Royal Engineers

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Corps of Royal Engineers
Chatham, Kent
Motto(s)Ubique and Quo Fas et Gloria Ducunt ("Everywhere" and "Where Right And Glory Lead"; in Latin fas implies "sacred duty")[1]
MarchWings (Quick march)
Websitewww.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/corps-of-royal-engineers/ Edit this at Wikidata
Commanders
Colonel-in-ChiefThe King
Chief Royal EngineerLieutenant General Sir Christopher Tickell
Corps ColonelColonel Richard Hawkins
Insignia
Tactical recognition flash

The Corps of Royal Engineers, usually called the Royal Engineers (RE), and commonly known as the

military engineering and other technical support to the British Armed Forces and is headed by the Chief Royal Engineer. The Corps Headquarters and the Royal School of Military Engineering are in Chatham in Kent, England. The corps is divided into several regiments, barracked at various places in the United Kingdom
and around the world.

History

Corps of Royal Engineers Cypher
Royal Engineers recruitment poster

The Royal Engineers trace their origins back to the military engineers brought to England by William the Conqueror, specifically Bishop Gundulf of Rochester Cathedral, and claim over 900 years of unbroken service to the crown. Engineers have always served in the armies of the Crown; however, the origins of the modern corps, along with those of the Royal Artillery, lie in the Board of Ordnance established in the 15th century.[2]

In

commissioned officers. The manual work was done by the Artificer Companies, made up of contracted civilian artisans and labourers. In 1772, a Soldier Artificer Company was established for service in Gibraltar, the first instance of non-commissioned military engineers. In 1787, the Corps of Engineers was granted the Royal prefix, and adopted its current name; in the same year, a Corps of Royal Military Artificers was formed, consisting of non-commissioned officers and privates, to be led by the Royal Engineers. Ten years later, the Gibraltar company (which had remained separate) was absorbed, and in 1812 the unit's name was changed to the Corps of Royal Sappers and Miners.[2]

The Corps has no battle honours. In 1832, the regimental motto, Ubique & Quo Fas Et Gloria Ducunt ("Everywhere" & "Where Right And Glory Lead"; in Latin fas implies "sacred duty") was granted.[1] The motto signified that the Corps had seen action in all the major conflicts of the British Army and almost all of the minor ones as well.[3][4]

In 1855, the Board of Ordnance was abolished, and authority over the Royal Engineers, Royal Sappers and Miners and Royal Artillery was transferred to the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, thus uniting them with the rest of the Army. The following year, the Royal Engineers and Royal Sappers and Miners became a unified corps as the Corps of Royal Engineers, and their headquarters were moved from the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, to Chatham, Kent.[2]

The re-organisation of the British military that began in the mid-Nineteenth Century and stretched over several decades included the reconstitution of the

Volunteer Force, and the ever-closer organisation of the part-time forces with the regular army.[5] The old Militia had been an infantry force, other than the occasional employment of Militiamen to man artillery defences and other roles on an emergency basis. This changed in 1861, with the conversion of some units to artillery roles. Militia and Volunteer Engineering companies were also created, beginning with the conversion of the militia of Anglesey and Monmouthshire to engineers in 1877. The Militia and Volunteer Force engineers supported the regular Royal Engineers in a variety of roles, including operating the boats required to tend the submarine mine defences that protected harbours in Britain and its empire. These included a submarine mining militia company that was authorised for Bermuda in 1892, but never raised, and the Bermuda Volunteer Engineers that wore Royal Engineers uniforms and replaced the regular Royal Engineers companies withdrawn from the Bermuda Garrison in 1928.[6][7] The various part-time reserve forces were amalgamated into the Territorial Force in 1908,[8] which was retitled the Territorial Army after the First World War, and the Army Reserve in 2014.[9]

Units from the Royal Engineers and Royal Artillery were in Australia, even after Federation.[10]

In 1911 the Corps formed its Air Battalion, the first flying unit of the British Armed Forces. The Air Battalion was the forerunner of the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force.[11]

The

poison gas equipment, repaired guns and heavy equipment, and conducted underground warfare beneath enemy trenches. Support roles included the construction, maintenance and operation of railways, bridges, water supply and inland waterways, as well as telephone, wireless and other communications.[12] As demands on the Corps increased, its manpower was expanded from a total (including reserves) of about 25,000 in August 1914, to 315,000 in 1918.[13]

In 1915, in response to

coal miners from across the country, they operated with great success until 1917, when after the fixed positions broke, they built deep dugouts such as the Vampire dugout to protect troops from heavy shelling.[14]

