Royal Artillery Memorial
Royal Artillery Memorial | |
---|---|
United Kingdom | |
For casualties of the Royal Regiment of Artillery in the First World War | |
Unveiled | 18 October 1925 |
Location | 51°30′09″N 0°09′07″W / 51.5025°N 0.151944°W |
Designed by | Charles Sargeant Jagger, Lionel Pearson |
In proud remembrance of the forty-nine thousand & seventy-six of all ranks of the Royal Regiment of Artillery who gave their lives for king and country in the Great War 1914–1919 | |
Listed Building – Grade I | |
Official name | Royal Artillery Memorial |
Designated | 14 January 1970 |
Reference no. | 1231613 |
The Royal Artillery Memorial is a
The memorial consists of a Portland stone cruciform base supporting a one-third over-lifesize sculpture of a howitzer (a type of artillery field gun), which Jagger based on a gun in the Imperial War Museum. At the end of each arm of the cross is a sculpture of a soldier—an officer at the front (south side), a shell carrier on the east side, a driver on the west side, and at the rear (north) a dead soldier. The sides of the base are decorated with relief sculptures depicting wartime scenes. The realism of the memorial, with the depiction of the howitzer and the dead soldier, differed significantly from other First World War memorials, notably the influential Cenotaph, which used pure architectural forms and classical symbolism. The design was controversial when unveiled; some critics viewed the dead soldier as too graphic or felt that the howitzer did not lend itself to rendition in stone. Nonetheless, the memorial was popular with others, including ex-servicemen, and later came to be recognised as Jagger's masterpiece and one of Britain's finest war memorials.
The memorial was unveiled by
Background
The
The Royal Artillery War Commemoration Fund (RAWCF) was formed in 1918, made up of a mixture of commissioned officers and other ranks.[7] The RAWCF's intention was to remember the artillerymen who had died during the war, and after some discussions of various options, including purchasing a house for wounded soldiers, or building a number of small shrines across the country, the RAWCF decided to construct a single memorial to the fallen Royal Artillery servicemen. Memorials to lost servicemen from the previous major conflict, the South African War fought between 1899 and 1902, had been widely criticised as being unimaginative and members of the RAWCF were unimpressed by the Royal Artillery's memorial to that war, located on the Mall. As a result of these problems, the prominent artist Sir Edward Poynter put forward recommendations that far more care, time and funding be given to the construction of future war memorials, which were taken on board by the RAWCF.[8]
The RAWCF first explored the option of joining some form of national commemoration which was under consideration in the aftermath of the First World War, initially wishing to spend only a small proportion of the fund on a physical monument. Plans were floated for a national memorial in the vicinity of
Commissioning
The RAWCF first examined a design by Captain Adrian Jones, who produced the Boer War Cavalry Memorial a few years before, but his design was rejected.[11][12] Next, the committee contacted the architects Sir Edwin Lutyens, Herbert Baker, and Sir Aston Webb (designer of the regiment's Boer War memorial). Lutyens sent in three designs, each costed at less than £15,000 (approximately equivalent to £704,000 in 2019), but several committee members felt them to be too similar to the Cenotaph and to give insufficient prominence to artillery. Further problems arose when the Office of Works stated that it would not approve Lutyens' designs on the grounds that all would be too tall for their surroundings. After the RAWCF insisted that a howitzer be prominently incorporated into the designs, Lutyens withdrew. Baker disagreed with the concept of single service monuments, but submitted a proposal costed at over £25,000 (approximately equivalent to £1,173,000 in 2019), which was declined and he withdrew from the project. Webb declined to submit a proposal and also withdrew.[11][12]
The committee then approached the sculptor
Jagger engaged the architect Lionel Pearson to design the stone structure of the memorial, and through June and July 1921 the RAWCF and the authorities considered the proposal.[3] Jagger's model was similar to the eventual memorial, but had only two gunners at either end of an oblong memorial; the howitzer on the top was smaller than the eventual version, and pointed sideways, rather than lengthways along the pedestal.[25] In reporting to the committee, Jagger said that he felt strongly that the design should unashamedly focus on the events of the war, noting that it "should in every sense be a war memorial".[7] Jagger explained that the artillery had "terrific power" and was the "last word in force", and that the howitzer he had chosen was the only suitable weapon to symbolise those capabilities.[26] During the design process, the committee presented Jagger with many suggestions. He gladly accepted their advice on technical matters related to artillery procedures and the appearance of the howitzer, but was protective of his artistic independence and would not brook suggestions which he felt would impinge on the quality of the work.[27] There were concerns on the committee that the design would shock members of the public, especially women, but the RAWCF eventually voted 50 to 15 in favour of accepting the design and the proposed cost of £25,000.[7] Jagger was formally awarded the contract for the memorial in March 1922.[26]
Jagger at that time was preoccupied with the Anglo-Belgian Memorial in Brussels and did not begin work on the Royal Artillery memorial until October, at which point he made several changes to the proposed design, which he submitted to the RAWCF early the following year.
