Coat of arms of England

Coat of arms of England
Versions
Banner of arms, which served as royal banner
Shield	Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or armed and langued azure
Supporters	Various
Motto	Dieu et mon droit
Order(s)	Order of the Garter
Use	First and fourth royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom; previously second and third quarters of royal arms of England adopted by Edward III of England , until claim on Kingdom of France relinquished Unofficial symbol of the nation of England (with altered tinctures) emblem of various English national sports teams

The coat of arms of England is the

The arms have a red background, on which are three gold lions with blue claws and tongues. The lions are depicted striding dexter (heraldic right), with their right front paw raised and their heads turned to face the viewer. The blazon, or formal heraldic description, is Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale Or armed and langued Azure. The lions passant guardant were historically referred to as leopards, but this refers to their pose rather than species.^[8]

During the existence of the Kingdom of England the arms were usually depicted as part of a full heraldic achievement, the appearance of which has varied over the centuries.^[9]

The first example of a crest on the royal arms was on

The English royal arms were often shown encircled by the Order of the Garter, England's highest order of chivalry, a blue circlet bearing the order's Old French motto Honi soit qui mal y pense ("Shame be to him who thinks evil of it").^[11] A motto has also been shown on a scroll under the arms since at least the reign of Henry IV, who used Sovereyne ('Sovereign').^[11] The current motto, Dieu et mon droit ("God and my right"), was first adopted by Henry V, but did not become standardised until 1714.^[11]

History

Some of the earliest Royal Emblems depicting lions were first used by the Saxons (Lions were adopted in Germanic tradition around the 5th century^[14]) and Danes^[15] and re-interpreted in a Christian context in the western kingdoms of Gaul and Northern Italy (around the 6th and 7th centuries), as well as by the Normans.^[4][16][17] Later, during the reign of the Plantagenets (specifically around the end of the 12th century), a formal and consistent English heraldry system emerged.

The blazon of the arms of Plantagenet is: Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or armed and langued azure,^[18][19] signifying three identical gold lions (also known as leopards) with blue tongues and claws, walking past but facing the observer, arranged in a column on a red background. Although the tincture azure of tongue and claws is not cited in many blazons, they are historically a distinguishing feature of the arms of England. This coat, designed in the High Middle Ages, has been variously combined with those of the Kings of France, Scotland, a symbol of Ireland, the House of Nassau and the Kingdom of Hanover, according to dynastic and other political changes occurring in England, but has not altered since it took a fixed form in the reign of Richard I of England (1189–1199), the second Plantagenet king.

The earliest surviving representation of an escutcheon, or shield, displaying three lions is that on the Great Seal of King Richard I (1189–1199), which initially displayed one or two lions rampant, but in 1198 was permanently altered to depict three lions passant, perhaps representing Richard I's principal three positions as King of the English, Duke of Normandy, and Duke of Aquitaine.^{[19][4][16][17]}

Much later antiquarians would retrospectively invent

On 1 May 1707 the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to form that of Great Britain; to symbolise this their arms were impaled in the first and fourth quarters of the royal arms. French throne continued, albeit passively, until it was mooted by the

