Royal Australian Regiment
The Royal Australian Regiment | |
---|---|
Commanders | |
Current commander | Major General Shane Caughey (Colonel commandant)[14] |
Colonel of the Regiment | General David Hurley (Governor-General of Australia) |
Insignia | |
Unit colour patches | |
Tartan | The Australian (2 and 7 RAR piper's kilts and plaids) Royal Stewart (3 RAR piper's kilts and plaids) |
Abbreviation | RAR |
The Royal Australian Regiment (RAR) is the parent administrative regiment for regular
Organisation
The Royal Australian Regiment (RAR) is part of the Royal Australian Infantry Corps, along with the six state-based infantry regiments of the Australian Army Reserve. It is the most senior of the corps' regiments in the order of precedence,[15] and currently consists of seven Regular Army infantry battalions:[16]
- motorised infantry[17]
- 2nd Battalion (2 RAR) – amphibious/light infantry[18]
- mechanised infantry[19]
- 5th Battalion (5 RAR) – motorised infantry[20]
- 6th Battalion (6 RAR) – mechanised infantry[21]
- 7th Battalion (7 RAR) – mechanised infantry[22]
- 8th/9th Battalion (8/9 RAR) – motorised infantry.[23]
The battalions of the regiment are capable of providing seven of the ten regular battlegroups that the Australian Army has available for deployment. The current order of battle sees 5 and 7 RAR as part of the 1st Brigade based in Darwin and Adelaide;[24] 1 and 3 RAR as part of the 3rd Brigade in Townsville,[25] and 6 and 8/9 RAR as part of the 7th Brigade in Brisbane.[26] 2 RAR in Townsville reports directly to 1st Division Headquarters.[27]
Former battalions
- 2nd/4th Battalion (1973–95), delinked to 2 RAR and 4 RAR[28]
- 4th Battalion (1964–73 and 1995–2009), renamed as 2nd Commando Regiment[29]
- 5th/7th Battalion (1973–2006), delinked to 5 RAR and 7 RAR[30]
- 8th Battalion (1966–73), amalgamated to 8/9 RAR[31]
- 9th Battalion (1967–73), amalgamated to 8/9 RAR[31]
- 10th Independent Rifle Company (1974 – late 1990s), disbanded.[32][33]
History
Formation, 1948
The origins of the Royal Australian Regiment lie in the decision made by the Australian government to raise a force for
The 34th Brigade became the basis of the post-war Regular Army in 1947, and when the decision was taken in 1948 to withdraw two of the battalions to Australia, attention turned to the status and designation of these units. Brigadier
Early years: Japan and Australia, 1948–1950
The formation of the regiment following the end of the Second World War was fundamentally important to the post-war Australian Army, forming a key component of the first "permanent, professional army, available in peace and war for any task the government might direct". Prior to this time the Australian Army had been substantially a part-time militia with a permanent cadre.[37] A major influence in the raising of the regiment was Australia's desire to secure a prominent role in the occupation of Japan and the eventual peace settlement. After some delays the 65th, 66th and 67th Battalions arrived in Japan's Hiroshima Prefecture in February 1946. Subsequent employment "involved activities designed to reinforce upon the Japanese the lesson of their defeat", in addition to guard duty, patrolling and training.[38] In December 1948 the Australian component of the BCOF was reduced from a brigade to one understrength battalion, with the 1st and 2nd Battalions returning to Australia, while the 3rd Battalion remained in Japan.[39]
On return to Australia the 34th Brigade became the 1st Brigade. The 1st Battalion was subsequently based in
The regiment has provided units and individuals for virtually all Australian Army deployments and operations since its formation. The first period of sustained operational service began with the regiment's first deployment in Korea in 1950 and continued until the withdrawal of combat units from Vietnam in 1972. These 22 years were arguably the most significant for the regiment with between one and three battalions involved in combat operations in South-East Asia at any one time.[41] A second lengthy period of operational service commenced with the intervention in East Timor in 1999, which became the first of many commitments for the regiment that have continued to the present day.[42] Approximately 85,000 personnel have served in the RAR during this time,[16] with casualties sustained by the regiment on operations including 693 killed and over 3,000 wounded.[43]
