Royal Castle, Warsaw

Coordinates: 52°14′52″N 21°00′51″E / 52.24778°N 21.01417°E / 52.24778; 21.01417
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Royal Castle
Zamek Królewski
German Army)[1]
ClientSigismund III Vasa
Height60 metres
Design and construction
Architect(s)Matteo Castelli, G. B. Trevano, Gaetano Chiaveri
Website
www.zamek-krolewski.pl
Europe
Historic Monument of Poland
Designated1994-09-08
Part ofWarsaw – historic city center with the Royal Route and Wilanów
Reference no.M.P. 1994 nr 50 poz. 423[2]

The Royal Castle in Warsaw (

Polish monarchs. The personal offices of the king and the administrative offices of the royal court were located in the Castle from the 16th century until the final partition of Poland in 1795. Situated in the Castle Square, at the entrance to the Old Town
, the Royal Castle holds a significant collection of Polish and European art.

The Royal Castle witnessed many notable events in Poland's history; the

Second World War brought complete destruction to the building; in September 1939 it was targeted and ignited by Luftwaffe fighter aircraft, and then detonated by the Nazis after the failed Warsaw Uprising
in 1944.

In 1965, the surviving wall fragments, cellars, the adjacent Copper-Roof Palace and the Kubicki Arcades were registered as historical monuments. Reconstruction was carried out in the years 1971–1984, during which it regained its original 17th-century appearance. In 1980, the Royal Castle and surrounding Old Town became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is the second most visited art museum in Poland (after the Wawel Castle in Kraków) and the 25th most visited art museum in the world with over 2.02 million visitors in 2023.[4]

History

Overview

The history of the castle dates back to the 14th century when the first Castle Tower was constructed and the fortified complex was initially used as the residence of the

mannerism by architects Matteo Castelli and Giovanni Battista Trevano. The Baroque easternmost wing was designed by Gaetano Chiaveri
and completed in 1747.

Castle in the Middle Ages

Medieval wall of the Curia Maior.

In 1339 the

Latin
: Turris Magna), possibly one of the first brick building in Warsaw.

In the middle of the 14th century the Castle Tower was built and its remains up to the first storey have survived to this day. During the reign over

knocked down by the Germans
, but has been rebuilt since then. The character of the new residence and its size (47.5 m/14.5 m) decided the change of the buildings status, and from 1414 it functioned as a Prince Manor.

Renaissance period

The Royal Castle in Warsaw after the extension c 1600. Plan from the beginning of the 17th century.

When the

parliament of the Two-Nations State met.[6] In 1569–1572 King Sigismund II Augustus started alterations in the Castle, the architects being Giovanni Battista di Quadro[8] and Giacopo Pario.[6]

The Curia Maior was altered so as provide a meeting place for the

parliament
was in session.

Vasa period and the Deluge

Władysław
's Tower
Władysław's Opera Hall
The Royal Castle in 1656

The next alterations to the Castle were made in the reign of

Giovanni Trevano was in charge of the reconstruction.[9] His plans were probably amended by the Venetian architect Vincenzo Scamozzi.[10]

Between 1601 and 1603 Giacomo Rodondo

Latin
: Nova Turris Regia) also called Sigismund's Tower was finished. It was 60 meters high and was placed in the middle of a newly built west castle 90 meters in length. At the top of the tower, a clock with gilded hands and copper face was placed. The new tower's spire was 13 meters high and had glided knobs and a copper flag at the top.

On 29 October 1611 in the Senator's Chamber, Tsar Vasili IV of Russia, who had been captured by the hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, paid homage to the Polish king Sigismund III Vasa.

