Royal Malaysian Air Force
Royal Malaysian Air Force | |
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Tanker | KC-130 |
The Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF,
History
Early years
The Malaysian air forces trace their lineage to the Malayan Auxiliary Air Force formations of the
On 2 June 1958 the MVAF finally became the Royal Federation of Malaya Air Force (RFMAF), this date is celebrated as RMAF Day yearly, the Royal title granted by Parliament in honor of its contributions to national defence during the Emergency and the transition to independent status.
On 25 October 1962, after the end of the Malayan Emergency, the RAF handed over their first airfields in Malaya to the RFMAF, at
With the formation of
Modernisation
With the withdrawal of British military forces, RMAF underwent gradual modernisation from the 1970s to the 1990s. The
On 8 December 2005, four
In March 2007, then-Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister Najib Razak notified the public that the MiG-29 would continue in service until 2010. Later that year, Najib announced the Sikorsky S-61A4 Nuri helicopter, in service since 1968 with 89 crew members killed in 15 accidents, would be phased out by 2012 and replaced by the Eurocopter EC725.[4] Deputy RMAF Chief Lieutenant General Bashir Abu Bakar told the media after opening Heli-Asia 2007, that tender assessment for the replacement of the Sikorsky S-61A-4 Nuri would occur in early 2008.[5] At the 12th Defence Services Asia (DSA) exhibition 2010,[6] a Letter of Agreement (LOA) was signed for 12 EC725 helicopters to be supplied to the RMAF.[7]
The RMAF currently has a MRCA replacement program to replace the
RMAF also has a Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA) program in pipe line. In December 2017, the RMAF's Brigadier General Yazid Bin Arshad announced it had shortlisted four aircraft types to replace the force's ageing fleet of Beechcraft Super King Air maritime patrol aircraft. The selected types are the EADS CASA C-295 from Airbus, the P-8 Poseidon from Boeing, ATR 72 MP from ATR, a joint venture between Airbus and Leonardo, and the CASA/IPTN CN-235, which could be provided by either Airbus or Indonesian Aerospace, which acquired a licence to produce it.[9]
It was reported on 7 January 2020 that the RMAF grounded its Sikorsky S61A-4 Nuri helicopters and RMAF General Ackbal Abdul Samad remarked that there was an evaluation of a new utility helicopter to replace the Sikorsky S61A-4 Nuri.[10]
Chiefs of the Royal Malaysian Air Force
Ranks
Until the late 1970s, the Royal Malaysian Air Force used the same officer ranking system as the Royal Air Force. They were replaced by army-style designations and given Malay title equivalents, but the sleeve insignia remained the same mirroring the RAF practice, but all General Officers wear 1 to 5 stars on the shoulder board in addition to the existing sleeve insignia. The list of ranks which are currently used are shown below (in descending order). NCOs and enlisted ranks remained unchanged, and retain their pre-1970s names.
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | Officer cadet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commander-in-Chief | Generals | Senior officers | Junior officers | Officer Cadets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pemerintah Tertinggi | Pegawai Tinggi | Pegawai Kanan | Pegawai Muda | Pegawai Kadet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Royal Malaysian Air Force[11] |
No insignia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Marsyal tentera udara | Jeneral TUDM | Leftenan jeneral TUDM | Mejar jeneral TUDM | Brigedier jeneral TUDM | Kolonel TUDM | Leftenan kolonel TUDM | Mejar TUDM | Kapten TUDM | Leftenan TUDM | Leftenan muda TUDM | Pegawai kadet |
All officers, with the exception of the Marshal of the Royal Malaysian Air Force apply the Air Force acronym (RMAF, TUDM) to their rank title, to differentiate from their Malaysian Army equivalents. For example, a Colonel in the Air Force would be titled Colonel, RMAF or Kolonel, TUDM in Malay.
Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Warrant Officers | Senior Non-Commissioned Officers | Junior Non-Commissioned Officers | Others | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pegawai Waran | Pegawai Tanpa Tauliah Kanan | Pegawai Tanpa Tauliah Rendah | Lain-lain | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Royal Malaysian Air Force |
No insignia | No insignia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pegawai waran udara I | Pegawai waran udara II | Flait sarjan | Sarjan udara | Koperal udara | Laskar udara kanan | Laskar udara I | Laskar udara II | Perajurit muda | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Warrant officer class I | Warrant officer class II | Flight sergeant | Sergeant | Corporal | Leading aircraftman | Aircraftman first class | Aircraftman second class | Recruit |
Royal Malaysian Air Force regiment
The RMAF Regiment is the ground and air defence support unit of the RMAF. The regiment is composed of five sub-units tasked with fulfilling the RMAF's mission. These units are:
- PASKAU
The special forces arm of the RMAF is known as PASKAU (a Malay acronym for Pasukan Khas Udara, which loosely translates as 'Special Air Service'). PASKAU was formed in response to a mortar attack by the then Communist Party of Malaya on a DHC-4 Caribou in the 1970s at the Kuala Lumpur Air Base. During peacetime, the unit is tasked with responding to aircraft hijacking incidents as well as protecting the country's numerous RMAF airbases and civilian airports. Its wartime roles include ground designation, sabotaging of enemy air assets and equipment and the defence of RMAF aircraft and bases. This unit is also deployed for counter-terrorism duties as well as Urban warfare/Close quarters combat.