Korean War, 1950–1953
Australian Infantry Battalions in Korea, 1950–1956 | |
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3 RAR | September 1950 – September 1954 |
1 RAR | April 1952 – March 1953 April 1954 – March 1956 |
2 RAR | March 1953 – April 1954 |
Source: Kuring 2004, p. 248 |
The
By June 1951, 3 RAR moved to a position on the Imjin River under the command of the US I Corps and it was here that the battalion would spend the next two years of the war. The major action fought by the regiment in the second half of 1951 was the
Following the armistice both sides withdrew and a
Malaya and Borneo, 1955–1966
Australian Infantry Battalions in Malaya and Borneo, 1955–66 | |
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Malaya, 1955–61 | |
2 RAR | October 1955 – October 1957 |
3 RAR | September 1957 – October 1959 |
1 RAR | October 1959 – October 1961 |
Malaysia and Borneo during Confrontation, 1963–66 | |
3 RAR | Mainland Malaysia, August 1963 – March 1965 Borneo, March – July 1965 Mainland Malaysia, July – September 1965 |
4 RAR | Mainland Malaysia, October 1965 – April 1966 Borneo, April – August 1966 |
Source: Kuring 2004, pp. 258 and 310 |
In April 1955 the Australian government had committed army, navy and air force elements to the Far East Strategic Reserve to assist in the defence of Malaya from internal and external security threats.[55] While British Commonwealth forces had been operating against the communist terrorists since 1948, the battalions of the regiment came relatively late to the Malayan Emergency, and when 2 RAR arrived in theatre in October 1955 to join the 28th British Commonwealth Brigade, the war had been running for over seven years. 2 RAR was replaced by 3 RAR in 1957, which was in turn replaced by 1 RAR in 1959.[56] During the Emergency the three battalions were involved in 45 contacts, killing 17 guerrillas for the loss of seven men killed in action.[57] According to Jim Molan the attention to detail required of five years of infantry soldiering in Malaya exposed the regiment to jungle warfare skills developed by the British Army during its most successful counterinsurgency war. This experience later informed the development of its own doctrine, with the Malayan Emergency making a significant contribution to the professionalism of the regiment.[58] Meanwhile, the regimental depot—which had been renamed 4 RAR soon after formation—was subsequently incorporated into the School of Infantry and renamed Depot Company, Royal Australian Regiment in 1960.[47] Despite the end of the State of Emergency in Malaya, 1 RAR was employed on anti-terrorist operations along the Thai border in late 1960.[59] 1 RAR was replaced in Malaya by 2 RAR in 1961, with the battalion involved in training and counter-terrorist operations. It was subsequently employed on operations along the Thai border for three months in mid-1962, and again in May and June 1963, being involved in a number of minor contacts. 2 RAR handed over to 3 RAR in August, and returned to Australia. 3 RAR was also committed to operations along the Thai border in early 1964.[60]
Between 1963 and 1966, Indonesia pursued a policy of Konfrontasi, or Confrontation, with Malaysia. 3 RAR, which was based at Camp Terendak in Malacca on mainland Malaysia, was subsequently used with British and New Zealand forces to mop up two small airborne and seaborne landings near Labis and Pontian in September and October 1964.[61] On 13 February 1965, 3 RAR was warned for service in Sarawak on the island of Borneo, commencing in March. 3 RAR completed a four-month tour mounting numerous security patrols in its area of operations, including a number of sensitive cross-border patrols into the Indonesian regency of Sarawak as a part of Operation Claret, which resulted in actions at Sungei Koemba, Kindau and Babang, between late May and July.[62] Operations on the Sarawak border "were a severe test of the skill, discipline and professionalism of the infantry, involving long periods in the jungle or in the company bases." Out of the 30 Claret operations conducted by 3 RAR, 12 were reconnaissance patrols, while the remainder were ambushes or fighting patrols, four of which resulted in contact with Indonesian forces.[63] 4 RAR, having been reformed as a battalion the previous year, assumed responsibility from 3 RAR at Camp Terendak in October 1965. Deploying forward to Borneo in April 1966, it remained there until September and like its predecessor, conducted a demanding routine of internal security and cross-border patrols.[64]