The Polish king Sigismund III and his successors of the Vasa dynasty —

Georg Daniel Schultz and sculptures by Giambologna, Giovanni Francesco Susini and Adriaen de Vries. These splendid works of art were either destroyed or plundered during the invasions of Poland by Sweden and Russia during The Deluge, in 1655–1657.[9] The Swedes took all the priceless pictures, furniture, tapestries, the royal library, the crown archive, numerous sculptures, whole floors and royal flags.[8] In the castle they had a military Lazareth field hospital, which additionally contributed to the devastation of the buildings.[9] A few months later armies destroyed the rest, plundering most of the copper elements and tearing up the rest of castle's floor.[9]

The majority of the preserved castle furnishings from the Vasa period found their place in the collection of the Visitationist Monastery in Warsaw as donations from the last Vasa, John II Casimir and his French-born wife Marie Louise Gonzaga.[12]

In 1628 the first

John II Casimir.[13]

Late Baroque period

Reconstruction design of the Royal Castle, c. 1700.
Design of the Eastern wing by G. Chiaveri.
Senate Chamber at the Royal Castle, 1720.
The New Chamber of Deputies at the Royal Castle in the end of the 17th century.

In 1657 the reconstruction of the castle started, under the Italian architect Izydor Affait's guidance. Because of the lack of money the following Polish king,

Parliament continued to be held in the castle, as well as various State occasions, such as when the Hohenzollern Dukes of Prussia
paid homage to the Kings of Poland and occasions when the king received the ambassadors of foreign countries.

After choosing

Peter I of Russia settled in the castle.[14] After two months, Russian forces were removed from Warsaw, taking with them works of art from the castle, including Tommaso Dolabella's pictures, which included two that were very important for Russians: The Defense of Smolensk and Russian Tsar Vasili IV compelled to kneel before Polish King Sigismund III of Poland.[14] The Władysław's Opera Hall was completely devastated and was never restored.[13]

The reconstruction according to Karcher's plans began from 1713 to 1715.[14] In 1717 the Parliament Hall was completely rebuilt.[14] It was used to serve the Saxon rulers as a coronation hall. During the following years, between 1722 and 1723, the other castle halls were converted-under the direction of architect Joachim Daniel von Jauch, the new Senate Chamber was built, and all the furnishings moved from the old to the new location, including among others: 60 Polish provincial emblems, panelling, mouldings and lesene.[14] On 31 May 1732, a fire broke out in the castle destroying the west elevation and part of the Sigismund's Tower and the exterior façade sculptures, known as armature.

The next reconstruction project of the Royal Castle appeared after

Augustus III took to the Polish throne in 1733. New plans, which were formed in 1734 and developed in 1737 by architect Gaetano Chiaveri, saw among other things, the reconstruction of the castle's façade on the Vistula side in the rococo style, which was meant to form a new so called Saxon elevation and also the conversion of the north-east part with the Altana Tower, where it was planned for 3 two-storey avant-corps (risalto) to be built on.[10][14] The reconstruction work according to these plans was carried out with various intensity between 1740 and 1752. During the period of 1740–1747 the façade on the Vistula side was reconstructed in the late baroque style (architects: Gaetano Chiaveri, Carl Friedrich Pöppelmann, Jan Krzysztof Knöffel).[14] One of the best sculptors who did work on the castle in this period was Jan Jerzy Plersch, who made the royal decorative frames, mouldings and statues called the Famous Figures, which held the royal crowns on the top of the middle risalto, of the Saxon elevation, on the Vistula side. The last reconstruction work of this period was finished by late 1763, after the death of Augustus III, when Plersch made the last sculptures and frames with province emblems for the Parliament Hall.[14]

Enlightenment period

Reconstruction design of the Senate Chamber at the Royal Castle, V. Louis.
Apotheosis of King Stanisław II Augustus in the Ballroom, André le Brun, ca. 1780.

The most splendid period in the history of the Castle was during the rule of

Stanisław II Augustus
(1764–1795). This monarch collected exquisite works of art, many of which have survived to this day. He recruited first-rate architects such as
Kamsetzer, and Kubicki, to work on the castle, as well as splendid painters such as Marcello Bacciarelli, Bernardo Bellotto (otherwise known as Canaletto), Franciszek Smuglewicz, Kazimierz Wojniakowski, and Jean-Baptiste Pillement and eminent sculptors such as André le Brun and Jakub Monaldi, and famous French artists such as the architect Victor Louis.[8]
The total reconstruction of the castle planned by the king did not come to fruition, but the interior was changed to the neoclassical style – although this, known in Poland as the Stanisław Augustus style, was rather different from neo—classicism in the rest of Europe.

