a town near Zichron Ya'acov, founded in 1903 and named after the Benefactor's wife Adelheid von Rothschild(1853–1935), who was also his cousin, from the Naples branch;
- Binyamina, a town near Zichron Ya'acov, founded in 1922 and named after Benefactor himself (Binyamina was officially merged with Givat Ada in 2003);
- Ashdot Ya'akov (Hebrew: Jacob's Rapids), a kibbutz just south of the Sea of Galilee, founded in 1924 and named after James Armand Edmond de Rothschild (1878–1957), son of the Benefactor;
- Pardes Hanna (Hebrew: Hannah's [Citrus] Orchard), a local council near Zichron Ya'acov, founded in 1929 and named after Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery (née de Rothschild; 1851–1890), daughter of Mayer Anschel Rothschild;[65][66][67]
- Shadmot Dvora (Hebrew: Deborah's Cultivated Fields), a moshav near Tiberias, founded in 1939 and named after Dorothy de Rothschild (1895–1988), who was James de Rothschild's wife and the Benefactor's daughter-in-law;
- Sde Eliezer (Hebrew: Eliezer's Field), a moshav in the Hula Valley, founded in 1950 and named after Robert Rothschild (1911–1998), a relative of the Benefactor's of the French branch.[68]
Modern businesses, investments, and philanthropy
Since the late 19th century, the family has taken a low-key public profile, donating many famous estates, as well as vast quantities of art, to charity, and generally eschewing conspicuous displays of wealth. Today, Rothschild businesses are on a smaller scale than they were throughout the 19th century, although they encompass a diverse range of fields, including: real estate, financial services, mixed farming, energy, mining, winemaking and nonprofits.[10][11]
The Rothschild Group
Since 2003, a group of Rothschild banks have been controlled by Rothschild Continuation Holdings, a Swiss-registered holding company (under the chairmanship of
"Treat the stock exchange like a cold shower (quick in, quick out)." |
Edmond de Rothschild Group
In 1953, one Swiss member of the family, Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild (1926–1997), founded the LCF Rothschild Group (now Edmond de Rothschild Group) which is based in Geneva and today extends to 15 countries across the world. Although this group is primarily a financial entity, specializing in asset management and private banking, its activities also cover mixed farming, luxury hotels and yacht racing. Edmond de Rothschild Group's committee is currently being chaired by Ariane de Rothschild.
In late 2010,
Edmond de Rothschild group includes these companies.
- Banque privée Edmond de Rothschild– Swiss private banking firm
- Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild– French private bank
- La Compagnie Benjamin de Rothschild
- Cogifrance – Real estate
- Compagnie Vinicole Baron Edmond de Rothschild – wine making firm
RIT Capital Partners
In 1980, Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild resigned from N M Rothschild & Sons and took independent control of Rothschild Investment Trust (now RIT Capital Partners, a British investment trust), which has reported assets of $3.4 billion in 2008.[78] It is listed on London Stock Exchange. Lord Rothschild is also one of the major investors behind BullionVault, a gold trading platform.[79]
In 2010 RIT Capital Partners stored a significant proportion of its assets in the form of physical gold. Other assets included oil and energy-related investments.[80]
In 2012, RIT Capital Partners announced it was to buy a 37 per cent stake in a Rockefeller family wealth advisory and asset management group.[81] Commenting on the deal, David Rockefeller, a former patriarch of the Rockefeller family, said: "The connection between our two families remains very strong."[82]
Investments
In 1991,
In 2001, the Rothschild mansion located at 18 Kensington Palace Gardens, London, was on sale for £85 million, at that time (2001) the most expensive residential property ever to go on sale in the world. It was built in marble, at 9,000 sq ft, with underground parking for 20 cars.[84]
In December 2009, Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, invested $200 million of his own money in a North Sea oil company.[85]
In January 2010,
During the 19th century, the Rothschilds controlled the
Wine
The Rothschild family has been in the winemaking industry for 150 years.