Before the

Chatham or the Royal Engineer Mounted Depot at Aldershot.[15]

During the 1980s, the Royal Engineers formed the vital component of at least three Engineer Brigades:

29th Engineer Brigade; and 30th Engineer Brigade.[17] After the Falklands War, 37 (FI) Engineer Regiment was active from August 1982 until 14 March 1985.[18]

Regimental museum

The Royal Engineers Museum is in Gillingham in Kent.[19]

Major projects

British Columbia

The

Colony of British Columbia.[20][21]

Royal Albert Hall

Captain Francis Fowke
RE

The

Captain Francis Fowke and Major-General Henry Y. D. Scott of the Royal Engineers and built by Lucas Brothers.[22] The designers were heavily influenced by ancient amphitheatres, but had also been exposed to the ideas of Gottfried Semper while he was working at the Victoria and Albert Museum.[23]

Indian infrastructure

Much of the British colonial era infrastructure of India, of which elements survive today, was created by engineers of the three presidencies' armies and the Royal Engineers. Lieutenant (later General Sir)

Cocanada was made navigable in the 1840s. Such regard for his lasting legacy was shown when in 1983, the Indian Government erected a statue in his memory at Dowleswaram.[24]

Other irrigation and canal projects included the Ganges Canal, where Colonel Sir Colin Scott-Moncrieff (1836–1916) acted as the Chief Engineer and made modifications to the original work. Among other engineers trained in India, Scott-Moncrieff went on to become Under Secretary of State Public Works, Egypt where he restored the Nile barrage and irrigation works of Lower Egypt.[25]

Rideau Canal

The construction of the

New York State, a route which would have left British supply ships vulnerable to attack or a blockade of the St. Lawrence. Construction of the canal was supervised by Lieutenant-Colonel John By of the Royal Engineers. Directed by him, Lieutenant William Denison, determined the strength for construction purposes of old growth timber in the vicinity of Bytown, findings commended by the Institution of Civil Engineers in England.[26]

Dover's Western Heights

Drop Redoubt.

The

programme of fortification in response to Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom. To assist with the movement of troops between Dover Castle
and the town defences Twiss made his case for building the Grand Shaft in the cliff:

"... the new barracks. ... are little more than 300 yards horizontally from the beach. ... and about 180 feet (55 m) above high-water mark, but in order to communicate with them from the centre of town, on horseback the distance is nearly a mile and a half and to walk it about three-quarters of a mile, and all the roads unavoidably pass over ground more than 100 feet (30 m) above the barracks, besides the footpaths are so steep and chalky that a number of accidents will unavoidably happen during the wet weather and more especially after floods. I am therefore induced to recommend the construction of a shaft, with a triple staircase ... the chief objective of which is the convenience and safety of troops ... and may eventually be useful in sending reinforcements to troops or in affording them a secure retreat."[27]

Twiss's plan was approved and building went ahead. The shaft was to be 26 feet (7.9 m) in diameter, 140 feet (43 m) deep with a 180 feet (55 m) gallery connecting the bottom of the shaft to Snargate Street, and all for under an estimated £4000. The plan entailed building two brick-lined shafts, one inside the other. In the outer would be built a triple staircase, the inner acting as a light well with "windows" cut in its outer wall to illuminate the staircases. Apparently, by March 1805 only 40 feet (12 m) of the connecting gallery was left to dig and it is probable that the project was completed by 1807.[27]

Pentonville Prison

Pentonville Prison designed by Capt Joshua Jebb
RE

Two Acts of Parliament allowed for the building of

Pentonville Prison, introducing new concepts such as single cells with good heating, ventilation and sanitation.[28]

Boundary Commissions

Although mapping by what became the Ordnance Survey was born out of military necessity it was soon realised that accurate maps could be also used for civil purposes. The lessons learnt from this first boundary commission were put to good use around the world where members of the Corps have determined boundaries on behalf of the British as well as foreign governments; some notable boundary commissions include:[29]

  • 1839 – Canada-United States
  • 1858 – Canada-United States (Captain (later General Sir) John Hawkins RE)
  • 1856 and 1857 – Russo-Turkish (Lieutenant Colonel (later Sir) Edward Stanton RE)
  • 1857 – Russo-Turkish (Colonel (later Field Marshal Sir) Lintorn Simmons RE)
  • 1878 – Bulgarian
  • 1880 – Græco-Turkish (Major (later Major General Sir) John Ardagh RE)
  • 1884 – Russo-Afghan (Captain (later Colonel Sir) Thomas Holdich RE)
  • 1894 – India-Afghanistan (Captain (later Colonel Sir) Thomas Holdich RE)
  • 1902 – Chile-Argentine (Colonel Sir Delme Radcliffe RE)
  • 1911 – Peru-Bolivia (Major A. J. Woodroffe RE)