Development

Kingdom of England (Under personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland from 1603 to 1707)
Escutcheon	Period	Description
	1189–1198	The arms of Richard I are only known from two armorial seals, and hence the tinctures can not be determined. His First Great Seal showed one lion on half of the shield. It is debated whether this was meant to represent two lions combatant or a single lion, and if the latter, whether the direction in which the lion is facing is relevant or simply an artistic liberty. A simple lion rampant is most likely.[25]
	1198–1340 1360–1369	The arms on the second Great Seal of Richard I, used by his successors until 1340: Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or.[19][4]
	1340–1360 1369–1395 1399–1406	Edward III adopted the fleurs-de-lis on a blue field) – representing his claim to the French throne - and quartered the royal arms of England.
	1395–1399	Richard II adopted the attributed arms of King Edward the Confessor and impaling the royal arms of England, denoting a mystical union.
	1406–1422	Henry IV abandoned the attributed arms of King Edward the Confessor, and reduced the fleurs-de-lis to three, in imitation of Charles V of France.[4][9]
	1422–1461 1470–1471	Henry VI, who succeeded in being crowned in France, adopted the arms of France and impaling the arms of England, symbolising the dual monarchy between the two countries, with France shown in the dexter position of greater honour.
	1461–1470 1471–1554	Edward IV restored the arms of Henry IV.[9]
	1554–1558	King of Ireland and this was further conferred upon King Philip, the arms were not altered to feature the Kingdom of Ireland . As sovereigns of Milan, Mary and Philip added an escutcheon of the Duchy of Milan used since the time of the Sforza: It presented the Biscione, an azure serpent in the act of consuming a human, showing in argent and quartering with the Imperial eagle (the earlier single-headed) on a shield or. The order in what are shown the English and French arms on English quarters is altered respect the usual due to French Claims to the Duchy.[26]
	1558–1603	Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of Queen Elizabeth I of England. Elizabeth I restored the arms of Henry IV.[4]
	1603–1649 1660–1689	Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of King James I of England and VI of Scotland. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of King James II of England and VII of Scotland. James I inherited the English throne in 1603, establishing a union with Scotland, and quartered the royal arms of England with those of Scotland. The royal arms of Ireland was added to represent the Kingdom of Ireland. Last used by Anne, this was the final version of the royal arms of England before being subsumed into the royal arms of Great Britain.[4][9]
	1689–1694	Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of Queen Mary II of England and Scotland. Mary II and son-in-law and nephew William III. As co-monarchs, they impaled their arms, with the husband's arms taking the dexter half of greatest honour, as heraldic custom dictates. William bore the royal arms with the addition of an inescutcheon of Nassau (the royal house to which William belonged): Azure billetty or, a lion rampant of the last armed and langued gules, while Mary bore the royal arms undifferenced.[27]
	1694–1702	Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of King William III of England and II of Scotland. After the death of Mary II, William III reigned alone, and used his arms only.[4]
	1702–1707	Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coats of arms of Queen Anne of Great Britain. Anne inherited the throne upon the death of William III, and the royal arms returned to the 1603 version.[4] She was the last monarch of an independent Kingdom of England and the first monarch of Great Britain.

Royal banner of England

When the royal arms take the form of an heraldic flag, it is variously known as the Royal Banner of England,^[28] the Banner of the Royal Arms,^[29] the Banner of the King (Queen) of England,^[30][31] or by the misnomer the Royal Standard of England.^{[note 1]} This royal banner differs from England's national flag, the St George's Cross, in that it does not represent any particular area or land, but rather symbolises the sovereignty vested in the rulers thereof.^[18]

The royal banner of England is the English banner of arms and so has always borne the royal arms of England—the personal arms of England's reigning monarch. When displayed in war or battle, this banner signalled that the sovereign was present in person.^[32] Because the royal banner depicted the royal arms of England, its design and composition changed throughout the Middle Ages.^[32] It is variously known as the royal banner of England, the banner of the royal arms,^[29] the banner of the king of England, or by the misnomer of the royal standard of England; Arthur Charles Fox-Davies explains that it is "a misnomer to term the banner of the royal arms the Royal Standard", because "the term standard properly refers to the long tapering flag used in battle, by which an overlord mustered his retainers in battle".^[29] The archaeologist and antiquarian Charles Boutell also makes this distinction.^[32]

Contemporary use

Royal heraldry

As the arms of England have been superseded by the arms of the United Kingdom the former are rarely seen alone in contemporary contexts. One exception is the Duchy of Lancaster, the monarch's private estate, which uses the arms of England differenced by a 'label of France', i.e. a blue label of three points with three fleurs-de-lys in each. These arms originated with Edmund Crouchback, the second son of Henry III, whose descendants were created dukes of Lancaster. The duchy merged with the Crown when Henry Bolingbroke became king in 1399.