Today, the Rothschild family owns many wine estates: their estates in France include
Especially, Château Mouton Rothschild and Château Lafite Rothschild are classified as Premier Cru Classé—i.e., First Growth, the status referring to a classification of wines from the Bordeaux region of France.
Saskia de Rothschild was named Chairwoman of Château Lafite Rothschild in 2018, succeeding her father, Éric de Rothschild.[89] Château Mouton Rothschild was managed by Philippine de Rothschild until her death in 2014. It is now under the direction of her son Philippe Sereys de Rothschild.[90]
Art and charity
The family once had one of the largest private art collections in the world, and a significant proportion of the art in the world's public museums are Rothschild donations which were sometimes, in the family tradition of discretion, donated anonymously.[91]
Hannah Rothschild was appointed in December 2014 as chair of the board of the National Gallery of London.[92]
Cultural references
In the words of The Daily Telegraph: "This multinational banking family is a byword for wealth, power – and discretion... The Rothschild name has become synonymous with money and power to a degree that perhaps no other family has ever matched."[93]
Writing of the Rockefeller and Rothschild families, Harry Mount writes: "That is what makes these two dynasties so exceptional – not just their dizzying wealth, but the fact that they have held on to it for so long: and not just the loot, but also their family companies."[94]
The story of the Rothschild family has been featured in a number of films. The 1934 Hollywood film titled
In France, the word "Rothschild" was throughout the 19th and 20th centuries a synonym for seemingly endless wealth, neo-Gothic styles, and epicurean glamour.[96] The family also has lent its name to "le goût Rothschild," a suffocatingly glamorous style of interior decoration whose elements include neo-Renaissance palaces, extravagant use of velvet and gilding, vast collections of armour and sculpture, a sense of Victorian horror vacui, and the highest masterworks of art. Le goût Rothschild has influenced designers such as Robert Denning, Yves Saint Laurent, Vincent Fourcade and others.
"Yes, my dear fellow, it all amounts to this: in order to do something first you must be something. We think Dante great, and he had a civilization of centuries behind him; the House of Rothschild is rich and it has required much more than one generation to attain such wealth. Such things all lie much deeper than one thinks."
—Johann Wolfgang Goethe, October 1828[97]
Conspiracy theories
Over more than two centuries, Without wars, nineteenth-century states would have little need to issue bonds. As we have seen, however, wars tended to hit the price of existing bonds by increasing the risk that a debtor state would fail to meet its interest payments in the event of defeat and losses of territory. By the middle of the 19th century, the Rothschilds had evolved from traders into fund managers, carefully tending to their own vast portfolio of government bonds. Now having made their money, they stood to lose more than they gained from conflict. [...] The Rothschilds had decided the outcome of the Napoleonic Wars by putting their financial weight behind Britain. Now they would [...] sit on the sidelines.[102]
Many conspiracy theories about the Rothschild family arise from anti-Semitic prejudice and various antisemitic tropes.[103][104][105][106][107][108]