Design and symbolism
The Royal Artillery Memorial is located in what Malcolm Miles has termed the "leafy traffic island" of Hyde Park Corner in central London.[35] It is one of several war memorials which dominate the roundabout and its surrounds; it is directly opposite the Wellington Arch while at the north end is another memorial to the Duke of Wellington in the form of an equestrian statue. Other memorials in the vicinity include the Machine Gun Corps Memorial, the Australian and New Zealand war memorials, and the Commonwealth Memorial Gates.[36]
The Royal Artillery Memorial is 43 feet long, 21 feet wide and 30 feet high (13 metres by 6 metres by 9 metres); the pedestal and the one-third over-lifesize replica of a
The memorial forms a sharp contrast with both the earlier monuments of the
The Royal Artillery Monument attempted a very different effect. Jagger takes a
Despite the realist nature of the bronze statues in the design, commentators have often also noted the dehumanising aspects of the memorial. Its sheer size and the bulk of the howitzer serve to distance the observer, which—according to art historian John Glaves-Smith—depersonalises the soldiers in a similar way to the
Critical reception
The Royal Artillery Memorial has been the subject of much critical discussion since its inception.[56] Although the RAWCF was pleased with its memorial, some members disapproved of the design and of the dead soldier in particular. Some felt that it was too graphic, or that it would be distressing to relatives and others who should have been consoled by the memorial, while a group of former artillerymen felt that any recumbent figure should be of a man just shot down so as to present a more heroic image. Charles ffoulkes, the inaugural curator of the Imperial War Museum, was more impressed, and described the corpse as "a poignant and tremendous statement of fact which unconsciously makes the onlooker raise his hat".[57] The figure was shocking to a public who were unused to graphic images of the war due to censorship.[58]
After the unveiling, a vigorous debate occurred in the British newspapers about the memorial.
Other opinions were more positive.
The memorial's reputation diminished in the
The memorial enjoyed a still higher profile in the 21st century. The architectural historian
Later history
The unveiling was originally scheduled for 28 June 1925 but early in 1925 Jagger's most capable assistant resigned, leaving Jagger to complete the work alone. He advised the RAWCF that it could not be completed in time without sacrificing quality. The memorial was eventually unveiled four months late on 18 October 1925 by
A set of bronze tablets was added to the south of the memorial in 1949, lying on a flat plinth which replaced a set of steps. Designed by Darcy Braddell, the addition commemorates 29,924 Royal Artillerymen who were killed in the
In 1970 the memorial was designated a Grade II* listed building, and in July 2014 it was one of five memorials in London to be upgraded to Grade I status to mark the centenary of the First World War.[38][71] Listed building status provides legal protection from demolition or modification. Grade II* is applied to "particularly important buildings of more than special interest" and applied to about 5.5 per cent of listed buildings; Grade I is reserved for structures of "the greatest historic interest", and applies to around 2.5 per cent of listed buildings.[72] The list entry notes its group value with the multiple other monuments on the Hyde Park Corner island (many of which are also listed), including the Wellington Arch and the multiple other war memorials.[38]
See also
- Grade I listed buildings in the City of Westminster
- Grade I listed war memorials in England
- List of public art in Hyde Park, London § Hyde Park Corner, for other monuments in the vicinity
References
- ^ Bailey, p.xvviii.