- HANDAU
HANDAU is the former name given to RMAF special forces PASKAU. HANDAU is presently tasked with on-base security as security troopers. They can be called to any special tasks (notably counter terrorism) along with any armed incidents which may occur on base and can be called to assist RMAF provost officers in handling armed incidents. Their roles are not to be confused with the now PASKAU and the RMAF Provost Unit (which is tasked with upholding military law on base) as they primarily serve as on-ground security combat forces (modelled after the US Air Force Security Forces). HANDAU and PASKAU are now separated into two different units with one serving as a special force of the RMAF and the other as on base security troopers and a ground security combat force. They can be recognised by their standard RMAF berets with the HANDAU cap badge and their vests with the text "HANDAU".
- RMAF Provost Unit
This is the military police unit of the RMAF regiment, mandated to provide military police duties in RMAF airbases.
- RMAF Infantry
The unit that is equipped with firearms for combat duties. They are tasked as a support element for airforce special forces and are heliborne trained.
- RMAF Ground Air Defence Artillery
This regiment responsible for providing air defense protection by using Ground Base Air Defence (GBAD) to the important places such as airbases as well as RMAF asset.
Aerobatic team
The Kris Sakti (English: Magic Dagger) is the aerobatic display team of the Royal Malaysian Air Force. It made its debut on 2011 Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition in December 2011. They operated four Extra 300L aircraft.[12]
The Smokey Bandits is the aircraft aerobatic display team under the Royal Malaysian Air Force. This team operates five Mikoyan MiG-29 fighter aircraft and based in RMAF Kuantan. The team's name is taken from the smoke emissions from two Russian-made fighter aircraft engines when operating at full thrust. The team was first established in 2001.[13][14]
Squadrons
Division | Squadron | Aircraft | Airbase |
1 Division | 2 Squadron | Global Express, Boeing BBJ (737-700) | Subang AFB |
3 Squadron | AgustaWestland AW139 | Butterworth AFB | |
8 Squadron | Airbus A400M | Subang AFB | |
10 Squadron | Eurocopter EC-725 | Kuantan AFB | |
11 Squadron | UAS | Labuan AFB | |
12 Squadron | Su-30MKM Flanker | Gong Kedak AFB | |
15 Squadron | BAE Hawk 108/208 | Butterworth AFB | |
16 Squadron | Beechcraft 200T | Subang AFB | |
17 Squadron | Butterworth AFB | ||
18 Squadron | Boeing F/A-18D Hornet | Butterworth AFB | |
20 Squadron | Lockheed C-130H Hercules, KC-130T | Subang AFB | |
21 Squadron | CN235-220M, CN235-220M VIP | Subang AFB | |
2 Division | 1 Squadron | CN-235-220M | Kuching AFB |
5 Squadron | Eurocopter EC-725 | Labuan AFB | |
6 Squadron | BAE Hawk 108/Hawk 208 | Labuan AFB | |
14 Squadron | Lockheed C-130H Hercules | Labuan AFB | |
Training Division | 1 FTC | PC-7 Mk II | Alor Setar AFB |
2 FTC | EC-120B | Alor Setar AFB | |
3 FTC | Kuantan AFB |
Airfields/Airbases
List:
- TUDM F/A-18 Hornets)
- TUDM RMAF Kuantan)
- TUDM Su-30MKMs)
- TUDM BAE Hawks)
- TUDM Kuala Lumpur (RMAF Kuala Lumpur)
- TUDM RMAF Subang)
- TUDM RMAF Kuching)
- TUDM Alor Setar, Kedah (RMAF Alor Setar) (Air Force Academy)
- TUDM Ipoh, Perak (RMAF Ipoh) (Air Force School)
- TUDM Bukit Lunchu, Johor (RMAF Bukit Lunchu) (Control and Reporting Post)
- TUDM Kinrara, Selangor(RMAF Kinrara) (School of Logistic Management; also houses a central hospital facility)
- TUDM Jugra, Selangor (RMAF Jugra) (PASKAU headquarters)
- TUDM Bukit Ibam, Pahang (RMAF Bukit Ibam)
- TUDM Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan (RMAF Sendayan) (Military administration centre)
Equipment
Present development
RMAF has traditionally looked to the West for its purchases, primarily to the United States and Europe. However, RMAF also considers purchases from Russia and other non-traditional sources for its modernisation program.[15]
Multi-role combat aircraft
As a part of the Malaysia's Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA) program, Malaysia is looking to replace its aging MiG-29 and F-5 fighters[16][17] with possibly the F/A-18 Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter, JAS 39 Gripen, Sukhoi Su-30/35 or the Mikoyan MiG-35.[18][19][20][21][22] Dassault Rafale has offered a financial package with a ten-year repayment loan from a French commercial bank and guaranteed by the government of France to assist procurement of their fighter.[23] This offer was countered by BAE Systems' Eurofighter Typhoon and Saab JAS 39 Gripen, which have offered competitive leasing deals instead.[16][24][25] EADS and BAE Systems has each offered to set up joint venture companies for maintenance and repair of its aircraft if it is selected, along with competitive financial support extended by the United Kingdom government.[26]