Prominent descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild
Prominent lineal descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild include among many others:
- Major Alexander Karet (1905–1976)[109][110]
- Adeleheid von Rothschild (1853–1935) x 1877 : Edmond de Rothschild (1845–1934) (see the Paris branch)
- Almina Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon (15 August 1876 – 8 May 1969)
- Prince Alexandre Louis Philippe Marie Berthier(1883–1918), died fighting in the First World War
- Albert Salomon von Rothschild (1844–1911), former majority shareholder of Creditanstalt
- Alfred Charles de Rothschild(20 July 1842 – 31 January 1918)
- Alice Charlotte von Rothschild (1847–1922) close friend of Queen Victoria
- Aline Caroline de Rothschild (1867–1909), French socialite
- Alice Rothschild (born 1983), wife of Zac Goldsmith, after his divorce of Sheherazade Ventura-Bentley[citation needed]
- Lady Aline Caroline Cholmondeley (born 1916)[citation needed]
- Baroness Afdera Franchetti (born c. 1931), a former wife of Henry Fonda, from the noble Italian Jewish Franchetti family
- Baroness Alix Hermine Jeannette Schey de Koromla (1911–1982)[111]
- Alphonse James de Rothschild (1827–1905)
- Amschel Mayor James Rothschild(1955–1996, Paris), patron of motor racing
- Princess Andréa de La Tour d'Auvergne-Lauraguais (born Paris 1972)[citation needed]
- Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (1887–1961), horse-breeder
- Anthony James de Rothschild (born 1977)
- Anselm von Rothschild(1803–1874), Austrian banker
- Anselm Alexander Carl de Rothschild (1835–1854)[citation needed]
- Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet (1810–1876)
- Antoine Armand Odélric Marie Henri de Gramont, 13th Duke of Gramont (born 1951)[112]
- Alain de Rothschild (1910–1982)
- Lady Barbara Marie-Louise Constance Berry (born 1935)
- Arthur de Rothschild (1851–1903)
- Benjamin de Rothschild (1963–2021)
- Princess Béatrice de Broglie (1913–1994)
- Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild (1864–1934)
- Bethsabée de Rothschild (1914–1999)
- Carl Mayer von Rothschild (1788–1855)
- Cécile Léonie Eugénie Gudule Lucie de Rothschild (1913–1995)
- Charlotte de Rothschild (1825–1899)
- Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild (born 1955), soprano
- Charlotte von Rothschild (1818–84)
- Count Charles-Emmanuel Lannes de Montebello (born 1942)
- Charles Rothschild (1877–1923), banker and entomologist
- Constance Flower, 1st Baroness of Battersea (1843–1931)[citation needed]
- David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley (born 1960), Lord Great Chamberlainof England
- David Mayer de Rothschild (born 1978), billionaire[113] British adventurer and environmentalist
- David René de Rothschild (born 1942)
- Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild (1926–1997)
- Edouard Etienne de Rothschild(born 1957)
- Édouard Alphonse James de Rothschild (1868–1949) financier and polo player
- Prince Edouard de La Tour d'Auvergne-Lauraguais (born 1949)
- Edmond James de Rothschild (1845–1934)
- Edmund Leopold de Rothschild (1916–2009)
- Elie de Rothschild(1917–2007)
- Princess Elisabeth de Broglie (born 1920)
- Emma Rothschild (born 1948)
- Esther de Rothschild (born 1979)
- Evelina de Rothschild (1839–66)
- First World War
- Sir Evelyn de Rothschild(1931–2022), banker
- Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, M.P. (1839–1898)
- Count Gabriel Antoine Armand (1908–1943), a soldier of the French Resistance.