Reconstruction design of the Royal Castle in Warsaw by J. Fontana.
May 3rd Constitution
at the Royal Castle.

During 1766–1785 on the basis of Jakub Fontana's plans,

library, to house which a separate building was erected in 1780–1784.[16] The new library building housed many books, gems, drawings, coins, maps and plans belonging to the monarch. The Royal Library's book collection amounted to 16 000 volumes of various works, 25,525 drawings, 44,842 etchings in 726 bound volumes, overall a number of 70,000 etchings—fancy dress balls were also held in this hall.[16]

Up until 1786

Stanisław II Augustus
tried a few times to change the outside decor of the Castle and to build an architectural castle square, he was not however successful in carrying out these plans.

During this period, the Castle was the place where the ideas of the

Constitution of 3 May, 1791.[7] During the ceremony the King was carried out to the nearby church of St. John. In honour of this occasion a marble plaque with Ignacy Krasicki's
text written on it was set into the wall of the Castle.

In partitioned Poland and the Second Polish Republic

Between 19 and 20 December 1806 and 1–30 January 1807,

Sejm debating in the castle dethroned Tsar of Russia, Nicholas I as Polish king.[17]

Conference Room at the Castle without paintings that were stolen by the Tsarist army.

In 1836, after abolishing the division into voivodeships in the

Ivan Paskievich. Paskievich charged Ludvik Corio – a Russian Colonel and architect – with designing new elevations and facades (the west, south and east parts). However, Russian authorities were not satisfied with the new designs and Corio was told to prepare another design – one that would refer to Kubicki's solutions (and his co-workers Lelewel and Thomas). Finally, Corio rebuilt all the elevations and facades in the neoclassical style, but the Saxon Elevation was left the same. After the death of Paskievich in 1856, all the next governors resided in the Royal Castle's Chamberlain's Room. The Russian officials occupied rooms on both floors of the west and north wings of the castle. The governors were heavily guarded by the Russian army. Unfortunately, the living space that was assigned to these soldiers was the Parliamentary Hall, Library and barracks
under the Castle. As a result, these were left devastated.

After the

rubles
, during the reign of Russia, were in 1902 in the rooms which had been occupied by the Russian army.

During the

Stanisław II Augustus
.

During World War II

Royal Castle in flames following German bombardment, 17 September 1939.
Royal Castle in 1941 without roofs, deliberately removed by the Germans to accelerate the devastation process.

On 17 September 1939, the Castle was shelled by German artillery. The roof and the turrets were destroyed by fire (they were partly restored by the Castle's staff, but later deliberately removed by the Germans).[18] The ceiling of the Ballroom collapsed, resulting in the destruction of Bacciarelli's ceiling fresco The Creation of the World and other rooms were slightly damaged. But immediately after the seizure of Warsaw by the Germans, their occupation troops set to demolish the castle. The more valuable objects, even including the central heating and ventilation installations, were dismantled and taken away to Germany.

Ruins of the castle in 1945.

On 4 October 1939 in Berlin,

art restoration managed to save many of the works of art from the castle, as well as fragments of the stucco-work, the parquet floors, the wood panelling, and more which were later used in the reconstruction. The great service done to Poland by Professor Stanisław Lorentz, in leading this campaign to save the castle's treasures, is well known. Wehrmacht
sappers then bored tens of thousands of holes for dynamite charges in the stripped walls.