Expansion of the regiment, 1960s
The early 1960s were a period of strategic uncertainty and increasing commitments in South East Asia. Consequently, the Australian government re-introduced selective conscription in late-1964 and directed a significant increase in the strength of the Army. Yet unlike during the 1950s when National Servicemen bolstered the strength of CMF, under the new scheme they would serve for two years in the Regular Army instead.[65] This substantial period of service for the regiment in Australia, Malaysia, and Vietnam saw the government direct the expansion of the regiment from four to nine battalions. By September 1965 the regiment consisted of seven battalions; by July 1966, eight; and by November 1967, nine. 4 RAR was formed in February 1964; 1 RAR abandoned the Pentropic Establishment (1,300 personnel) to revert to the Tropical Establishment (800 personnel), allowing 5 RAR to form in March 1965; 6 RAR was formed from a cadre drawn from 2 RAR in June 1965; 3 RAR assisted the formation of 7 RAR in September 1965; 8 RAR formed in August 1966; and 9 RAR was raised in November 1967.[66][67]
Vietnam War, 1962–1972
Although individual members of the regiment had served as advisors with the
In March 1966, Prime Minister Harold Holt announced that Australia would increase its commitment to South Vietnam. In May 1966 the newly raised 5 and 6 RAR arrived in theatre as a part of the
Australian Infantry Battalions in Vietnam, 1965–72 | |
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1 RAR | May 1965 – June 1966 April 1968 – February 1969 |
2 RAR | May 1967 – June 1968 May 1970 – May 1971 |
3 RAR | December 1967 – November 1968 February 1971 – October 1971 |
4 RAR | May 1968 – May 1969 May 1971 – March 1972 (D Company only from December 1971 – March 1972) |
5 RAR | April 1966 – March 1967 February 1969 – February 1970 |
6 RAR | May 1966 – June 1967 May 1969 – May 1970 |
7 RAR | April 1967 – April 1968 February 1970 – February 1971 |
8 RAR | November 1969 – November 1970 |
9 RAR | November 1968 – November 1969 |
Source: Kuring 2004, p. 364 |
In 1967, 2 and 7 RAR assumed responsibility in Phuoc Tuy from their predecessors and continued the extensive patrolling, and cordon and searches characteristic of this conflict. In August 1967, 7 RAR fought elements of the VC 3rd Battalion, 274th Regiment in the Battle of Suoi Chau Pha, where extensive artillery support again proved decisive.[71] A third infantry battalion arrived in December 1967 as part of a significant expansion of 1 ATF.[72] By the time of the Tet Offensive in 1968, 1 and 3 RAR were serving in theatre. During actions at Fire Support Base (FSB) Coral by 1 RAR and at FSB Balmoral by 3 RAR in May and June 1968, later known as the Battle of Coral–Balmoral, these two battalions of the regiment would fight battles with conventional attributes not seen since Kapyong. In June 1969, an infantry company from 5 RAR, then on its second tour, and supported by a troop of tanks and another of APCs fought a significant combined arms action against a battalion-sized force of PAVN regulars and VC local force troops during the Battle of Binh Ba.[73]
Following Binh Ba, the remainder of the regiment's service would be characterised largely by the policies of "
Peacetime service, 1973–1998
With the withdrawal of the battalion serving in Singapore as part of the Far East Strategic Reserve, 1973 finally saw all units of the regiment stationed in Australia for the first time. Thus began a period of peace-time soldiering of a sort not before seen in the regiment. The end of National Service significantly diminished the strength of the Army, and at this time the government directed that the number of battalions in the regiment be reduced to six, which was achieved by linking 2 and 4 RAR, 5 and 7 RAR, and 8 and 9 RAR. The strength of units and resources were also reduced, with a shift in strategic and tactical concepts from forward defence to