- Gustave Samuel de Rothschild(1829–1911)
- Guy de Rothschild (1909–2007)
- Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery, née Hannah de Rothschild (1851–1890)
- Hannah Rothschild (born 1962), documentary filmmaker
- Helene Cecile Muhlstein de Rothschild (1936–2007) x 1962 : François Nourissier (1927–2011), président de l'Académie Goncourt
- Henri James de Rothschild (1872–1946), playwright, grandson of Nathaniel de Rothschild
- Henry Herbert, 6th Earl of Carnarvon (1898–1987)
- Duke Hélie Marie Auguste Jacques Bertrand Philippe(1943), 10th Duke of Noailles
- Henriette Rothschild (1791–1866) married Sir Moses Montefiore(1784–1885)
- Count Henri de Gramont (1909–1994)[citation needed]
- Hugh Cholmondeley, 6th Marquess of Cholmondeley (1919–90), Lord Great Chamberlain of England
- Jacqueline de Rothschild (1911–2012) x (1) 1930; Robert Calmann-Lévy (1899–1982) puis x (2) 1937; Gregor Piatigorsky (1903–1976)
- James Amschel Victor Rothschild (born 1985)
- James Armand de Rothschild(1878–1957)
- James Mayer Rothschild(1792–1868)
- Joachim Von Rothschild (1929–1998)
- Marie Angliviel de la Beaumelle (1963–2013)
- Neil Primrose, 7th Earl of Rosebery (born 1929)
- Neil James Archibald Primrose(1882–1917), MP, killed fighting in the First World War
- Baroness Nica de Koenigswarter(née Baroness Pannonica Rothschild) (1913–1988), patron of bebop and jazz writer – often called the "Jazz Baroness"
- Baron Léon Lambert (1929–1987), Belgian art collector[114]
- Leopold de Rothschild (1845–1917)
- Leopold David de Rothschild (1927–2012)
- Leonora de Rothschild (1837–1911)
- Lionel Nathan Rothschild(1808–1879)
- Louis Nathaniel de Rothschild (1882–1955)
- Lady Louise Rothschild (1821–1910), philanthropist and daughter of Henrietta Rothschild
- Countess Magdalene-Sophie von Attems (born 1927)
- Marie-Hélène de Rothschild (1927–94), French socialite
- Maurice de Rothschild (1881–1957)
- Mayer Amschel de Rothschild (1818–1874)
- zoologist
- Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, of Tring in the County of Hertford (1868–1937)
- Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812–1870)
- Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836)
- Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild, of Tring in the County of Hertford (1840–1915)
- Nathaniel Charles Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, of Tring in the County of Hertford (1936–2024)
- Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild(1946), French financier
- Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild, of Tring in the County of Hertford (1910–1990)
- Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild (born 1971), a co-chairman of Atticus Capital, a £20 billion hedge fund[115]
- Nathaniel Anselm von Rothschild(1836–1905), Austrian socialite
- Sir Philip Sassoon, 3rd Baronet (1888–1939), British First Commissioner of Works and Under-Secretary of State for Air
- Count Philippe de Nicolay (born 1955), great-grandson of Salomon James de Rothschild, he is a director of the Rothschild group.[73]
- Robert de Rothschild (1880–1946) x 1907 : Gabrielle Beer (1886–1945)
- Henri James de Rothschild
- Philippine de Rothschild (1935–2014), vintner, daughter of Philippe
- Jacqueline Rebecca Louise de Rothschild (1911–2012), chess and tennis champion
- Harry Primrose, 6th Earl of Rosebery (1882–1974) Earl of Roseberry
- Raphael de Rothschild(1976–2000)
- Salomon James de Rothschild (1835–1864)
- Lady Serena Dunn Rothschild(1935–2019)
- Countess Sophie von Löwenstein-Scharffeneck (1896–1978)
- Lady Sybil Grant(1879–1955), British writer
- Sybil Cholmondeley, Marchioness of Cholmondeley(1894–1989)
- Valentine Noémi von Springer (1886–1969)
- Victoria Katherine Rothschild (born 1953)
- Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (1868–1937), zoologist
- Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild (1828–1901)
Prominent marriages into the family include, among many others:
- Maurice Ephrussi (1849–1916), of the Ephrussi family[116]
- Goldsmith familymarried Kate Emma Rothschild (born 1982)
- Anita Patience Guinness (1957), of the Guinness family, married Amschel Mayor James Rothschild[117]
- Oppenheim Family, married Charlotte Beyfus (1811–1887)
- Cora Guggenheim (1873–1956), of the Guggenheim family, married Louis F. Rothschild (1869–1957)
- Edward Sassoon (1856–1912), of the Sassoon family
- Carola Warburg Rothschild (1894–1987), philanthropist, born into the Warburg family[118]
- Sara Louise de Rothschild (born 1834), married the Baron Raimondo Franchetti (born 1829)
- Countess Cathleen Wolff de Schönborn-Bucheim (1885 – c. 1946)[119]
- In 1923, James Nathaniel Charles Léopold Rothschild, son of Henri James Nathaniel Charles Rothschild and Mathilde Sophie Henriette de Weisweiller, married Claude du Pont of the Du Pont family.[120]
- Bertha Clara de Rothschild (1862) married Prince Alexandre de Wagram
- Bertha Juliet de Rothschild (1870) married Baron Emmanuel Leonino
- Lili Jeanette von Goldschimdt-Rothschild (1883–1929), married Baron Philippe Schey de Koromla
- Elisabeth Pelletier de Chambure(1902–1945), the only member of the Rothschild family to die in the Holocaust.
