Rovaniemi

Coordinates: 66°30′N 025°44′E / 66.500°N 25.733°E / 66.500; 25.733
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the city. For the soccer team known as Rovaniemi, see Rovaniemen Palloseura.
Rovaniemi
Roavvenjárga (
aurora borealis
in Someroharju.
Population by age
[4]
 • 0 to 1416.3%
 • 15 to 6463.8%
 • 65 or older19.9%
Time zoneUTC+02:00 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Websitewww.rovaniemi.fi

Rovaniemi (

Skolt Sami: Ruäʹvnjargg) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Lapland. It is located near the Arctic Circle in the northern interior of the country. The population of Rovaniemi is approximately 65,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 69,000. It is the 17th most populous municipality in Finland, and the 12th most populous urban area
in the country.

Rovaniemi is the administrative

Peräpohjola. The city centre is situated about 6 kilometres (4 miles) south of the Arctic Circle and is between the hills of Ounasvaara and Korkalovaara, at the confluence of the river Kemijoki and its tributary, the Ounasjoki. It is the second-largest city of Northern Finland after Oulu, and, together with the capital city Helsinki, it is one of Finland's most significant tourist cities in terms of foreign tourism.[7]

The city and the surrounding Rovaniemen maalaiskunta (Rural municipality of Rovaniemi) were consolidated into a single entity on 1 January 2006. Rovaniemi municipality has an approximate population of 65,000. The urban area of Rovaniemi has a population of 53,361, in an area of about 59 km2 (23 sq mi). Rovaniemi is a unilingual Finnish-speaking municipality, and unusually for larger Finnish towns, it is also known by its Finnish name and spelling in the Swedish language.

The coat of arms of Rovaniemi was designed by Toivo Vuorela. Its explanation is "in the green field, a silver pall with light-height upper branches; accompanied by a golden flame in the upper corner".[8] It was approved on 15 August 1956 by the Rovaniemi Rural Municipal Council and confirmed on October 26 at the Ministry of the Interior as the coat of arms of the Rovaniemi Rural Council.[9]

Name

The rova part in the name Rovaniemi has often been considered to be of

Skolt Sami
: Ruäʹvnjargg.

History

Periodic clearance of new land for

Sami are indigenous to Lapland
.

Rovaniemi is first mentioned by name in official documents in 1453, existing as a set of small villages whose inhabitants earned their living mainly in agriculture and animal husbandry—with fishing and hunting the most important offshoots. [citation needed]

The exploitation of Lapland's

natural resources in the 1800s boosted Rovaniemi's growth. Extensive logging sites and gold fever attracted thousands of people to Lapland. As the mining
of natural resources was increased, Rovaniemi became the business centre of the province of Lapland.

The township decree was promulgated on 27 June 1928, as a result of which Rovaniemi seceded from the old rural municipality as its own market town on 1 January 1929.[10]

Second World War

Main article: Battle of Rovaniemi
Rebuilding Rovaniemi in 1949

During the

Second World War, Finland signed the Moscow Armistice on 19 September 1944 and was required to expell forces of its former German ally. In the Lapland War retreating German forces utilised scorched earth tactics, and though initially German General Lothar Rendulic ordered only the public buildings in Rovaniemi to be destroyed, on 13 October 1944, the German army received orders to destroy all the buildings in Rovaniemi,[11] only excluding hospitals and houses where inhabitants were present.[12]

While the German rearguard was going about the destruction, an ammunition train in Rovaniemi station exploded and set fire to the wooden houses of the town. The German troops suffered many casualties, mainly from glass splinters. A Finnish commando unit claimed to have blown up the ammunition train and may well have been the primary cause of the town's ruin. The cause was then unknown and assumed to be the deliberate intent of Rendulic.[citation needed] During these hostilities, 90% of all the buildings in Rovaniemi were destroyed.[11][13] There is a German cemetery 19 km from Rovaniemi where soldiers killed fighting in Lapland during the war are buried.