The 1980s saw the introduction of battalion specialisations—light, parachute, mechanised and motorised—in the regiment and the formation of a ready deployment force. The later concept was first tested during
Although individual members of the regiment served on deployment in such locations as the Sinai, the Balkans, Western Sahara and Bougainville, it was not until 1993 that the regiment conducted another formed-body deployment. On 15 December 1992 the government announced that 1 RAR would deploy as a part of the US-led and UN-sanctioned Operation Restore Hope in Somalia. The Australian commitment, known as Operation Solace, saw 1 RAR deployed for 17 weeks to a 17,000-square-kilometre (6,600 sq mi) Humanitarian Relief Sector (HRS) centred on the township of Baidoa. In the course of four months over 8,311 tonnes of humanitarian aid was delivered. 1 RAR also protected Baidoa airfield, provided security in the township, conducted in-depth patrolling of the HRS, as well as escorting aid convoys within it. 1 RAR was never seriously challenged by the Somali bandits, although there were a number of contacts which resulted in casualties on both sides. One Australian was accidentally killed during the deployment.[83]
In May 1993, a detachment from 12 Platoon, D Company, 2/4 RAR was deployed to Cambodia to provide security to the Australian contribution to the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia. Operating from Battambang airport in north-west Cambodia in support of the Army Aviation Group, they conducted static defensive tasks, patrolling and provided a ready reaction force. They joined another detachment of personnel from 5/7 RAR's Support Company, which had been deployed to undertake communications tasks as part of the Force Communications Unit. The deployment came to an end in November 1993.[84][85] In 1994, the raising of a fifth battalion was approved, with 2/4 RAR de-linked the following year, and 4 RAR returning to the order of battle in its own right.[28][86]
Between August 1994 and August 1995, two companies of the regiment, initially A Company, 2/4 RAR and then B Company, 2 RAR, served with the Australian contingent of the
East Timor 1999–2003
East Timor's ballot in favour of independence after 24 years of Indonesian occupation on 30 August 1999 resulted in a wave of violence by militia groups and pro-integration factions within the Indonesian military. 2 RAR and 3 were subsequently deployed from 20 September 1999 as part of the UN-sanctioned
Timor Leste 2006–2010
Two years after being withdrawn, the deteriorating situation in the East Timor, now known as
Solomon Islands
Events in East Timor largely overshadowed developments in Solomon Islands, where elements of the regiment also served periodically from 2003 onwards with the initial response being provided by 2 RAR.[93] One member of the regiment died during operations in the Solomon Islands.[94] The Regiment subsequently handed over to 2 Div units who saw the mission through to the end.
Iraq
The regiment had only a minor role in the
Afghanistan
Meanwhile, a Reconstruction Taskforce (RTF) based around the
Special Operations
The Special Air Service Regiment owes its heritage to the RAR. Originally formed as the 1st SAS Company in 1957, in 1960 it became an independent company of the RAR and was tasked with providing the army's special operations capability. The SASR became a regiment in its own right on 20 August 1964, severing the link with the RAR at this time.[101][102] Re-raised as a commando battalion from 1997, 4 RAR (Commando) served in East Timor as a conventional light-role battalion in 2001, before focusing on the development of its special operations capability. In this role the battalion was designed to be a flexible, self-contained force element able to deploy at short notice to undertake offensive operations in support of Australia's national interests.[103][104] Once full operational capability was reached, elements of 4 RAR (Commando) would serve in Timor Leste, Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as providing a domestic counter terrorism capability as part of Tactical assault group (East).[105] In 2009, 4 RAR (Commando) was renamed the 2nd Commando Regiment, and as such is no longer part of the RAR.[106] Rather than being formally disbanded, 4 RAR remained on the Army's order of battle with its colours and traditions maintained and protected, ready to be re-raised in the future if required.[29]