Much of this work continues to this day. The reform of the voting franchise brought about by the Reform Act (1832), demanded that boundary commissions were set up. Lieutenants Dawson and Thomas Drummond (1797–1839), Royal Engineers, were employed to gather the statistical information upon which the Bill was founded, as well as determining the boundaries and districts of boroughs. It was said that the fate of numerous boroughs fell victim to the heliostat and the Drummond light, the instrument that Drummond invented whilst surveying in Ireland.[30]

Abney Level

An

Royal Engineer, an English astronomer and chemist best known for his pioneering of colour photography and colour vision. Abney invented this instrument under the employment of the Royal School of Military Engineering in Chatham, England, in the 1870s.[31]

H.M. Dockyards

In 1873, Captain Henry Brandreth RE was appointed Director of the Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, later the

Admiralty Works Department. Following this appointment many Royal Engineer officers superintended engineering works at Royal Navy Dockyards in various parts of the world, including the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda, home base for vessels of the North America and West Indies Station.[32]

1848 Woodcut of HMD Bermuda, Ireland Island, Bermuda.
Chatham Dockyard
Slip 7 at Chatham Dockyard, designed by Col. G. Greene RE
Slip 3 at Chatham Dockyard, designed and built by the Corps

Chatham, being the home of the Corps, meant that the Royal Engineers and the Dockyard had a close relationship since Captain Brandreth's appointment. At the Chatham Dockyard, Captain Thomas Mould RE designed the iron roof trusses for the covered slips, 4, 5 and 6. Slip 7 was designed by Colonel Godfrey Greene RE on his move to the Corps from the Bengal Sappers & Miners. In 1886 Major Henry Pilkington RE was appointed Superintendent of Engineering at the Dockyard, moving on to Director of Engineering at the Admiralty in 1890 and Engineer-in-Chief of Naval Loan Works, where he was responsible for the extension of all major Dockyards at home and abroad.[33]

Trades

ME – Fabricator in Iraq
ME – Armoured operating an AVRE in Canada

All members of the Royal Engineers are trained combat engineers and all sappers (privates) and non-commissioned officers also have another trade. These trades include: air conditioning fitter, electrician, general fitter, plant operator mechanic, plumber, bricklayer, plasterer / painter, carpenter & joiner, fabricator, building materials technician, design draughtsman, electrical & mechanical draughtsman, geographic support technician, survey engineer, armoured engineer, driver, engineer IT, engineer logistics specialist, amphibious engineer, bomb disposal specialist, diver or search specialist.[34] They may also undertake the specialist selection and training to qualify as Commandos or Military Parachutists. Women are eligible for all Royal Engineer specialities.[35]

Units

The Royal School of Military Engineering

HQ Royal School of Military Engineering.

The

Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), and counter terrorist search training. Located on several sites in Chatham, Kent, Camberley in Surrey and Bicester in Oxfordshire the Royal School of Military Engineering offers training facilities for the full range of Royal Engineer skills. The RSME was founded by Major (later General Sir) Charles Pasley, as the Royal Engineer Establishment in 1812.[36] It was renamed the School of Military Engineering in 1868 and granted the "Royal" prefix in 1962.[37]

  • Royal School of Military Engineering[38]
    • Combat Engineer School
      • 3 Royal School of Military Engineering Regiment, in Minley:[39]
        • 55 Training Squadron
        • 57 Training Squadron
        • 63 Headquarters and Training Support Squadron
      • Communication Information Systems Wing
    • Construction Engineer School
      • 1 Royal School of Military Engineering Regiment, in Chatham:[39]
        • 24 Training Squadron
        • 36 Training Squadron
        • Boat Operations
        • Hackett Troop (Plant)
      • Civil Engineering Wing
      • Electrical and Mechanical Wing
    • Royal Engineers Warfare Wing (Founded in 2011 and split between Brompton Barracks, Chatham and Gibraltar Barracks at Minley in Hampshire, this is the product of the amalgamation between Command Wing, where Command and Tactics were taught and Battlefield Engineering Wing, where combat engineering training was facilitated.)
      • United Kingdom Mine Information and Training Centre
    • Defence Explosive Munitions and Search School (formally Defence EOD School and the National Search Centre)
  • 28 Training Squadron, Army Training Regiment[40]
  • Diving Training Unit (Army), (DTU(A))[41]
  • Band of the Corps of Royal Engineers (The band are part of the Royal Corps of Army Music)[42]