- Antoine Agénor Armand (1879–1962), of the Naples Rothschild lines, married Countess Élaine Greffulhe, daughter of Princess Élisabeth de Caraman-Chimay
- Hannah Mayer Rothschild (1815–1864) married Hon. Henry Fitzroy (1807–1859), of the family of the Dukes of Grafton
- Edouard Alphonse James de Rothschild (1868–1949) married in 1905 the Baroness Alice Germaine de Helphen (1884–1979)
- Count House of Nicolay, married Marie-Hélène Naila Stephanie Josina van Zuylen van Nyevelt
- Duc de Gramont(1851–1921),
- Dorothy de Rothschild (1895–1988), on her death she left the largest probated estate in Britain
- Almina Victoria Maria Alexandra Wombwell, the illegitimate daughter of Alfred de Rothschild
- Pauline de Rothschild (1908–1976), fashion designer and translator of Elizabethan poetry
- Lady Irma Pauahi Wodehouse (1897)[citation needed], of the Wodehouse family[111]
- Louis Philippe Marie Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram(1836–1911)
- Countess Katharina Eleonore Veronika Irma Luise Henckel von Donnersmarck (1902–1965), actress, married Baron Erich von Goldschmidt-Rothschild
- Emma Georgina Rothschild of the Rothschild banking family of England.
- Jeanne de Rothschild(1908–2003), actress
- Nadine de Rothschild (1932–), French actress and author
- Princess Sophie de Ligne (born 1957), of the House of Ligne, married Philippe de Nicolay (born 1955), a director of the Rothschild group,[73] and the great-grandson of Salomon James de Rothschild
- Liliane de Rothschild (1916–2003, née Fould-Springer), art collector
- House of Borghese and the House of Bonaparte.[111]
- Baron Robert Philippe de Rothschild married Nelly Beer, a great-grandniece of Giacomo Meyerbeer
- Richard Francis Roger Yarde-Buller, 4th Baron Churston of Churston Ferrers and Lupton (1910–1991), married Olga Alice Muriel Rothschild
- Serena Dunn Rothschild (1935–2019), granddaughter of Sir James Hamet Dunn, 1st Baronet
- Lynn Forester de Rothschild (born 1954), businesswoman
- Edward Maurice Stonor (1885–1930), son of Francis Stonor, 4th Baron Camoys[citation needed]
- Lady Pamela Wellesley Grant (born 1912), great-great-granddaughter of the Duke of Wellington, married Lieutenant Charles Robert Archibald Grant, great-great-grandson of Mayer Amschel de Rothschild
- Baroness Rozsika Edle von Wertheimstein[8]
- Baron Etienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt of the House of Van Zuylen van Nyevelt – married Baroness Hélène de Rothschild (1863–1947).[121]
- Baron Sigismund von Springer (1873–1927), married Baroness Valentine Noémi von Rothschild (1886–1969), after whom the asteroid 703 Noëmi is named
- In 1943 Baron Elie Robert de Rothschild (1917–2007), married Lady Liliane Elisabeth Victoire Fould-Springer, great-aunt of actress Helena Bonham Carter[122]
- In 2015, James Rothschild married American heiress and socialite
Coat of arms
|
See also
- List of European Jewish nobility
- List of wealthiest families
- Ascott House
- Avenue Foch
- Cecil John Rhodes
- Château de Montvillargenne
- Château de Pregny
- Château Lafite Rothschild
- Château Mouton Rothschild
- De Beers
- Eramet
- Genealogy of the Rothschild family
- Goût Rothschild
- Hôtel de Marigny
- Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild
- Hôtel Lambert
- The House of Rothschild (1934 film), addresses Rothschild roles in the Napoleonic era
- Imerys
- Napoleonic Wars
- Old money
- Palais Rothschild
- Rockefeller family
- Rothschild Island
- Rothschild (Fabergé egg)
- Rothschild properties in and around Buckinghamshire
- Rio Tinto Mining Group
- Vaux-de-Cernay Abbey
- Warburg family
Notes
- ^ The Independent reported that he "shocked an audience by saying that in spite of 'the slow murder of 600,000 people' on the continent 'we probably all agree that there is something unsatisfactory in refugees encroaching on the privacy of our country, even for relatively short periods of time.'"