In 1944, after the collapse of the Warsaw Uprising, when hostilities had already ceased, the Germans blew up the Castle's demolished walls.[18] Leveling the Royal Castle was only a part of a larger plan – the Pabst Plan – the goal of which was to build a monumental Community Hall (ger. Volkshalle) or an equally sizable Congress Hall of NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers Party – ger. Parteivolkshalle) in the Royal Castle's place and to replace the Sigismund's Column with the Germania Monument.

A pile of rubble, surmounted by only two fragments of walls, was all that was left of the six-hundred-year-old edifice. On one of these fragments part of the stucco decoration remained, this was a cartouche with the royal version of the motto of the Order of the White Eagle — "PRO FIDE, LEGE ET REGE" (for Faith, Law, and King).

Reconstruction

The reconstructed Upper Garden of the Royal Castle

Immediately after the end of war in 1945, work started on rescuing the surviving fragments of the castle's walls, foundations, and cellars as well as the fire-blackened walls of the

Polish Parliament passed a bill to rebuild the Castle as a monument to Polish history and culture. Meanwhile, special architectural designing offices, under Jan Dąbrowski, Piotr Biegański and Jan Zachwatowicz, drew up blueprints for restoring the framework of the building and furnishing the historical rooms. The decision to start work was postponed several times, but was finally taken on 20 January 1971.[18]
A Civic Committee was set up. Amid universal applause it was decided to rebuild the castle from voluntary contributions. Both, in Poland and abroad fund-raising committees were set up.

By May 1975 the Fund had already reached the 500 million

zlotys. By the same date more than a thousand valuable works of art had been given to the Castle by numerous Poles resident both in Poland and abroad.[18]
Official representatives of other countries have likewise presented to the Castle works of art of great artistic and historic value.

Today

  • Royal Castle's eastern baroque façade seen from the Royal Gardens.
    Royal Castle's eastern baroque façade seen from the Royal Gardens.
  • Panoramic view of the castle and the Old Town.
    Panoramic view of the castle and the Old Town.

The imposing façade, built of brick, is 90 metres (300 ft) long and faces the Castle Square.[19] At each end of the façade stands a square tower with a bulbous spire. The Sigismund's Tower is located in the centre of the main façade, flanked on both sides by the castle. This huge clock tower (60 metres (200 ft) in height), designed in the 17th century, has always been a symbol of the Polish capital and source of inspiration for the architects of other buildings in Warsaw. The castle now serves as a museum and is subordinated to the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. Many official visits and state meetings are also held in the Royal Castle.

Interior

The Girl in a Picture Frame by Rembrandt. One of two pieces of that artist at the castle from Stanisław Augustus' collection.

The interior consists of many different rooms, all painstakingly restored with as much original exhibits as possible after the destruction of the Second World War.

  • The
    Jagiellonian
    Rooms

These rooms, which belonged to the residence of

Jagiellon dynasty, a royal dynasty originating in Lithuania that reigned in some Central European countries between the 14th and 16th century.[20] In 2011 the Jagiellonian Rooms were re-arranged to house the modern Gallery of Painting, Sculpture and Decorative Arts.[21]

  • The Houses of Parliament

From the 16th century onwards, Polish

May Constitution, Europe's first modern codified national constitution
as well as the second-oldest national constitution in the world, was drafted here. The decorations in the room are replicas of the originals by Giovanni Battista di Quadro.[22]

  • The Royal Apartments

In these apartments, King Stanisław Augustus Poniatowski lived. They consist of the Canaletto room, in which several painted views of Warsaw are on display.[8] These were not painted by Canaletto, but rather by his nephew, Bernardo Bellotto also called il Canaletto. Jean-Baptiste Pillement worked between 1765 and 1767 on one of his largest projects, the wallpaper.[8] Domenico Merlini designed the adjacent Royal Chapel in 1776.[8] Nowadays, the heart of Tadeusz Kościuszko is kept here in an urn. The Audience Rooms are also designed by Merlini, with four paintings by Marcello Bacciarelli on display. Andrzej Grzybowski took care of the restoration of the room, that included many original pieces.

