Rouen
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Rouen | |
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Prefecture and commune | |
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Coordinates: 49°26′34″N 01°05′19″E / 49.44278°N 1.08861°E | |
Country | France |
Region | Normandy |
Department | Seine-Maritime |
Arrondissement | Rouen |
Canton | 3 cantons |
Intercommunality | Métropole Rouen Normandie |
Government | |
• Mayor (2020–2026) | Nicolas Mayer-Rossignol[1] (PS) |
Area 1 | 21.38 km2 (8.25 sq mi) |
• Urban (2018) | 461.1 km2 (178.0 sq mi) |
• Metro (2018) | 2,792.2 km2 (1,078.1 sq mi) |
Population (2021)[2] | 114,083 |
• Rank | 36th in France |
• Density | 5,300/km2 (14,000/sq mi) |
• Urban (2018) | 470,369 |
• Urban density | 1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi) |
• Metro (2018) | 702,945 |
• Metro density | 250/km2 (650/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
INSEE/Postal code | 76540 / |
Website | www.rouen.fr |
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. |
Rouen (UK: /ˈruːɒ̃, ˈruːɒn/, US: /ruːˈɒ̃, ruːˈɒn/;[3][4] French: [ʁwɑ̃] ⓘ or [ʁu.ɑ̃])[needs Norman IPA] is a city on the River Seine in northern France. It is the prefecture of the region of Normandy and the department of Seine-Maritime. Formerly one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe, the population of the metropolitan area (French: aire d'attraction) is 702,945 (2018).[5] People from Rouen are known as Rouennais.
Rouen was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy during the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman and Angevin dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. From the 13th century onwards, the city experienced a remarkable economic boom, thanks in particular to the development of textile factories and river trade. Claimed by both the French and the English during the Hundred Years' War, it was on its soil that Joan of Arc was tried and burned alive on 30 May 1431. Severely damaged by the wave of bombing in 1944, it nevertheless regained its economic dynamism in the post-war period thanks to its industrial sites and its large seaport, which today is the fifth largest in France.[citation needed]
Endowed with a prestige established during the medieval era, and with a long architectural heritage in its historical monuments, Rouen is an important cultural capital. Several renowned establishments are located here, such as the Museum of Fine Arts, the Secq des Tournelles museum, and Rouen Cathedral.
Seat of an
History
Rouen was founded by the Gaulish tribe of the Veliocasses, who controlled a large area in the lower Seine valley. They called it Ratumacos; the Romans called it Rotomagus. It was considered the second city of Gallia Lugdunensis after Lugdunum (Lyon) itself. Under the reorganization of Diocletian, Rouen was the chief city of the divided province Gallia Lugdunensis II and reached the apogee of its Roman development, with an amphitheatre and thermae of which foundations remain. In the 5th century, it became the seat of a bishopric and later a capital of Merovingian Neustria.
From their first incursion into the lower valley of the Seine in 841, the
In 1150, Rouen received its founding charter which permitted self-government.During the 12th century, Rouen was the site of a yeshiva known as La Maison Sublime. Discovered in 1976, it is now a museum.[7] At that time, about 6,000 Jews lived in the town, comprising about 20% of the population.[citation needed]
On 24 June 1204, King
In the 13th and 14th centuries urban strife threatened the city: in 1291, the mayor was assassinated and noble residences in the city were pillaged. Philip IV reimposed order and suppressed the city's charter and the lucrative monopoly on river traffic, but he was quite willing to allow the Rouennais to repurchase their old liberties in 1294.[citation needed] In 1306, he decided to expel the Jewish community of Rouen, then numbering some five or six thousand. In 1389, another urban revolt of the underclass occurred, the Harelle. It was suppressed with the withdrawal of Rouen's charter and river-traffic privileges once more.[citation needed]
During the
Rouen was staunchly Catholic during the
The first competitive motor race ran from Paris to Rouen in 1894.[citation needed]
During the
Main sights
Rouen is known for
The Gros Horloge is an astronomical clock dating back to the 14th century.[8] It is located in the Gros Horloge street.