Although there has been continuous human settlement in the Rovaniemi area since at least the

antlers, and the local sports stadium as the reindeer's eye.[14]

Geography

Climate

Rovaniemi
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
42
 
 
−8
−15
 
 
34
 
 
−8
−14
 
 
36
 
 
−3
−9
 
 
31
 
 
4
−4
 
 
36
 
 
11
2
 
 
59
 
 
17
7
 
 
69
 
 
20
11
 
 
72
 
 
17
9
 
 
54
 
 
10
4
 
 
55
 
 
3
−1
 
 
49
 
 
−3
−8
 
 
42
 
 
−6
−13
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: World Meteorological Organization
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.7
 
 
17
6
 
 
1.3
 
 
18
7
 
 
1.4
 
 
27
15
 
 
1.2
 
 
38
25
 
 
1.4
 
 
51
36
 
 
2.3
 
 
62
45
 
 
2.7
 
 
67
52
 
 
2.8
 
 
62
48
 
 
2.1
 
 
51
40
 
 
2.1
 
 
38
30
 
 
1.9
 
 
27
18
 
 
1.6
 
 
20
10
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Due to its location near the Arctic Circle, Rovaniemi has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with short, pleasant summers, while the winters are long, cold and snowy. The city lies just south of the 0 °C (32 °F) mean annual isotherm, but freezing in the soil is very limited even during the winter due to typical heavy snow cover. Its extreme northerly location combined with frequent overcast skies leads to very low levels of sunshine in the winter months; December averages just under six minutes of sunshine daily.

Winters are somewhat modified by marine air from the North Atlantic Current that ensures average temperatures are less extreme than expected for an inland area at such a northerly latitude. On 26 April 2019, Rovaniemi recorded its warmest April day on record with 19 °C (66 °F).[15]

From 1 to 6 July 2021, Rovaniemi recorded 122 hours of continuous sunshine, which is a new world record. The sun shone continuously from 02:00 on 1 July 2021 to 04:00 on 6 July 2021. The previous record was 112 hours and 10 minutes at Cape Evans, Antarctica, from 16 to 21 November 1911.[16]