  • Lanckoroński Collection

In 1994

Countess Karolina Lanckorońska donated 37 pictures to the Royal Castle. Collection includes two paintings (portraits) by Rembrandt: The Father of the Jewish Bride (also known as The Scholar at the Lectern) and The Jewish Bride (also known as The Girl in a Picture Frame)[23] both originally in the Stanisław Augustus Poniatowski collection.[24]

In December 2018, the Castle acquired a violin created by Antonio Stradivari in 1685. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of Poland regaining its independence, the instrument was officially given the name Polonia. The virtuoso violinist Jerzy Wawrowski is the only person who is allowed to play on the instrument.[25]

In December 2018, a painting by Marcello Bacciarelli titled Portrait of Jerzy Mniszech with Daughter Elizabeth and Kiopek (1795), which was considered missing, was returned to the Castle's collections.[26][27]

Gallery

  • The Interior of the Castle
  • New Chamber of Deputies
    New Chamber of Deputies
  • Old Chamber of Deputies
    Old
    Chamber of Deputies
  • Senatorial Hall
    Senatorial Hall
  • The Throne
    The Throne
  • The Throne Room
    The Throne Room
  • Royal Council Room
    Royal Council Room
  • Old Audience Chamber
    Old Audience Chamber
  • Conference Room
    Conference Room
  • Great Assembly Hall
    Great Assembly Hall
  • Marble Room
    Marble Room
  • Knight's Room
    Knight's Room
  • Royal Apartment
    Royal Apartment
  • Royal Bedroom
    Royal Bedroom
  • Canaletto Room
    Canaletto Room
  • Yellow Room
    Yellow Room
  • Gothic cellar
    Gothic cellar
  • Kubicki Arcade
    Kubicki Arcade

Copper-Roof Palace

Main article: Copper-Roof Palace
Copper-Roof Palace adjacent to the castle.

The Copper-Roof Palace has since 1989 been a branch of the Royal Castle Museum.[29] The palace is contiguous with Warsaw's Royal Castle, and down a slope from the Castle Square and Old Town. It was originally a patrician house of Wawrzyniec Reffus, it was built 1651–1656.[30] After 1657 destruction by the army of George II Rákóczi, it was completely remodeled in 1698–1701[10] for Jerzy Dominik Lubomirski.[30]

Lubomirski expanded the palace by building a southern wing, perpendicular to the rest of structure, and also expanded the western elevation. Shortly after its construction the palace became known as Palais Martin, after Lubomirski's grandson.

Napoleon Bonaparte's marshals. Under his ownership the palace became a center of Warsaw's high class social scene. When Warsaw became part of Kingdom of Prussia after the Third Partition of Poland the buildings became the headquarters for the Prussian Ministry of War.[31]

The Copper-Roof Palace was burned in 1944 and reconstructed, based on paintings of Bernardo Bellotto, between 1948 and 1949.[10]

Currently the palace is a museum hosting, inter alia, a permanent exhibition of

oriental carpets and other oriental decorative art, donated to the museum by Mrs. Teresa Sahakian.[32] The collection comprises 579 items, 562 of which are textiles.[33]

Interesting facts

Varsovian trumpet call played from one of the towers of the Royal Castle.
Polish 10 groszy banknote from 1924