The arms also make a standalone appearance at coronations, when banners of the individual quarterings of the royal arms are processed through Westminster Abbey.^[33]

Non-royal heraldry

Local government

Several English towns display adapted versions of the arms of England, often derived from seals which showed the full arms.^[34] The most common alterations are to change the tinctures (colours); Dorset County Council, for example, uses a silver field and red lions, and Hereford a red field with silver lions.^[34] Several such arms are associated with the Cinque Ports, a confederation of historic ports in southeast England whose arms are those of England dimidiated with three ships' hulls on a blue field.^[35]

The arms of Berkshire County Council bore arms with two golden lions, referencing the attributed arms of the Norman kings and their early influence upon the county.^[34]

Corporate

The arms of England are used by several institutions, often founded by or with a link to the monarchy. Westminster Abbey, for example, includes the fifteenth century version of the arms in its own achievement. At Oxford University, Oriel College uses the royal arms with a border to symbolise that it was founded by Edward II, while at Cambridge University the arms of Christ's College, St John's College, and St Edmund's College include the arms as they were founded by descendants of the royal family.

Personal

Several families are entitled to use the English arms, usually differenced in some way. This most often occurred through descent from a member of the royal family (e.g. the dukes of Norfolk, descended from Thomas of Brotherton), or from an illegitimate child of the monarch being granted a version of the royal arms (e.g. the dukes of Richmond, descended from Charles Lennox, illegitimate son of Charles II).

• Local government, corporate, and personal arms incorporating the royal arms
• 
  Hastings Town Council
• 
  Oriel College, Oxford
• 
  Henry Somerset, 12th duke of Beaufort

Other uses

The English arms, and the three lions passant alone, have become one of the

• Contemporary uses of the royal arms
• 
  The royal arms of England as depicted on the Kings Arms pub in Blakeney, Norfolk
• 
  A

  British one pound (£1) coin, issued in 1997, featuring three lions passant, representing England^[39]
• 
  A modern, commercially available royal banner of England, printed on polyester fabric
• 
  The arms worn by England cricket team, the national football team removed the original crown to distinguish it from the cricket team in 1949.^[41]

See also

• Royal badges of England
• Coat of arms of Scotland
• Coat of arms of Great Britain
• Coat of arms of the United Kingdom
• Armorial of the House of Plantagenet

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

• Boutell, Charles (1859). "The Art Journal London". 5. Virtue: 373–376. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Briggs, Geoffrey (1971). Civic and Corporate Heraldry: A Dictionary of Impersonal Arms of England, Wales and N. Ireland. London: Heraldry Today.
  ISBN 0-900455-21-7
  .
• ISBN 0-7232-2096-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
  )
• ISBN 0-900594-59-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
  )
• Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (2008) [1909]. A Complete Guide to Heraldry. READ.
• Hall, Samuel Carter (1853). The Book of British Ballads. H. G. Bohn.
• Hassler, Charles (1980). The Royal Arms.
  ISBN 0-904041-20-4
  .
• James, George Payne Rainsford (1840). The History of Chivalry. Harper & Bros. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
• Jamieson, Andrew Stewart (1998). Coats of Arms. Pitkin.
  ISBN 978-0-85372-870-2
  .
• The Penny Magazine. Vol. 4. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
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• Keightley, Thomas (1834). The crusaders; or, Scenes, events, and characters, from the times of the crusades. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). J. W. Parker.
• Paston-Bedingfield, Henry;
  ISBN 0-86288-279-6
  .
• Robson, Thomas (1830). The British Herald. Turner & Marwood.
• Ross, David (2002). Chronology of Scottish History. Geddes & Grosset.
  ISBN 1-85534-380-0
  .
• Scott-Giles, Wilfrid (1953). Civic Heraldry of England and Wales (2nd ed.). London: J M Dent & Sons.
• Sumner, Ian (2001). British Colours & Standards 1747–1881 (2): Infantry.
  ISBN 1-84176-201-6
  .
• Thomson, D. Croal (2001). Fifty Years of Art, 1849–1899: Being Articles and Illustrations Selected from 'The Art Journal'. Adegi Graphics LLC.
• Woodward, Jennifer (1997). The Theatre of Death: The Ritual Management of Royal Funerals in Renaissance England, 1570–1625. Boydell & Brewer.
  ISBN 978-0-85115-704-7
  .

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal coats of arms of England.