Other famous structures include
There are many museums in Rouen: the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, an art museum with pictures of well-known painters such as Claude Monet and Géricault; the Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire, a museum on the history of the port of Rouen and navigation; Musée des antiquités,[9] an art and history museum with local works from the Bronze Age through the Renaissance, the Musée de la céramique, the Museum of Natural History, founded in 1834 and re-opened in 2007,[10] and the Musée Le Secq des Tournelles, which houses various collections of objects.[11]
The Jardin des Plantes de Rouen is a notable botanical garden once owned by Scottish banker John Law, dating from 1840 in its present form. It was the site of Élisa Garnerin's parachute jump from a balloon in 1817. There is also a park and garden at the Champs de Mars, to the east of the city centre. The Paris–Rouen motor race of 1894, Le Petit Journal Horseless Carriages Contest, ended at the Champs de Mars.[12]
In the centre of the Place du Vieux Marché (the site of Joan of Arc's pyre)
Rouen was also home to the French Grand Prix, hosting the race at the nearby Rouen-Les-Essarts track sporadically between 1952 and 1968. In 1999 Rouen authorities demolished the grandstands and other remnants of Rouen's racing past. Today, little remains beyond the public roads that formed the circuit.
Rouen has an opera house, whose formal name is "Rouen Normandy Opera House – Theatre of Arts" (in French: Opéra de Rouen Normandie – Théâtre des arts).
Climate
Rouen has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).
Climate data for Rouen (URO), elevation: 151 m (495 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1968–present | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) |
19.7 (67.5) |
24.4 (75.9) |
27.4 (81.3) |
30.0 (86.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
41.3 (106.3) |
38.4 (101.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
28.0 (82.4) |
20.3 (68.5) |
15.6 (60.1) |
41.3 (106.3) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 12.8 (55.0) |
14.1 (57.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
29.8 (85.6) |
32.2 (90.0) |
31.7 (89.1) |
27.3 (81.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
16.3 (61.3) |
13.0 (55.4) |
33.5 (92.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
7.9 (46.2) |
11.4 (52.5) |
14.8 (58.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.1 (68.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
10.4 (50.7) |
7.3 (45.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
4.8 (40.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
11.7 (53.1) |
7.5 (45.5) |
4.7 (40.5) |
11.0 (51.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.6 (34.9) |
1.6 (34.9) |
3.5 (38.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
10.6 (51.1) |
8.0 (46.4) |
4.6 (40.3) |
2.1 (35.8) |
6.9 (44.4) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −6.0 (21.2) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
2.6 (36.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
8.1 (46.6) |
7.9 (46.2) |
5.3 (41.5) |
1.4 (34.5) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −17.1 (1.2) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
5.9 (42.6) |
5.0 (41.0) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−17.1 (1.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 75.6 (2.98) |
65.0 (2.56) |
61.6 (2.43) |
55.9 (2.20) |
67.2 (2.65) |
64.3 (2.53) |
64.4 (2.54) |
69.8 (2.75) |
62.1 (2.44) |
79.4 (3.13) |
80.4 (3.17) |
101.8 (4.01) |
847.5 (33.39) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13.8 | 11.5 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 12.7 | 13.1 | 14.1 | 134.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
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90 | 86 | 83 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 80 | 84 | 89 | 90 | 91 | 84 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 52 | 77 | 119 | 165 | 182 | 197 | 200 | 190 | 159 | 108 | 58 | 49 | 1,556 |
Source 1: Meteo France[15]
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Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)[16] |
Transport
Mainline trains operate from
City transportation in Rouen consists of a tram and a bus system. The
Rouen has its own airport.
The Seine is a major axis for maritime cargo links in the Port of Rouen. The Cross-Channel ferry ports of Caen, Le Havre, Dieppe (50 minutes) and Calais, and the Channel Tunnel are within easy driving distance (two and a half hours or less).