Climate data for Rovaniemi Lentoasema, elevation: 196m (1991-2020) Extremes (1959-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		5.8
(42.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		19.0
(66.2) 		28.2
(82.8) 		30.7
(87.3) 		32.2
(90.0) 		29.1
(84.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		15.6
(60.1) 		8.7
(47.7) 		5.0
(41.0) 		32.2
(90.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		1.5
(34.7) 		5.1
(41.2) 		11.5
(52.7) 		21.1
(70.0) 		24.7
(76.5) 		26.4
(79.5) 		24.2
(75.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		3.9
(39.0) 		2.1
(35.8) 		27.3
(81.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −7.3
(18.9) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		4.1
(39.4) 		11
(52) 		17
(63) 		20.1
(68.2) 		17.2
(63.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		3.1
(37.6) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		5
(41)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.3
(13.5) 		−10.3
(13.5) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		0.1
(32.2) 		6.5
(43.7) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.6
(60.1) 		13.1
(55.6) 		7.7
(45.9) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		1.5
(34.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −13.5
(7.7) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−9.1
(15.6) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		2.5
(36.5) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.8
(53.2) 		9.6
(49.3) 		4.9
(40.8) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−10.6
(12.9) 		−1.7
(28.9)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −25.9
(−14.6) 		−24.5
(−12.1) 		−18.6
(−1.5) 		−11.4
(11.5) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		2.6
(36.7) 		6.7
(44.1) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−16.7
(1.9) 		−22.2
(−8.0) 		−27.8
(−18.0)
Record low °C (°F) −38.1
(−36.6) 		−35.0
(−31.0) 		−27.5
(−17.5) 		−18.7
(−1.7) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		−21.5
(−6.7) 		−27.9
(−18.2) 		−32.9
(−27.2) 		−38.1
(−36.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 46
(1.8) 		37
(1.5) 		37
(1.5) 		34
(1.3) 		48
(1.9) 		64
(2.5) 		81
(3.2) 		68
(2.7) 		60
(2.4) 		54
(2.1) 		55
(2.2) 		51
(2.0) 		633
(24.9)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 57
(22) 		73
(29) 		75
(30) 		27
(11) 		— — — — — 1
(0.4) 		19
(7.5) 		38
(15) 		290
(114)
Average precipitation days 11 10 8 8 8 10 10 9 9 10 13 12 118
Mean monthly sunshine hours 15 57 132 203 237 271 260 182 112 60 18 3 1,550
Source 1: Ilmatieteen laitos[17]
Source 2: FMI [18][19]
Climate data for Rovaniemi Apukka, elevation: 106m (1991-2020) Extremes (1959-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 7.9
(46.2) 		7.1
(44.8) 		10.6
(51.1) 		17.1
(62.8) 		28.8
(83.8) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.2
(88.2) 		29.2
(84.6) 		23.3
(73.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		8.5
(47.3) 		6.2
(43.2) 		31.2
(88.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −7.4
(18.7) 		−7
(19) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		4.6
(40.3) 		11.5
(52.7) 		17.4
(63.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		11.8
(53.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		5.4
(41.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −11.7
(10.9) 		−11.6
(11.1) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		6.4
(43.5) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		12.9
(55.2) 		7.6
(45.7) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		1
(34)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −17
(1) 		−17.2
(1.0) 		−12.9
(8.8) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		1.1
(34.0) 		7.1
(44.8) 		10.2
(50.4) 		8
(46) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		−3.8
(25.2)
Record low °C (°F) −47.5
(−53.5) 		−44.3
(−47.7) 		−40.4
(−40.7) 		−31.6
(−24.9) 		−14.7
(5.5) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−28.6
(−19.5) 		−34.4
(−29.9) 		−39.3
(−38.7) 		−47.5
(−53.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 39
(1.5) 		30
(1.2) 		29
(1.1) 		30
(1.2) 		43
(1.7) 		58
(2.3) 		75
(3.0) 		59
(2.3) 		55
(2.2) 		49
(1.9) 		48
(1.9) 		42
(1.7) 		555
(21.9)
Average precipitation days 10 9 8 8 8 10 10 9 9 10 12 11 114
Source 1: Ilmatieteen laitos [17]
Source 2: FMI [20]
Rovaniemi's Lordi's Square in February 2020

The average annual temperature in Rovaniemi is 0.9 °C (33.6 °F). Snow stays on the ground 175 days a year on average. The lowest temperature ever recorded at the airport is −38.1 °C (−37 °F), recorded on 28 January 1999. However, on the same day temperatures as cold as -47.5 C were recorded at nearby weather stations.[21] The highest temperature ever recorded is 32.2 °C (90 °F), recorded on 18 July 2018 at the railway station.[22]

Despite the fact that Rovaniemi experiences

polar day between 7 June and 6 July (30 days) it does not experience polar night. However, the sun barely gets above the horizon in the winter.[23]

Demographics

Population

The city of Rovaniemi has 65,285 inhabitants, making it the 17th most populous municipality in Finland. The Rovaniemi region has a population of 68,884. In Rovaniemi, 4.1% of the population has a foreign background, which is below the national average.[24]


Population size of Rovaniemi (and merged municipalities) 1990–2020[24]
Year Population
1990
54,014
1995
57,045
2000
57,253
2005
57,835
2010
60,090
2015
61,838
2020
63,528

Languages

Population by mother tongue (2022)[24]

  Finnish (95.6%)
  Russian (0.6%)
  English (0.3%)
  Sámi (0.3%)
  Arabic (0.3%)
  Chinese (0.3%)
  Farsi (0.2%)
  Other (2.4%)

Rovaniemi is a monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality. The majority of the population - 61,699 people or 95.6% - speak Finnish as their first language. In Rovaniemi, 137 people, or 0.2% of the population, speak Swedish. The number of Sámi speakers, Finland's third official language, is 143 inhabitants, or 0.3% of the population.[24] 3.9% of the population of Rovaniemi have a mother tongue other than Finnish, Swedish or Sámi.[24] As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon.