Reorganisation, 2005–2017
In 2005, the Australian Army began planning for a reorganisation as part of an initiative known as "Hardening and Networking the Army" (HNA). The key impact of this plan on the regiment was that 3 RAR would surrender its parachute role, moving from Sydney to Adelaide to become the Army's second mechanised battalion.[107][108] However, in August 2006 the government announced that the regiment would expand from five to seven battalions, as part of an initiative known as "Enhanced Land Force" to be implemented together with a modified HNA.[109] As such, 5/7 RAR conducted a de-linking parade on 3 December 2006, reforming as 5 RAR and 7 RAR.[30] 5 RAR reformed in a largely mature state and included a company serving on operations in Iraq, while 7 RAR reformed with a company on operations in Afghanistan. Both battalions remained in the mechanised role.[43][110] Meanwhile, the regiment marked its 60th Birthday on 23 November 2008 with a parade at Victoria Barracks, Sydney, including a Queens Guard provided by 3 RAR and the Colours of the Regiment.[43] Achieving operational status in 2009, 7 RAR relocated to Adelaide in 2011.[22] Under the new scheme 3 RAR relinquished the parachute role, becoming a light infantry battalion. It subsequently relocated to Townsville in 2012.[111] 8/9 RAR reformed as a motorised battalion at Enoggera on 31 October 2007 in the last element of the Enhanced Land Force, and was equipped with Bushmaster PMVs.[112] It subsequently served on operations in Timor Leste and Afghanistan.[23]
In 2009, the reorganisation was again re-titled, this time as the "Adaptive Army" which sought to re-balance the Army and shape it to become an adaptive, learning organisation.[113] Under the Plan Beersheba element of the Adaptive Army reforms announced in 2011 and confirmed in the 2013 Defence White Paper, the three Regular Army brigades will be restructured between 2014 and 2017 into three Combat Brigades with a similar structure and capabilities, each consisting of: a Brigade Headquarters, an Armoured Cavalry Regiment, two Light Infantry Battalions, an Artillery Regiment, a Combat Engineer Regiment, a Combat Service Support Battalion and a Combat Signals Regiment.[114] With the establishment of the Armoured Cavalry Regiments, 5 and 7 RAR gave up their M113 armoured personnel carriers and re-roled as light infantry.[115] Meanwhile, the motorised battalions also re-roled as light infantry with a transport squadron being established in each Combat Service Support Battalion equipped with Bushmaster PMVs to provide protected mobility.[116] 2 RAR was selected to specialise in amphibious warfare.[117][118]
In 2017, further changes to the Beersheba Combat Brigade construct were announced known as the "workforce alignment" of Plan Beersheba with the PMVs and M113s again planned to go back to the infantry battalions, with each brigade to include one motorised infantry battalion and one mechanised infantry battalion. Under this plan in 1st Brigade 5 RAR will receive PMVs and 7 RAR will be equipped with M113s, in 3rd Brigade PMVs will go to 1 RAR and M113s to 3 RAR, while in the 7th Brigade 8/9 RAR will receive PMVs and 6 RAR will get M113s. 2 RAR will continue to specialise in amphibious operations.[119]
Theatre and battle honours
The Royal Australian Regiment has been awarded theatre and battle honours for actions in Korea, Vietnam, East Timor and Iraq.[81]
- Korean War:
- Vietnam War:
- East Timor: East Timor 1999–2003[124]
- Iraq: Iraq 2003–11[125]
Battalions | Citation | Steamer | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1st Battalion | Unit Citation for Gallantry | for units who fought in the Battle of Coral-Balmoral.[126] | |
Meritorious Unit Citation | 20 November 2023, for sustained outstanding service in warlike operations as part of the Unified Task Force on Operation SOLACE in Somalia, over the period December 1992 to May 1993.[127] | ||
Meritorious Unit Commendation | (United States) for its service in Vietnam[128][129] | ||
Gallantry Cross Unit Citation |
(South Vietnam) for its service during the Vietnam War.[130] | ||
2nd Battalion | Gallantry Cross Unit Citation |