Administration
Rouen and its metropolitan area of 70 suburban communes form the Métropole Rouen Normandie, with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. In descending order of population, the largest of these suburbs are Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, Le Grand-Quevilly, Le Petit-Quevilly, and Mont-Saint-Aignan, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
Population
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Source: EHESS[17] and INSEE (1968-2021)[18][19] |
Education
The main schools of higher education are the
.Culture
The main opera company in Rouen is the Opéra de Rouen – Normandie. The company performs in the Théâtre des Arts, 7 rue du Docteur Rambert. The company presents opera, classical and other types of music, both vocal and instrumental, as well as dance performances.[20] Every five years, the city hosts the large maritime exposition, L'Armada.[21]
The city is represented by
Notable residents
Rouen was the birthplace of:
- Edward IV (1442–1483), King of England.[24]
- Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk (1444-c1503), sister of Edward IV, married John de la Pole, Plantagenet.
- Thomas Aubert (b. 1500s), explorer
- Guillaume Guéroult (1507–1569), poet
- François de Civille (1537–1610), military commander
- Isaac Oliver (1556–1617), French-born English painter.[25]
- Guy de la Brosse(1586–1641), botanist and pharmacist
- Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant (1594–1661), poet.[26]
- Samuel Bochart (1599–1667), Protestant theologian.[27]
- Pierre Corneille (1606–1684), tragedian.[28]
- Guillaume Couture (1617–1701), lay missionary and diplomat
- Adrien Auzout (1622–1691), astronomer
- Thomas Corneille (1625–1709), dramatist, brother of Pierre Corneille.[29]
- Noel Alexandre (1639–1724), theologian and ecclesiastical historian.[30]
- Robert Hubert (c. 1640-1666), executed in England for falsely confessing to starting the Great Fire of London
- Marie Champmeslé (1642–1698), actress.[31]
- René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (1643–1687), explorer.[32]
- Jean Jouvenet (c. 1644–1717), painter of religious subjects.[33]
- Nicolas Lemery (1645–1715), chemist.[34]
- Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert (1646–1714) economist and lawmaker.[35]
- Gabriel Daniel (1649–1728), Jesuit historian.[36]
- Anne Mauduit de Fatouville (mid 17th C – 1715), playwright
- Jean Jouvenet (1647–1717), painter.[37]
- Nicolas Gueudeville (1652–1721), Catholic writer
- Jacques Basnages (1653–1723), Protestant theologian.[38]
- Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (1657–1757), author, nephew of Pierre Corneille.[39]
- François Raguenet (1660–1722), historian, biographer and musicologist
- Pierre Antoine Motteux (1663–1718), French-born English dramatist.[40]
- Pierre Dangicourt (1664–1727), mathematician
- François Blouet de Camilly (1664–1723), Catholic Archbishop
- Jean-Laurent Le Cerf de La Viéville (1674–1707), musicographer
- Pierre François le Courayer (1681–1776), theologian.[41]
- François d'Agincourt (1684–1758), composer
- Jean II Restout (1692–1768), painter.[42]
- Louise Levesque (1703–1745), playwright, poet
- Jacques-François Blondel (1705–1774), architect.[43]
- Marie-Madeleine Hachard (1708–1760), nun and abbess
- Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont (1711–1780), novelist
- Jacques Duphly (1715–1789), composer
- Pierre-Antoine Guéroult (1749–1816), scholar
- Charles Boulanger de Boisfremont (1773-1838), painter[44]
- François-Adrien Boïeldieu (1775–1834), composer.[45]
- Pierre Louis Dulong (1785–1838), physicist and chemist.[46]
- Théodore Géricault (1791–1824), painter.[47]
- Armand Havet (1795–1820), botanist
- Armand Carrel (1800–1836), writer.[48]
- Jean-Amédée Méreaux (1802–1874), musicologist, pianist and composer