Russia is ready to offer their jet fighters to meet Malaysia's requirements.[27] The Russian defence export corporation, Rosoboronexport, which supplied the Royal Malaysian Air Force with the Sukhoi Su-30MKM, expressed its readiness to discuss the prospect of establishing joint licensed production facilities in Malaysia.[28] The Russians have argued that despite some initial advantages, especially in terms of meeting the high cost for maintenance, fuel, parts and insurance in the short term, the lessors of the aircraft will require frequent checks to be assured that the terms of the lease are upheld, and the aircraft will eventually have to be returned after the lease period is up. As such, leasing a fighter aircraft will have significant drawbacks in the defence of the sovereignty of the nation.[21] Instead, the Russian are offering their Sukhoi Su-35 at lower prices than their western rivals. However, according to the Malaysian Ministry of Defence, the race for new fighter jets has narrowed down to the Rafale and the Eurofighter Typhoon instead.[29]
Following a visit by the French President also in early 2017, Malaysia said they remained undecided whether to buy the French fighter, although it had become the leader on the list of all jet fighters suggested,[30] with Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak assuring the French President that they were considering to buy.[31] The French government confirmed that negotiation was on the way, although no final deal has yet been signed.[32]
Due to the delay in the MRCA program and also an increase in tensions in the South China Sea, it was believed that there was an immediate requirement for new fighters.[33] Following the visit of the Saudi King in early 2017, Malaysia was reportedly seeking to buy excess Royal Saudi Air Force or other Arab nation's jet fighters and helicopters.[34]
In December 2021, Deputy Defense Minister
Light combat aircraft
In 2019, Malaysia formally launched its Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) program.
In February 2023, Ministry of Defence has chosen FA-50 Block 20 from South Korea for the new RMAF's LCA/FLIT.[46]
Maritime patrol aircraft
Malaysia also urgently needs to boost its maritime patrol capability with a new maritime patrol aircraft. In response to this need, Malaysia has launched its Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA) program. At first, Malaysia was reportedly considering an offer from Japan for the used P-3C Orion but this intention was cancelled due to high cost for refurbishment and maintenance the used aircraft.[47] In December 2017, the Royal Malaysian Air Force's Brigadier General Yazid Bin Arshad announced that it had shortlisted four aircraft to replace the force's ageing fleet of Beechcraft Super King Air. The candidates were the EADS CASA C-295 from Airbus, the P-8 Poseidon from Boeing, ATR 72 MP from ATR, a joint venture between Airbus and Leonardo, and the CASA/IPTN CN-235, which could be provided by either Airbus or Indonesian Aerospace, which acquired a licence to produce it. The new MPA procurement would start in 2021 after the government gives approval for the Royal Malaysian Air Force for the acquisition of such aircraft in the budget hearing at the end of 2020.[48] In 2021, the RMAF has confirmed that it will procure six new maritime patrol aircraft to replace its Beechcraft Super King Air.[49] In addition, Malaysia also launched its second MPA program which was the conversion of the existing fleet of CASA/IPTN CN-235 transport aircraft to the maritime patrol role. This program started at the end of 2020 and is intended as an interim solution while waiting for a newly ordered aircraft to be commissioned.[50]
As of March 2022, the procurement process of the MPA is still at the Ministry of Finance level, and there are several candidates (aircraft companies) who have been shortlisted for further action.[51]
In October 2022, the Malaysian government has finalised a tender to procure two maritime patrol aircraft (MPA) for the country's air force and will soon award a contract for this programme to
Airborne early warning and control aircraft
Malaysia has also planned to acquire airborne early warning and control aircraft. Saab is pitching their airborne early warning and control aircraft, the Global Eye, which is the Bombardier 6000 equipped with Erieye radar system and is looking for local partners in Malaysia for manufacturing and maintenance, repair and overhaul.[53]
Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle
As a part of the modernization program, Malaysia also intends to acquire six