- ^ The PICA obtained about 450–550 km2 (170–210 sq mi) of land in Palestine, out of about 1,850 km2 (710 sq mi) (7% of the area Mandatory Palestine) that were Jewish-owned by 1947. Today's Israel proper, excluding the West Bank, Gaza, Golan and East Jerusalem, is about 21,000 km2 (8,100 sq mi), but the Mandatory Palestine was larger.
References
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- ^ "The Rothschild story: A golden era ends for a secretive dynasty". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 January 2006.
- ^ a b The Secret Life of the Jazz Baroness, from The Times 11 April 2009, Rosie Boycott
- ^ Rothschild: a story of wealth and power, by Derek A. Wilson, (Deutsch 1988), pages 415–456
- ^ a b The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty, By Frederic Morton, page 11
- ^ a b Robert Booth (8 July 2011). "Million-pound bash for rising star of the super-rich". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- ^ ISBN 9781858282817.
- ^ Pohl, Manfred (2005), "Rothschild, Mayer Amschel", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 22, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 131–133
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- ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.
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- ISBN 0-670-85768-8
- ^ "Baron Guy de Rothschild, Leader of French Arm of Bank Dynasty, Dies at 98". The New York Times. 14 June 2007. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
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- ^ "No. 20684". The London Gazette. 18 December 1864. p. 5885.
- ^ Brief history of the London house, N M Rothschild & Sons at Rothschild Archive website, 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020
- ^ RPT-French banker Guy de Rothschild dies aged 98 Archived 6 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Reuters, 14 June 2007
- ^ Lafite; the story of Château Lafite-Rothschild, by Cyril Ray (NY 1969), page 66.
- ^ Lewis, Paul (14 June 2007). "Baron Guy de Rothschild, Leader of French Arm of Bank Dynasty, Dies at 98". New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
- ^ Faith, Nicholas (4 November 1997). "Obituary: Baron Edmond de Rothschild". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
- ^ Gilbert Trigano, a Developer of Club Med, Is Dead at 80 By JOHN TAGLIABUE Published: 6 February 2001
- ISBN 3-85485-026-3
- ^ Vogel, Carol (10 April 1999). "Austrian Rothschilds Decide to Sell; Sotheby's in London Will Auction $40 Million in Art Seized by Nazis". New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
- ^ The reign of the house of Rothschild, Egon Caesar Corti (Conte), 1928, page 46
- Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901–1906, Vol. 2, p. 497.
- ^ "Balfour Declaration." (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 August 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Archived 9 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b Vallely, Paul (16 April 2004). "The Rothschild story: A golden era ends for a secretive dynasty". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-7425-0914-6.
- ISBN 978-0-7425-0914-6.