- ^ Bailey, p.239.
- ^ a b c d Stephenson, p.144.
- ^ a b c d Miles, p.102.
- ^ Carden-Coyne, pp.159–160.
- ^ Abousnnouga and Machin (2013), pp.92–93.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Black (2004a), p.141.
- ^ a b Curl, pp.81–83.
- ^ Ward-Jackson, p.98.
- ^ Stephenson, p.144
- ^ a b c Curl, p.83.
- ^ a b c d Skelton and Gliddon, p.150.
- ^ Compton (1985b), pp.9–11.
- ^ Compton (1985b), p.15.
- ^ King, p.124.
- ^ Borg, p.80.
- ^ Boorman, p.154.
- ^ a b Abousnnouga and Machin (2013), p.92.
- ^ Compton (1985b), p.16.
- ^ Black (2004a), p.141; Curl, p.84.
- ^ a b c Ward-Jackson, p.99.
- ^ Curl, p.89.
- ^ King, pp.107, 159.
- ^ Archer, pp. 188–189.
- ^ Curl, pp.84–85.
- ^ a b c Curl, p.85.
- ^ King, p.118.
- ^ a b Curl, p.94.
- ^ Bowdler and Brindle, p.31.
- ^ a b c Bowdler and Brindle, p.33.
- ^ King, p.135.
- ^ Curl, pp.94–95.
- ^ Black (2004b), p.161
- ^ Windrow, p.11.
- ^ Miles, p.103.
- ^ Matthews, pp.127–131.
- ^ Quinlan, p.61.
- ^ a b c d e f g Historic England. "Royal Artillery Memorial (1231613)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Curl, pp.86–89.
- ^ Corke, p.1.
- ^ a b c Ward-Jackson, p.97.
- ^ a b Glaves-Smith, p.61.
- ^ Cooper, p.8.
- ^ a b c d Glaves-Smith, p.72.
- ^ Carden-Coyne, p.155
- ^ Carden-Coyne, p.158.
- ^ a b Carden-Coyne, p.156.
- ^ Glaves-Smith, p.78.
- ^ Carden-Coyne, p.157.
- ^ Dyer, p.62.
- ^ Glaves-Smith, p.21.
- ^ Abousnnouga and Machin (2008), p.136.
- ^ Carden-Coyne, pp.157–158.
- ^ Compton (1982b), p.8.
- ^ Glaves-Smith, pp.75–76.
- ^ a b c d Curl, p.98.
- ^ King, pp.139, 232.
- ^ Abousnnouga and Machin (2013), p.151.
- ^ a b c Curl, p.81.
- ^ a b Ward-Jackson, p.100.
- ^ a b Black (2004a), p.142.
- ^ Glaves-Smith, pp.52, 78.
- ^ Borg, p.81.
- ^ Quinlan, p.46.
- ^ a b Bradley and Pevsner, pp.658–659.
- ^ Curl, p.96.
- ^ "Royal Artillery". War Memorials Register. Imperial War Museums. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ a b Bowdler and Brindle, p.32.
- ^ Compton (1985b), p.28.
- ^ "Royal Artillery Memorial repaired for Armistice Day". BBC News. 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ "First World War Centenary Marked by Upgrading Listed Status of London War Memorials". Historic England. 16 July 2014. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ "The Listing and Grading of War Memorials". Historic England. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
Bibliography
- Abousnnouga, Gill and Machin, David. (2008) "Defence Discourse I: the Visual Institutionalization of Discourses in War Monuments", in Mayr (ed) (2008).
- Abousnnouga, Gill and Machin, David. (2013) The Language of War Monuments. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781623563332.