- Pierre Adolphe Chéruel (1809–1891), historian.[49]
- Alphonse Maille (1813–1865) botanist
- Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880), novelist.[50]
- Joseph-Henri Altès (1826–1895), flautist and pedagog
- Eugène Ketterer (1831–1870), composer
- Eugène Caron (1834–1903), opera singer
- Maurice Leblanc (1864–1941), novelist
- Charles Nicolle (1866–1936), bacteriologist
- Léon de Saint-Réquier (1872–1964), organist and composer
- Georges Guillain (1876–1961), neurologist
- Robert Antoine Pinchon (1886–1943), painter
- Marcel Dupré (1886–1971), composer
- Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968), artist
- Juliette Billard, (1889–1975), architect, watercolorist, designer
- Philippe Étancelin (1896–1981), race car driver
- Armand Salacrou (1899–1989), dramatist
- Roger Apéry (1916–1994), mathematician
- Jean Lecanuet (1920–1993), politician
- Jacques Rivette (1928–2016), film director
- Jean-Yves Lechevallier (b. 1946), sculptor
- Anny Duperey (b. 1947), actress and novelist
- Dominique Lokoli (b. 1952), footballer
- President of the French Republic
- Hubert Wulfranc (b. 1956), Member of Parliament
- Élise Lucet (b. 1963), journalist
- Stéphan Caron (b. 1966), swimmer
- Karin Viard (b. 1966), actress
- Céline Minard (b. 1969), writer
- Christophe Mendy (b. 1971), boxer
- David Trezeguet (b. 1977), footballer
- Thomas Pesquet (b. 1978), astronaut
- Nathalie Péchalat (b. 1983), ice dancer
- Ian Mahinmi (b. 1986), basketball player
- Fayçal Fajr (b. 1988), footballer
- Amaury Vassili (b. 1989), singer
- Alexis Gougeard (b. 1993), cyclist
- Pierre Gasly (b. 1996), Formula One driver
- Petit Biscuit (b. 1999), music producer
- Iliman Ndiaye (b. 2000), footballer
- Aurélien Tchouaméni (b. 2000), footballer
- Théo Maledon (b. 2001), basketball player
- Lola Lovinfosse (b. 2005), racing driver
International relations
Rouen is
- Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States, since 1963[51]
- Norwich, Norfolk, England, United Kingdom, since 1959[53]
- Cleveland, Ohio, United States, since 2008[54]
- Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, since 1992[55]
- Salerno, Campania, Italy, since 2002
- Zhejiang, China, since 1990
Sculpture
During the second half of the 20th century, several sculptures by Jean-Yves Lechevallier were erected in the city. Inaugurated in 2010, the Rouen Impressionnée hosted the contemporary urban (re)development[56] installation sculpture 'Camille' by Belgian artist Arne Quinze. Quinze's use of interlocking systems in sculpture employ wood, concrete, paint and metal. The Quasi-Quinze[57] method of sculpture utilizes structural integrity and randomness as key elements for 'Camille'. Located on the Boieldieu Bridge in the center of Rouen, this intentional location was chosen by the artist[58] to magnify the historical separation of its city's citizens.
Representations in art
Heraldry
The arms of Rouen are pascal lamb, haloed and contorny, holding a banner argent charged with a cross Or, and on a chief azure, 3 fleurs de lys Or
This may be rendered, "On a red background a haloed white pascal lamb looking back over its shoulder (contorny) holds a white banner bearing a gold cross; above, a broad blue band across the top bears 3 gold fleurs de lis".
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See also
- Archbishopric of Rouen
- Cafetière du Belloy], also known as French drip coffee pot, invented in Rouen
- François Antoine Henri Descroizilles , a Rouen-based inventor
- Jean-Marie Baumel, sculptor of two of the statues on the Pont Boieldieu in Rouen
- Ouen, a Catholic saint
- The works of Maxime Real del Sarte
- Rouen Courthouse
References
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External links
- Official website (in French)
- Rouen Tourist Board (in French)