Chicago replica

In 1979, the historic

community area of Chicago was purchased by the Copernicus Foundation with the intention of converting it into the seat of the Polish Cultural and Civic Center. Because of the building's historical significance, its interior was kept intact while the exterior was remodelled and a Neo-Baroque clock tower was added to give it the resemblance of the Royal Castle in Warsaw.[42] It is a visual tribute to Chicago's large Polish populace
, the largest such presence outside of Poland.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Castle Warsaw.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "History of Royal Castle – official website". 16 May 2010.
  2. ^ Zarządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 8 września 1994 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii., M.P. z 1994 r. Nr 50, poz. 423
  3. ^ "Sale Sejmowe". zamek-krolewski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  4. ^ Cheshire, Lee; da Silva, José; Research by Lillie Ellen Moller and Robert Palk (26 March 2024). "The 100 most popular art museums in the world—blockbusters, bots and bounce-backs". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  5. ^ a b Ewa Suchodolska. "Zamek książąt mazowieckich (ok. 1300 – 1526)". zamek-krolewski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 10 March 2013. Znaczenie Warszawy potwierdzają wystawiane tam dokumenty, jak również świadectwo wysłanników papieskich. W 1339 r. postrzegają oni tu ważny, a zarazem bezpieczny ośrodek, w którym książę często przebywa ze swym dworem i sprawuje sądy. (...) Na początku XV w. Janusz I rozpoczął w Warszawie budowę okazałego domu książęcego (nazywanego w dokumentach Curia Maior lub Curia ducalis) co tłumaczy się jako Dwór Wielki (książęcy) lub Dom Duży.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Marek Wrede. "Zamek Jagiellonów i pierwszych królów elekcyjnych (1526–1586)". zamek-krolewski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 24 March 2013. (...) w 1526 roku miała miejsce druga, dużo ważniejsza królewska wizyta w Warszawie. Do miasta, w drodze z Gdańska do Krakowa, zjechał z licznym orszakiem Zygmunt I. Objął w posiadanie Zamek i całą mazowiecką dzielnicę jako spadek po bezpotomnie zmarłych piastowskich lennikach (...) Po śmierci króla Zygmunta I w 1548 roku Bona przeniosła się na stałe na Mazowsze. (...) Włoski architekt Giovanni Battista Quadro z Lugano (twórca renesansowego ratusza poznańskiego), współpracujący początkowo z Jacopem Pario z Bisone, przekształcił średniowieczne zabudowania zamkowe (...) Rozbudowano dawną rezydencję książęcą – Dwór Wielki przekształcając ją w gmach sejmowy. (...) Od północy dobudowano posadowiony na wysokiej piwnicy Nowy Dom Królewski z zewnętrzną okrągłą klatką "wschodów kręconych". (...) Lubelski sejm 1569 roku wyznaczył Warszawę i Zamek na stałe miejsce obrad sejmu zjednoczonej Rzeczypospolitej.
  7. ^ a b c d Peter K. Gessner (15 September 1993). "Warsaw's Glorious Royal Castle". info-poland.buffalo.edu. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2013. Later, King Zygmunt August held meetings of the Polish parliament there. In 1569, after the Union of Poland and Lithuania, Warsaw, conveniently equidistant from Krakow and Vilno, the two capitals, became the permanent location for such meetings which took place at the Zamek. (...) The King's architect at the start of this period was Jakub Fontana (1710–1773). (...) Above the line of the Royal paintings, against a background of trophies, hang Bacciarelli's portraits of 10 Polish men of note (Copernicus, Hodkiewicz, Cromerus ... ) (...) On 3 May 1791 the Sejm enacted a new constitution in the Senate Chamber (4), the first one to be enacted in Europe and one proclaiming equality.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Zamek Królewski w Warszawie (The Royal Castle in Warsaw)". dziedzictwo.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Marek Wrede. "Zamek Wazów i królów rodaków (1587–1696)". zamek-krolewski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 22 April 2013. Król w swej nie ukończonej jeszcze, północnej rezydencji zamieszkał na jesieni w 1611 roku. Od tego czasu Warszawa – centrum parlamentarne oraz siedziba króla i centralnych urzędów. (...) Twórcami jej byli włoscy architekci: Giovanni Trevano, Giacomo Rodondo, Paolo de la Corte oraz Mateo Castello. (...) W skrzydle południowym powstał przed rokiem 1637 zespół sal z głęboką sceną i widownią wyposażonych w instrumentarium pozwalające wystawiać przedstawienia w bogatej barokowej scenografii. (...) Wiosnę 1656 roku administracja szwedzka rozpoczęła planową grabież i dewastację. Wywożono wszystkie cenne rzeczy – obrazy, rzeźby, meble także marmurowe posadzki, kominki i fontanny ogrodowe. Wnętrza zamkowe używane jako lazarety i stajnie zostały kompletnie zdewastowane. Trzy okupacje (tym ostatnia siedmiogrodzka) położyły kres wspaniałości wazowskiej rezydencji.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "The Royal Castle". eGuide / Treasures of Warsaw on-line. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