Corps' Ensign

Camp Gate Flag of the Royal Engineers
Royal Engineers' Ensign

The Royal Engineers, Ports Section, operated harbours and ports for the army and used mainly specialised vessels such as tugs and dredgers. During the Second World War the Royal Engineers' Blue Ensign was flown from the Mulberry harbours.[43]

Bishop Gundulf, Rochester and King's Engineers

Rochester Castle from across the Medway. Engraving from image by G.F. Sargent c1836.
Rochester Cathedral from the West

William Rufus he also undertook building work on Rochester Castle. Having served three kings of England and earning "the favour of them all", Gundulf is accepted as the first "King's Engineer".[44]

Corps Band

Musicians from the Band of the Corps of Royal Engineers during a Medals Parade for 32 Engineer Regiment.

The Band of the Corps of the Royal Engineers is the official

Queen Elizabeth II Bridge.[45]

The Institution of Royal Engineers

The Ravelin Building at the Royal School of Military Engineering, Chatham, is now home to the Institution and the Corps Museum.

The Institution of Royal Engineers, the

Brompton in Chatham, Kent.[46]

Royal Engineers Journal - published tri-annually and contains articles with a military engineering connection. The first Journal was published in August 1870. The idea for the publication was proposed at the Corps Meeting of May 1870 by Major R Harrison and seconded By Captain R Home, who became its first editor (The Journal eventually superseded the Professional Papers, which were started by Lieutenant WT Denison in 1837 and continued to be published until 1918).[47]

The History of the Corps of Royal Engineers is currently in its 12th volume. The first two volumes were written by Major General Whitworth Porter and published in 1889.[48]

The Sapper is published by the Royal Engineers Central Charitable Trust and is a bi-monthly magazine for all ranks.[49]

The Royal Engineers' Association

The present Royal Engineers Association promotes and supports the Corps among members of the Association in the following ways:[50][47]

  • By fostering esprit de corps and a spirit of comradeship and service.
  • By maintaining an awareness of Corps traditions.
  • By acting as a link between serving and retired members of the Corps.
  • To provide financial and other assistance to serving and former members of the Corps, their wives, widows and dependants who are in need through poverty.
  • To make grants, within Association guidelines, to the Army Benevolent Fund and to other charities which further the objectives of the Association.

Sport

Royal Engineers' Yacht Club

Un-defaced Blue Ensign flown by members of the REYC.
REYC Burgee.

The Royal Engineers' Yacht Club, which dates back to 1812, promotes the skill of watermanship in the Royal Engineers.[51]

They have entered every Fastnet Race since the second in 1926, which they won sailing IIlex.[52]

Royal Engineers Amateur Football Club

The club was founded in 1863, under the leadership of Major

combination game" was first used by the Royal Engineers A.F.C. in the early 1870s.[53][54][55]
Wall states that the "Sappers moved in unison" and showed the "advantages of combination over the old style of individualism".

FA Cup
Rich
.

The Engineers played in

Their greatest triumph was the

1878, again losing to the Wanderers.[56] They last participated in 1882–83 FA Cup, losing 6–2 in the fourth round to Old Carthusians F.C.[56]

The Engineers' Depot Battalion won the FA Amateur Cup in 1908.[59]

On 7 November 2012, the Royal Engineers played against the Wanderers in a remake of the 1872 FA Cup Final at The Oval. Unlike the actual final, the Engineers won, and by a large margin, 7–1 being the final score.[60]

Rugby

The Army were represented in the very first international by two members of the Royal Engineers, both playing for England, Lieutenant Charles Arthur Crompton RE and Lieutenant Charles Sherrard RE.[61]

Related units

Several Corps have been formed from the Royal Engineers.