- ^ Aumann, Moshe. "Land Ownership in Palestine, 1880–1948". Survival of a Nation. The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel, vol. 2, "Rothschild, Baron Edmond-James de," p. 966
- ^ Greenwood, Naftali. "The Redeemers of the Land". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 15 May 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
- ^ "James Armand de Rothschild on the Knesset web site". Knesset.gov.il. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ "Dorothy de Rothschild, 93, Supporter of Israel" Archived 26 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine (obituary), The New York Times, 13 December 1988. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
- ^ "The Presidents Chamber". Tour of Supreme Court. The Judicial Authority of the State of Israel. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
- ^ a b "Family values", Haaretz, Magazine, 11:15 05.11.10, By Eytan Avriel and Guy Rolnik
- ^ Magen, Hadas (31 May 2015). "Baroness Rothschild: Israel insults our family" Archived 2 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Globes.
- ^ Personal email correspondence between Pardes Hannah Rishonim Museum representative and Wikipedia editor, April 2022| "This [identification of Hanna Primrose as the source of the name given to Pardes Hanna] is information that was provided to the Pardes Hannah Rishonim Museum in the 1980s after a clarification was conducted at that time with the Rothschild family archives in London. Hannah Primrose's picture which hangs in the Rishonim Museum also came from the same source... We are aware that there are those who attribute the name to other women. The claims we receive usually rely on some measure of logic but not on information that has been confirmed."
- ^ rishonim.house| Pardes Hanna-Karkur Founders' House Museum
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- ^ Ramat HaNadiv official site: section on the Rothschilds on the map of the Land of Israel Archived 4 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine (Hebrew)
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- ^ Rockefellers and Rothschilds unite Archived 31 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Financial Times (London), Daniel Schäfer, 29 May 2012
- ^ Transatlantic alliance between Rothschilds and Rockefellers for wealth management Archived 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine Tom Bawden, Thursday 31 May 2012, The Independent (London)
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- ^ Ferguson, ch. 1.
- ISBN 978-1-85109-439-4.
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- ISBN 9780230349216.
... a further and more direct link with the conspiracy culture's antisemitic apparent in the treatment of the Rothschild family. Ever since the nineteenth century, the Rothchilds, who combined Jewishness, financial wealth and international connections, have been the epitome of the international Jewish conspiracy (Barkun, 2006). The family name continues to feature in conspiratorial narratives to the present day, although writers of the post-1945 era have tended to play down their importance.
- ISBN 9781576078129.
This new economic antisemitism issued in a variety of full-blown conspiracy theories in the 1870s through the 1890s. In these conspiracy theories all the perceived evils of modern capitalism and industrialism were ascribed to Jews, ... and, on a more precise level, because of the purported machinations of identifiable Jewish financiers. The latter type of theories tended to centre around the supposed power of the Rothschild banking family and those of its U.S. agents that were central in various reconstruction and public debt refinancing schemes after the Civil War...
- ISBN 9780814749456.without mentioning the hoax document. Another way conspiracy theories try to avoid the label of anti-Semitic is to argue that there is a vast conspiracy by the "Rothschild family" or the "Khazars" or some other entity...
... there are anti-Semitic claims of a vast conspiracy by Jews that structurally replicate the Protocols
- ISBN 9781135193881.
The great banking barons of the Rothschild family became, in anti-Semitic fantasy, living emblems of Jews everywhere. ... For anti-Semites, socialism and bank capitalism are just two sides of the Jewish conspiracy against order and tradition...
- ISBN 9781845379377.]
When it comes to conspiracy theories and the secret societies that supposedly run out world ... The finger of suspicion often points to bankers and Jews – and often to Jewish bankers – as the moneymen behind this world plot. Chief among the 'suspects' are the Rothschilds, the Jewish banking dynasty ... Yet there is little or nothing that the Rothschild bankers have done that is not perfectly explicable by normal banking practices. ... The fact that the Rothschilds feature at the centre of so many conspiracy theories is perhaps no coincidence. For it is sadly the case that many claims alleging secret societies have contained more than a tinge of anti-Semitism.