  11. ^
    ISBN 99-86669-30-8
    .
  12. ^ Agnieszka Fryz-Więcek (2005). Świat ze srebra. Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie. p. 55.
  13. ^ a b "Sala operowa". Opera i teatr Władysława IV (in Polish). Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Zamek Królewski za Sasów" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2008.
  15. ^ Marcin Latka. "Altar od king Stanislaus Augustus from the Saxon Chapel at the Royal Castle in Warsaw". Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  16. ^ a b Agnieszka Kania; Monika Bryzek. "Biblioteka Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego (Library of Stanisław August Poniatowski)". wsp.krakow.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ "Royal Castle in Warsaw". castles.info. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  18. ^ a b c d Peter K. Gessner. "Warsaw's Royal Castle and its destruction during the Second World War". info-poland.buffalo.edu. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
  19. ^ a b "Warszawa Zamek Królewski". zamkipolskie.com (in Polish). Retrieved 22 July 2008.
  20. ^ "Pokoje Dworskie". zamek-krolewski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  21. ^ "Galeria Malarstwa, Rzeźby i Sztuki Zdobniczej". zamek-krolewski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  22. ^ a b "Dawna Izba Poselska i sale sąsiednie". zamek-krolewski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  23. ^ "Galeria Lanckorońskich". zamek-krolewski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  24. ^ "Historia dwóch obrazów". zamek-krolewski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  25. ^ "Stradivarius "Polonia" on display in the Royal Castle in Warsaw". Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  26. ^ "Kept in a vault under armed guard, TFN gets exclusive glimpse at 'hugely important' painting hidden from public view for 200 years". Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  27. ^ "Nowe nabytki Zamku – portret Marcella Bacciarellego i kolekcja biskwitów". Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  28. ^ Stuart Dowell (8 January 2024). "First Raphael in Polish collection since theft of 'Portrait of a Young Man' arrives in Warsaw". thefirstnews.com. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  29. ^ "Remont i przebudowa pałacu Pod Blachą". zamek-krolewski.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
  30. ^ a b c "Pałac pod Blachą". warszawa1939.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 23 March 2009.
  31. ^ a b c d ""Under the Metal Roof" Palace (Palac Pod Blacha)". wiezowce.waw.pl. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  32. ^ "Wystawa kobierców wschodnich". zamek-krolewski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 23 March 2009.
  33. ^ "Fundacja Teresy Sahakian". zamek-krolewski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 23 March 2009.
  34. ^ "Historia Repliki Polskich Insygniów Koronacyjnych". replikiregaliowpl.com (in Polish). Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
  35. ^ "Insygnia koronacyjne Królów Polski (1025–2003)". polskiedzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 22 July 2008.
  36. ^ "Akt 5 listopada 1916 roku". dziedzictwo.polska.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
  37. ^ "Wydarzenie". prezydent.pl (in Polish). 2 November 2004. Archived from the original on 28 February 2005. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
  38. ^ a b Jan Mielniczka (29 October 2007). "Legendy o Węgrowie". wegrow.com.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
  39. ^ a b Franciszek Kucharczak (7 August 2007). "Duchotwórca". maly.goscniedzielny.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  40. ^ "Full members". Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  41. ^ "Banknoty i monety". Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  42. ^ Northwest Chicago Historical Society. Newsletter – January 2005; Number 1 www.nwchicagohistory.org Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine

Bibliography

  1. Lileyko Jerzy (1980). Vademecum Zamku Warszawskiego (in Polish). Warsaw.
    ISBN 83-223-1818-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  2. ISBN 83-01-03323-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Castle,_Warsaw&oldid=1219440420"