As of March 2022, it is reported the program is currently undergoing physical evaluation stage which has been shortlisted by the Procurement Board of the Ministry of Defence, and this process is still ongoing.[51]
In October 2022, Malaysia's Defence Minister, Hishammudin Hussein announced that the Turkish Aerospace Industries Anka is selected for the procurement of three MALE-UAS units.[57]
Utility helicopter
In 2007,
Although there was a plan to replace all the Sikorsky S-61A-4 Nuri, due to budget constraints the government only managed to buy 12 Eurocopter EC725. For this reason, Nuri helicopters were still active in service until 2019. In LIMA 2019, Malaysia also expressed interest to buy Mil Mi-171 ( modified armed version for Mil Mi-17) from Russia. It was reported on 7 January 2020 that the RMAF grounded its Nuri helicopters and RMAF General Ackbal Abdul Samad remarked that there was an evaluation of a new utility helicopter to replace all the remaining Nuri.[10]
In 2021, 4 AgustaWestland AW139 were leased from a Malaysian aviation company, Weststar Aviation, as temporary replacement before the eventual procurement of new 24 helicopters to replace the S-61A4 Nuri.[59]
Ground-based radar
In 2019, it is confirmed that RMAF sought for three new ground-based radar. The major contenders of this project would be the Thales Ground Master 400, Selex RAT-31, Giraffe radar and Lockheed Martin TPS-77 MMR.[60]
In 2021, it is reported the US Department of Defense has 'gifted' an export version of Lockheed Martin TPS-77 MMR to Malaysia in order to provide secure interoperable C3I (Command Control Communications and Intelligence) and Sensor systems supporting U.S. Joint Air Operations to US Government FMS (Foreign Military Sales) customers.[61][62] Through LIMA 2023, Malaysia has awarded Thales for the procurement of one unit Ground Master 400 radar for the RMAF.[63]
Medium-range air defence
In 2021, it was confirmed that RMAF sought for a regiment of medium-range air defence system to improve the national air defence capabilities.[64] The contenders for the program are still unknown.
In 2014, a Malaysian private company signed a memorandum of understanding with a Chinese defence firm to acquire Chinese LY-80 medium range air defence missile, but the government of Malaysia did not endorse it.[65][66]
Incidents and accidents
- Since 1989, around 95 armed forces personnel (most of those are the RMAF) have been killed in 18 crashes involving the ageing type American-made EC725 helicopter to replace it. But with the nation having ordered only 12 of a planned 28 EC725 helicopters as replacements, the RMAF was forced to prolong the life of its Sikorskys.[68] On October 21, 2016, it was reported that a Canadian helicopter company Heli-One will upgrade all Malaysia's Nuri helicopter.[69]
- On November 9, 2004, a Kemaman, Terengganu. The pilot survived the crash.[70]
- In May 2008, two J85-GE-21 engines that power the Government of Uruguay and the Malaysian government is proceeding with the necessary measures to secure their return. Investigations showed that the engines were taken out of the RMAF base between 20 December 2007 to 1 January 2008 before being sent to a warehouse in Subang Jaya to be shipped out of Malaysia to South America.[74][75]
- On February 26, 2016, the Indonesian made-CN-235-220M version were forced to make an emergency landing into a mangrove swamp near Kuala Selangor due to engine failure.[76] The co-pilot sustained a broken left arm during the incident while the rest of the crew managed to escape without any major injuries. A fisherman who were trying to help the crews out of the aircraft were reported drowned after his foot got stuck in the mud. The black box from the aircraft was eventually found on the next day and was sent to Bandung, Indonesia for it to be analyzed by the Indonesian manufacturer over the cause of the accident.[77]
- On May 17, 2016, an Italian made Aermacchi MB-339 crashed into a paddy field near Nenasi, Pahang during its training mission from Kuantan Airbase. Both crew members managed to eject from the aircraft with one suffered from a broken leg during the eject.[78]
- On December 21, 2016, an American-made Butterworth airbase during its training mission from Subang airbase, killing one pilot, leaving the other three injured.[79]
- On June 14, 2017, two pilots were killed after a British-made BAE Hawk (Mk 108) crashed at the Pahang - Terengganu border.[80] Previously, several other Hawks had crashed during training missions.[81]
- On November 16, 2021, at around 10:07pm, a British-made
See also
- Malaysian Armed Forces
- Malaysia Coast Guard
- Royal Malaysia Police
- Royal Johor Military Force
- Joint Forces Command
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