At least 40 different languages are spoken in Rovaniemi. The most common foreign languages are Russian (0.6%), English (0.3%), Arabic (0.3%) and Chinese (0.3%).[24]

Immigration

Population by country of birth (2022)[24]
Nationality Population %
 Finland 61,257 94.9
 Sweden 805 1.2
 Soviet Union 212 0.3
 China 164 0.3
 Russia 162 0.3
 Thailand 118 0.2
 Iraq 100 0.2
 Afghanistan 93 0.2
 Germany 76 0.1
 Syria 73 0.1
 Estonia 69 0.1
Other 1,406 2.2

In 2022, there were 2,635 persons with a migrant background living in Rovaniemi, or 4.1% of the population.[note 1] The number of residents who were born abroad was 3,278, or 5.1% of the population. The number of persons with foreign citizenship living in Rovaniemi was 1,795.[26] Most foreign-born citizens came from the Sweden, former Soviet Union, China and Russia.[24]

The relative share of immigrants in Rovaniemi's population is below to the national average. However, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.

Religion

In 2022, the Evangelical Lutheran Church was the largest religious group with 70.6% of the population of Rovaniemi. Other religious groups accounted for 1.6% of the population. 27.7% of the population had no religious affiliation.[24]

Of the revival movements within the church, Conservative Laestadianism is particularly active in the locality, with three peace associations in the locality: the Rovaniemi Peace Association,[27] the Rautionsaari Peace Association[28] and the Viirinkylä Peace Association.[29]

Other local communities include the Rovaniemi Pentecostal Church, a member of the

Finnish Pentecostal Church,[30] and the Rovaniemi Adventist Church, part of the Finnish Adventist Church.[31]

Economy

Rovaniemi in 1999

Since Rovaniemi is the

capital of the region of Lapland, many government institutions have their offices there. About 10,000 of the inhabitants are students. Rovaniemi is home to not only the University of Lapland but also the Lapland University of Applied Sciences (formerly known as the Rovaniemi Polytechnic), which comprises institutes of information and traditional technology, business, health and social care, culinary studies, forestry
, rural studies, and sports. Local newspapers include the Lapin Kansa, Uusi Rovaniemi and Lappilainen.

Further information: Energiapolar

Tourism

Summer in Rovaniemi, which includes the Midnight sun

Because of the unspoiled nature of the area and numerous recreational opportunities, tourism is an important industry in Rovaniemi. The city has a number of hotels and restaurants located both in the centre and on the outskirts of the town, hosting over 481,000 visitors in 2013.[32] Tourism can be seen and heard in the city's streetscape, at the Arctic Circle and at Rovaniemi Airport, one of Finland´s busiest airports in terms of passenger numbers.[33]

Jätkänkynttilä - Swedish torch Bridge

Rovaniemi is also considered by Finns to be the official home town of Santa Claus.[34][35][36] It is home to the Santa Claus Village at the Arctic Circle and SantaPark Arctic World, which is located 8 km (5 mi) north of the centre.

Directly across the river from the town is the Ounasvaara ski centre.[37] There have been recreational activities in the Ounasvaara area since 1927,[38] when the first winter sports were also organized.[39] The top of the Ounasvaara hill bears the site of some of the earliest known human settlements in the area.

A phenomenon also attracting numerous tourists is the

Lapland
, the number of auroral displays can be as high as 200 a year, whereas in southern Finland, the number is usually fewer than 20.

Attractions

Santa Claus Village

Rovaniemi's most prominent landmarks include the Jätkänkynttilä bridge with its eternal flame over the Kemijoki river, the

library
.

The last three mentioned buildings are designed by Alvar Aalto. The Arktikum Science Museum is a comprehensive museum of Finland's, and the world's, Arctic regions.

Sports

RoPS

The city is home to the football clubs

Rovaniemen Santasport and Perungan Pojat), which plays in the Finland Volleyball League and won the national championship in 2003, 2007, 2008 and 2011. The Rovaniemi Nordmen, an American Football team, was formed in 2013 and has played at various levels throughout the Finnish American Football Association.[41]

Rovaniemi has hosted several international ski competition, including the

2008 Winter Transplant Games
.

In 2021, Rovaniemi hosted the World Rally Championship for 2021 Arctic Rally Finland, the first WRC event held inside the Arctic Circle.