- Archer, Geoff. (2009) The Glorious Dead: Figurative Sculpture of British First World War Memorials. Kirstead, Norfolk: Frontier Publishing. ISBN 9781872914381.
- Bailey, Jonathan B. A. (2004) Field Artillery and Firepower. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781591140290.
- Black, Jonathan. (2004a) "Thanks for the Memory: War Memorials, Spectatorship and the Trajectories of Commemoration 1919–2001", in Saunders (ed) (2004).
- Black, Jonathan. (2004b) "'Who Dies if England Live?' Masculinity, the Problematics and the Image of the Ordinary Soldier in British War Art, c.1915–1928", in Caunce, Mazierska, Sydney-Smith and Walton (eds) (2004).
- Boorman, Derek. (2005) A Century of Remembrance: One Hundred Outstanding British War Memorials. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books ISBN 9781844153169.
- ISBN 9780850523638.
- Bowdler, Roger H and Brindle, Steven P. (2015) Wellington Arch, Marble Arch and Six Great War Memorials. (English Heritage Guidebooks) London: English Heritage ISBN 9781910907054.
- Bradley, Simon and ISBN 9780300095951.
- Caunce, Steven, Ewa Mazierska, Susan Sydney-Smith and John K. Walton (eds) (2004) Relocating Britishness. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719070266.
- Carden-Coyne, Ana. (2009) Reconstructing the Body: Classicism, Modernism, and the First World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199546466.
- Codell, Julie F. (ed) (2008) The Political Economy of Art: Making the Nation of Culture. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses. ISBN 9780838641682.
- Compton, Ann. (ed) (1985a) Charles Sargeant Jagger: War and Peace Sculpture. London: Imperial War Museum. ISBN 9780901627315.
- Compton, Ann. (1985b) "A Sculptural Biography," in Compton (ed) (1985a).
- Cooper, Charles Samuel. (1928) The Outdoor Monuments of London: Statues, Memorial Buildings, Tablets and War Memorials. London: The Homeland Association OCLC 2067198.
- Corke, Jim. (2005) War Memorials in Britain. Oxford: Shire Publications ISBN 9780747806264.
- Curl, James Stevens. (1985) "The Royal Artillery Memorial at Hyde Park Corner", in Compton (ed) (1985a).
- Dyer, Geoff. (2009) The Missing of the Somme. London: Phoenix ISBN 9780753827543.
- Glaves-Smith, John. (1985) "Realism and Propaganda in the Work of Charles Sargeant Jagger and their Relationship to Artistic Tradition", in Compton (ed) (1985a).
- King, Alex. (1998) Memorials of the Great War In Britain: The Symbolism and Politics of Remembrance Oxford: Berg Publishers ISBN 9781859739884.
- Matthews, Peter. (2012) London's Statues and Monuments. Oxford: Shire Library ISBN 9780747807988.
- Mayr, Andrea. (ed) (2008) Language and Power: An Introduction to Institutional Discourse. London: Continuum. ISBN 9780826487438.
- Miles, Malcolm. (2004) Urban Avant-Gardes: Art, Architecture and Change. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 9780415266871.
- Quinlan, Mark. (2005) British War Memorials. Hereford: Authors Online ISBN 9780755201860.
- Saunders, Nicholas J. (ed) (2004) Matters of Conflict: Material Culture, Memory and the First World War. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 9780415280532.
- Skelton, Tim and Gliddon, Gerald. (2009) Lutyens and the Great War. London: Frances Lincoln ISBN 9780711228788.
- Stephenson, Andrew P. "Palimpsestic Promenades: Memorial Environments and the Consumption of Space in Post-1918 London", in Codell (ed) (2008).
- Ward-Jackson, Philip. (2011) Public Sculpture of Historic Westminster: Volume 1. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press ISBN 9781846316913.
- Windrow, Martin. (2008) Osprey Men-at-Arms: A Celebration. Botley: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781846034374.