(South Vietnam) for its service during the Vietnam War.[130] | |
3rd Battalion | Unit Citation for Gallantry | for units who fought in the Battle of Coral-Balmoral.[126] | |
Presidential Unit Citation |
(South Korea) following the Battle of Kapyong during the Korean War. [131] | ||
Presidential Unit Citation |
(United States) following the Battle of Kapyong during the Korean War [132][133] | ||
Gallantry Cross Unit Citation |
(South Vietnam) for its service during the Vietnam War.[130] | ||
4th Battalion | Unit Citation for Gallantry | 6 October 2007 for operations in Afghanistan.[134] | |
Gallantry Cross Unit Citation |
(South Vietnam) for its service during the Vietnam War.[130] | ||
5th Battalion | Gallantry Cross Unit Citation |
(South Vietnam) for its service during the Vietnam War.[130] | |
6th Battalion | Unit Citation for Gallantry | 18 August 2011 to D company for its actions at the Battle of Long Tan.[135] | |
Presidential Unit Citation |
(United States) for its actions during the Battle of Long Tan in Vietnam.[136] | ||
Gallantry Cross Unit Citation |
(South Vietnam) for its service during the Vietnam War.[130] | ||
7th Battalion | Gallantry Cross Unit Citation |
(South Vietnam) for its service during the Vietnam War.[130] | |
8th Battalion | Gallantry Cross Unit Citation |
(South Vietnam) for its service during the Vietnam War.[81][130] |
Music
The Royal Australian Regiment has a wide variety of regimental music. In addition to regimental quick and slow marches, each battalion has its own set of marches:[137]
- Royal Australian Regiment – Quick: El Alamein (Band); Slow: Infantry Song
- 1st Battalion – Waltzing Matilda
- 2nd Battalion – Ringo (Band); Back in Black (Pipes and Drums)
- 3rd Battalion – Our Director (Band); Hielan' Laddie (Pipes and Drums)
- 4th Battalion – Inverbrackie
- 5th Battalion – Dominique
- 6th Battalion – Spirit of Youth (Band); The Crusaders (Pipes and Drums)
- 7th Battalion – Australaise (Band); Cock o' the North (Pipes and Drums)
- 8th/9th Battalion – Black Bear (Pipes and Drums)
Lanyards
Each battalion of the regiment is identified by a different coloured lanyard worn on the left shoulder:[138]
- 1st Battalion – Garter blue
- 2nd Battalion – Black
- 3rd Battalion – Rifle green
- 4th Battalion – Scarlet
- 5th Battalion – Gold
- 6th Battalion – Khaki
- 7th Battalion – Maroon
- 8th/9th Battalion – Slate Grey and Beech Brown (braided)
Alliances
The Royal Australian Regiment is allied with the following regiments:[128][139]
- Canada – Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
- New Zealand – 1st Battalion, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment
- Malaysia – Royal Malay Regiment
- United Kingdom – Brigade of Gurkhas
- United Kingdom – Grenadier Guards (1 RAR)
- United Kingdom – Coldstream Guards (2 RAR)
- United Kingdom – Scots Guards (3 RAR)
- United Kingdom – The Queens's Royal Hussars (Queen's Own and Royal Irish) (3 RAR)
- United Kingdom – Irish Guards (4 RAR)
- United Kingdom – Welsh Guards (5 RAR)
- The Highlanders(7 RAR)
- United Kingdom – The Parachute Regiment (8/9 RAR)[140]
See also
- Regimental Square
- Non-US recipients of US gallantry awards
Notes
Footnotes
- Citizen Military Forces (CMF) units that had not been re-raised when the CMF had been reformed in 1948, with the 65th Battalion to be designated the 1st Infantry Battalion, City of Sydney's Own Regiment, the 66th Battalion as the 1st Infantry Battalion, Royal Melbourne Regiment and the 67th the 1st Infantry Battalion, the Oxley Regiment. Meanwhile, a counter-proposal from the infantry cell in the Directorate of Staff Duties recommended the 65th Battalion be redesignated the 1st Battalion, King George VI's Australian Rifle Regiment, the 66th Battalion as the 1st Battalion, Queen Elizabeth's Australian Footguards, and the 67th Battalion the 1st Battalion, Princess Margaret's Australian Infantry Regiment.[35]
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Further reading
- Parry, Bill (2005). We Were There in the RAR. Mango Hill, Queensland: Winston Oliver Parry. ISBN 9780957951327.
- Pears, Maurie; McCullagh, Catherine (2007). Battlefield Korea: The Korean Battle Honours of the Royal Australian Regiment, 1950–1953. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military History Publications. ISBN 9780980379600.