Transport

Rovaniemi Airport

Helsinki-Vantaa Airport and Oulu Airport.[42] The busiest time for the airport is in the Christmas season, when many people go on Santa Flights.[43]

Notable inhabitants

See also: Category:People from Rovaniemi

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland

Rovaniemi is twinned with:[44]

In March 2022, Rovaniemi suspended the agreement with

Russian invasion of Ukraine.[45]

In popular culture

Hand prints and signatures of Lordi's line-up at the time can be seen at the Lordi's Square

A 1996 Christmas episode of Tots TV called "Lapland Out" took place in Rovaniemi.

The 1998 Spanish romantic film Lovers of the Arctic Circle (Los amantes del Círculo Polar), by director Julio Medem, partly takes place in Rovaniemi.

Rovaniemi appears in the

European Federation.[46]

Rovaniemi is a central scene in a documentary film

Reindeerspotting
.

TV-Star Bam Margera and his friends travelled to Rovaniemi in their film Bam Margera Presents: Where the ♯$&% Is Santa? in order to find Santa Claus who is assumed to live in Rovaniemi.

A version of the music video for Lordi's song "Hard Rock Hallelujah" was filmed near Rovaniemi for the opening of the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest.[47] After winning the contest, a square called the Lordi's Square (Lordin aukio) in the city center of Rovaniemi has been named after the band.[48]

The video for the Nightwish single "The Islander" was filmed in Rovaniemi by Stobe Harju.

McDonald's location at Rovaniemi, formerly the northernmost McDonald's in the world from 1997 to 2013 and from 2022 to 2024.

Rovaniemi used to have the northernmost location of any

Russia's invasion of Ukraine, all Russian McDonald's restaurants were closed, and rebranded to Vkusno i tochka.[52]
In January 2024, Rovaniemi once again lost the title of having the northernmost McDonald's in the world as a new restaurant opened in Tromsø, Norway.[53]

Rovaniemi appears as one location of

USSR
.

Rovaniemi was featured in the first episode of The Reluctant Traveler.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Statistics Finland classifies a person as having a "foreign background" if both parents or the only known parent were born abroad.[25]