[dead link - Helsing's dubious sources, his constant repetition of Jewish names as members of private and public organizations, and above all his emphasis on the assets and powerbroking influence of the Rothschilds as the top Illuminati family leave no doubt that his conspiracy theories are aimed at Jewish targets.
- ^ Morton, Fredreric (1962)The Rothschilds; A Family Portrait, Secker & Warburg;London, UK.
- ^ Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage-96th Ed-1938.
- ^ a b c 1.[S37] Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3416. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.
- ^ Francesco Rapazzini, Élisabeth de Gramont, Paris, Fayard, 2004.
- ^ Eco-warrior sets sail to save oceans from 'plastic death' Archived 26 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Observer (London), 12 April 2009, Robin McKie.
- ^ "Anne-Myriam Dutrieue, Le baron Léon Lambert, un banquier et financier belge d'envergure internationale du XXe siècle, 2010" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ^ The Rothschilds and their 200 years of political influence Archived 1 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine Andy McSmith, 23 October 2008, The Independent (London).
- ^ Grand fortunes: dynasties of wealth in France (Algora Publishing, 1998), By Michel Pinçon, Monique Pinçon-Charlot, Andrea Lyn Secara, p. 124.
- ^ Young love will cement marriage of Britain's top three dynasties Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Ingrid Mansell, The Times (London), 21 April 2003.
- ^ Carola W. Rothschild, Ex-Girl Scout Official Archived 20 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, 1 September 1987.
- ^ DRUON Maurice, "Ces Messieurs de Rothschild", Paris 1966.
- ^ Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3417. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.
- ^ "Baron Etienne van Zuylen van Nijevelt van de Haar and baroness Hélène de Rothschild". Archived from the original on 3 June 2002. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ^ Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3416. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition.
- ^ US Magazine: "Nicky Hilton Is Engaged to James Rothschild: Hotel Heiress to Marry Banking Heir" By Esther Lee and Brody Brown Archived 11 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine 12 August 2014.
- ^ Rebecca Pocklington (10 July 2015). "Mr & Mrs: First pictures of Nicky Hilton and James Rothschild on their wedding day as she flashes her garter". mirror. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ^ "Rothschild coat of arms". The Rothschild Archive. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
- ^ a b "Jewish Heraldry". heraldica.org. Archived from the original on 2 July 1998. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Further reading
- ISBN 0-14-024084-5)
- ISBN 0-14-028662-4)
- ISBN 1-56836-220-X)
- ISBN 0-670-86857-4)
- Egon Caesar Conte Corti: Rise of the House of Rothschild, B. Lunn (translator), Books for Business 2001 (reprint of 1928 translation published by Gollancz),
- Joseph Valynseele & Henri-Claude Mars, Le Sang des Rothschild, ISBN 2-908003-22-8)
- Derek A. Wilson: Rothschild: A Story of Wealth and Power (ISBN 0-233-98870-X)
- Mir-Babayev M.F.: The role of Azerbaijan in the World's oil industry – "Oil-Industry History" (USA), 2011, v. 12, no. 1, p. 109–123.
- Mir-Babayev M.F.: The Rothschild brother's contribution to Baku's oil industry – "Oil-Industry History" (USA), 2012, v. 13, no. 1, p. 225–236.
- Pietro Ratto: I Rothschild e gli altri. Dal governo del mondo all'indebitamento delle nazioni: i segreti delle famiglie più potenti, Arianna Editrice, Bologna [it]. 2015 (ISBN 978-88-6588-115-6)
- William Verity: The Rise of the Rothschilds – "History Today" (April 19680, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p225-233. covers 1770 to 1839.
Documentary film
- Channel Four
External links
History
- Rothschild Archive
- The article of "Rothschild" in Jewish Encyclopedia
- Newspaper clippings about Rothschild family in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Foundations