Notable personnel

Engineering equipment

Order of precedence

Preceded by
Order of Precedence
Succeeded by

Decorations

Victoria Cross

The following Royal Engineers have been awarded the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.[71]

Lt. John Chard, RE. Eleven Victoria Crosses were won during the battle, including one by Chard. Painting by Alphonse de Neuville

The Sapper VCs

In 1998, HMSO published an account of the 55 British and Commonwealth 'Sappers' who have been awarded the Victoria Cross. The book was written by Colonel GWA Napier, former Royal Engineers officer and a former Director of the Royal Engineers Museum. The book defines a 'Sapper' as any "member of a British or Empire military engineer corps, whatever their rank, speciality or national allegiance", and is thus not confined to Royal Engineers.[72]

Memorials

Rivalry

The Royal Engineers have a traditional rivalry with the Royal Artillery (the Gunners).[74]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "No. 18952". The London Gazette. 10 July 1832. p. 1583.
  2. ^ a b c "A brief history of the Royal Engineers" (PDF). The Masons Livery Company. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  3. ^ British Army Website: Corps of Royal Engineers Badges and Emblems Archived 22 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  4. Gale and Polden
    Ltd. p. 36
  5. ^ War Office Circular, 12 May 1859, published in The Times, 13 May.
  6. ^ Army Notes. Royal United Services Institution Journal, Volume 73, Issue 490, 1928
  7. ^ "ARMY ESTIMATES, 1928". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 8 March 1928.
  8. ^ Tony Mason and Eliza Ried, Sport and the Military: The British Armed Forces 1880–1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) p.39
  9. ^ "Territorial Army 'to be renamed the Army Reserve'". BBC News. 14 October 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  10. ^ "Our history". Australian Army. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  11. ^ a b "The Air Battalion". The RAF Museum. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  12. ^ "The Corps of Royal Engineers in the First World War". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  13. ^ "The Corps of Royal Engineers". National Army Museum. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  14. ^ "Tunnelling Companies in the Great War". Tunnellers Memorial. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  15. ^ War Office, His Majesty's Army, 1938
  16. ^ Kendall, Brigadier A J V (September 1985). ""If You Know of a Better 'Ole, Go to It": The Development of Airfield Damage Repair"" (PDF). The Royal Engineers Journal. 99 (3): 153–onwards. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  17. ^ Isby and Kamps, Armies of NATO's Central Front.
  18. ^ RE Journal, Vol 99, No. 3, p.141
  19. ^ "Royal Engineers Museum". British listed buildings. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  20. ^ Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 90, Issue 1887, 1887, pp. 453-455, OBITUARY. MAJOR-GENERAL RICHARD CLEMENT MOODY, R.E., 1813-1181.
  21. ^ "The Royal Engineers: Colonel Richard Clement Moody". Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  22. required.)
  23. ^ "Royal Albert Hall". Famous Wonders. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  24. ^ Cotton, Lady (1900). General Sir Arthur Cotton, RE, KCSI: His Life and Work. Hodder & Stoughton.
  25. ^ Scott-Moncrieff, Sir Colin Campbell. The Indian Biographical Dictionary. 1915.
  26. ^ Watson, Ken. "Bye By: The Story of Lieutenant-Colonel John By, R.E. and his fall from grace". Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  27. ^ .
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  31. .
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  36. ^ Corps History Part 6 Archived 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine Royal Engineers Museum
  37. ^ Corps History Part 17 Archived 30 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Royal Engineers Museum
  38. ^ "Royal School of Military Engineering". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  39. ^ a b "Royal Engineers Units". British Army. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
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  41. ^ "Diving Training Unit (Army)". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  42. ^ "Band of the Corps of Royal Engineers". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  43. ^ "Flag, Blue Ensign: Royal Engineers". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  44. ^ "The Towers that Gundulf Built". Kate Shrewsday. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  45. ^ ether (25 March 2014). "The Band of the Corps of the Royal Engineers". Kent County Show. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  46. ^ "The Institution of Royal Engineers". Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  47. ^ a b Baker Brown, W (1952). History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol IV. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
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  49. ^ "The Sapper Magazine". Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  50. ^ "Royal Engineers' Association". Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  51. ^ "Sapper Sailing". Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  52. ^ "About". sappersailing.org. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
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  54. ^ Cox, Richard (2002) The Encyclopaedia of British Football, Routledge, United Kingdom
  55. ^ History of Football Archived 18 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ^ a b c d Royal Engineers A.F.C. at the Football Club History Database
  57. ^ "The English Association Football Challenge Cup". Montrose, Arbroath and Brechin Review. 19 March 1875. p. 4. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
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  59. ^ "History Section – Welfare and Sports". Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
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  71. ^ "Royal Engineers". Retrieved 31 January 2015.
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  74. ^ "Royal Regiment of Artillery/Corps of Royal Engineers". Hansard. 4 July 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2020.

Further reading

External links