References

  1. ^ "Area of Finnish Municipalities 1.1.2018" (PDF). National Land Survey of Finland. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  2. ^ "Immigration record high in Finland in 2023". StatFin. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  3. ^ "Demographic Structure by area as of 31 December 2022". Statistics Finland's PX-Web databases. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  4. ^ "Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area and the regional division of each statistical reference year, 2003–2020". StatFin. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Luettelo kuntien ja seurakuntien tuloveroprosenteista vuonna 2023". Tax Administration of Finland. 14 November 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  6. ^ "Rovaniemi". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-11-29.
  7. ^ Lapin Kansa: Rovaniemen ja Helsingin johtajat saivat ministeriltä tehtävän miettiä, miten matkailu nousee korona-ajan mentyä ohi – Rahaa on luvassa EU:n elpymispaketista (in Finnish)
  8. ^ "Sisäasiainministeriön vahvistamat kaupunkien, kauppaloiden ja kuntien vaakunat 1949-1995 (I:12) Jakso 240: Rovaniemen maalaiskunta". Kansallisarkiston digitaaliarkisto (in Finnish). Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  9. ISBN 951-773-085-3
    .
  10. ^ Tällaista oli elämä Rovaniemen kauppalassa ennen kuin siitä tuli kaupunki – lapsia oli niin paljon, että koulut olivat tupaten täynnä, teiden kunnosta naristiin ja ulkopaikkakuntalaiset rötöstelivät – Lapin Kansa (in Finnish)
  11. ^ a b c Watts, Peter (19 December 2018). "The dark history of Santa's city: how Rovaniemi rose from the ashes". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  12. ^ Suomen Kuvalehti 39/2004
  13. ^ Kallioniemi 1989, s. 196–209
  14. ^ "There's So Much To See In The Capital Of Finnish Lapland". Nordic Visitor.
  15. ^ Now. "Rovaniemi, Lappi, Finland Weather Forecast and Conditions - The Weather Channel". Weather.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
  16. ^ https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/metofficegovuk/pdf/research/library-and-archive/library/publications/factsheets/pioneers_scott-bae-1910_1913.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  17. ^ a b "Normal period 1991-2020". FMI. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  18. ^ "Rovaniemi extreme values". FMI open data. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  19. ^ "Rantavitikka, Lapland UAS Weather - Personal Weather Station: IROVANIE6 by Wunderground.com - Weather Underground". Wunderground.com. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  20. ^ "Rovaniemi extreme values". FMI open data. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  21. ^ "Rovaniemi Apukka - 01/1999 - Sääarkisto". suja.kapsi.fi. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  22. ^ "Rovaniemi Railway station". Timeanddate.com. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  23. ^ "Sunrise and sunset times in Rovaniemi, July 2015". Timeanddate.com. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Number of foreign-language speakers grew by nearly 38,000 persons". Statistics Finland. 31 May 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  25. ^ "Persons with foreign background". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  26. ^ "Population structure 2000-2022, urban-rural classification". Statistics Finland. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  27. ^ Rovaniemen Rauhanyhdistys ry (in Finnish)
  28. ^ Rautionsaaren Rauhanyhdistys Archived 2012-12-01 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
  29. ^ Viirinkylän Rauhanyhdistys (in Finnish)
  30. ^ Seurakunnat – Suomen helluntaikirkko (in Finnish)
  31. ^ Suomenkieliset seurakunnat – Rovaniemen adventtiseurakunta Archived 2014-06-12 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
  32. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-28. Retrieved 2015-05-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. ^ Facts about Rovaniemi Airport – Finavia
  34. ^ a b "History of Santa Claus". The-north-pole.com. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  35. ^ a b Santa Claus' Village on the Arctic Circle in Rovaniemi in Lapland in Finland Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ a b "Joulupukin Kammari – Santa Claus Office – Joulupkki, Lapland, Finland, Rovaniemi". Santaclauslive.com. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  37. ^ Ounasvaara Outdoor Resort (in English)
  38. ^ Ounasvaara - Luonto Rovaniemi (in Finnish)
  39. ^ HYVINVOINTI-SUOMEN LIIKUNTAYMPÄRISTÖT TEEMAHANKE 2011-2012: Ounasvaaran liikuntaympäristöt (Urheiluopisto erillinen alue), Rovaniemi (in Finnish)
  40. ^ When to See The Northern Lights in Rovaniemi + Other FAQ’s – Visit Rovaniemi
  41. ^ "Seura" (in Finnish). Rovaniemi Nordmen. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  42. ^ "PASSENGERS 2017" (PDF). Finavia.fi. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  43. ^ "Santa Holiday Flights". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  44. ^ "Tietoa Rovaniemestä: Ystävyyskaupungit" (in Finnish). City of Rovaniemi. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  45. ^ "The capital of Lapland freezes partnership with Murmansk". The Independent Barents Observer. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  46. ^ Ubisoft (2008). "Locations". Ubisoft. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  47. ^ Hard Rock Hallelujah Special Edition (YouTube video). Rovaniemi. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11.
  48. ^ Laine, Senni (May 30, 2006). "Sampo-aukiosta runnottiin Lordi-aukio" (in Finnish). Kaleva. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
  49. ^ McDonald's. "World's First Arctic McDonald's Opens". Prnewswire.com. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  50. ^ https://money.cnn.com/1997/12/05/bizbuzz/mcdonalds/
  51. ^ "Queuing up for world's northernmost Big Mac". Barentsobserver.com. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  52. ^ 'Until we meet again,' McDonald’s tells Russia as it exits the country for good - DailyO
  53. ^ "McDonald's satser stort i Norge. – Nå kommer vi til Nord-Norge!".

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rovaniemi.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rovaniemi.
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