Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
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Royal Netherlands East Indies Army | ||
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Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger | ||
Active | 14 September 1814–26 July 1950 | |
Countries | Dutch East Indies | |
Allegiance | Netherlands | |
Type | Army | |
Headquarters | Bandung, Dutch East Indies | |
Nickname(s) | KNIL | |
Engagements | First expedition to Palembang 1819 Java War 1825–1830 Padri War 1821–1837 Expeditions to Bali 1846–1849 Expedition to the western section of Borneo 1850–1854 Palembang Highlands Expeditions 1851–1859 Banjarmasin War 1859-1867 Second Bone War 1859–1860 Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem 1894 Kerinci Expedition 1903 Aceh War 1873–1904 World War II
Commander See list | |
Notable commanders | Hein ter Poorten Simon Spoor | |
Aircraft flown | ||
Army Air Force |
The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (
History
1814–1942
The KNIL was formed by royal decree on 14 September 1814.
The KNIL was involved in many campaigns against indigenous groups in the area including the
In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the KNIL resumed the conquest of the Indonesian archipelago. After 1904 the Netherlands East Indies were considered pacified, with no large-scale armed opposition to Dutch rule until World War II, and the KNIL served a mainly defensive role protecting the Dutch East Indies from the possibility of foreign invasion.
Once the archipelago was considered pacified the KNIL was mainly involved with military policing tasks. To ensure a sizeable European military segment in the KNIL and reduce costly recruitment in Europe, the colonial government introduced obligatory military service for all resident male conscripts in the European legal class in 1917.[5] In 1922 a supplemental legal enactment introduced the creation of the Home Guard (Dutch: Landstorm) for European conscripts older than 32.[6]
World War II
Dutch forces in the Netherlands East Indies were severely weakened by the
During the
A handful of soldiers, mostly indigenous personnel, mounted guerrilla campaigns against the Japanese. These were usually unknown to, and unassisted by, the Allies until the end of the war.
During early 1942, some KNIL personnel escaped to Australia. Some indigenous personnel were interned in Australia under suspicion of sympathies with the Japanese. The remainder began a long process of re-grouping. In late 1942, a failed attempt to land in East Timor, to reinforce Australian commandos waging a guerrilla campaign ended with the loss of 60 Dutch personnel.
Four "Netherlands East Indies" squadrons (the RAAF-NEI squadrons) were formed from ML-KNIL personnel, under the auspices of the Royal Australian Air Force, with Australian ground staff.
KNIL infantry forces (much like their
Just south of Casino, New South Wales, a camp was established in 1942 for a KNIL Technical Battalion. Upon the declaration of the Indonesian Republic, the Dutch soldiers in that battalion interned and imprisoned 500 of their Indonesian native comrades within the camp. Harsh treatment and penalties were issued out by the Dutch on any independence seeking soldiers. This led to the deaths of two KNIL native soldiers; one was a possible suicide and the other was a protest leader. This brought about condemnation from Australian locals, who forced the Australian authorities to repatriate all the imprisoned soldiers, despite being reluctant to heed earlier requests for assistance.[10]
1945–1950
Following World War II, the KNIL was used in
The KNIL was disbanded by 26 July 1950 with its indigenous personnel being given the option of demobilising or joining the newly formed
Recruiting
During its formation, it was stated that the KNIL would include both European and indigenous soldiers. In the beginning the KNIL was equally divided, which meant that half the army consisted of European soldiers, while the other half was made up of indigenous soldiers.
In 1884 personnel strength was numbered at 13,492 European, 14,982 Indonesian, 96 African (though some sources put the number of Africans much higher [20]) and at least 1,666 Eurasian recruits. The officer corps was wholly European and was probably close to 1,300. There were also about 1,300 horses.[21] Recruitment was carried out in the Netherlands and Indonesia, with over 1,000 Dutch subjects and 500 foreigners enlisting annually. The foreign troops consisted of Flemish, German, Swiss, and French volunteers. Walloons, Arabs, and nationals of both the United Kingdom and United States were forbidden from serving. Other foreigners who could not prove fluency in either Dutch or German were also not accepted for service.[21]
It was against the law to send Dutch conscripts from the Netherlands to the East Indies but Dutch volunteers continued to enlist for colonial service in the KNIL. In 1890 a
During the
-
Isaac Israëls, Het transport der kolonialen (Transport of the Colonial Soldiers), showing recruits for the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army marching through Rotterdam to their transport to the Dutch East Indies[24]
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Cavalry of the Royal Dutch East Indies Army in 1906 during the Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)
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Paratroopers are being prepared for an action (1948)
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Decorated indigenous KNIL soldiers, 1927
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Indigenous KNIL troops, 1938
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The Vickers light amphibious tank was used by Dutch forces in the East Indies.
Ranks
- Officers
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | Officer cadet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (1942–1950) |
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Generaal[25] | Luitenant-generaal | Generaal-majoor[26] | Kolonel[26][27] | Luitenant-kolonel | Majoor | Kapitein[28] | 1e Luitenant[29][30] | 2e Luitenant[31] |
- Others
Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (1942–1950) |
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Onderluitenant | Adjudant | Sergeant majoor | Sergeant[32] | Sergeant der 2e Klass[27] | Korporaal | 1e Soldaat | Soldaat |
Commanders
- 1815-1819 General-major Carl Heinrich Wilhelm Anthing
- 1819-1822 General-major Hendrik Merkus de Kock
- 1822-1828 General-major Josephus Jacobus van Geen
- 1829-1830 General-major Hendrik Merkus de Kock
- 1830-1835 Luitenant-generaal Hubert de Stuers
- 1835-1847 General-major Frans David Cochius
- 1847-1849 General-major Carel van der Wijck
- 1849-1851 Luitenant-generaal Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- 1851-1854 General-major Gerhardus Bakker
- 1854-1858 Luitenant-generaal François de Stuers
- 1858-1862 Luitenant-generaal Jan van Swieten
- 1862-1865 Luitenant-generaal Charles Pierre Schimpf
- 1865-1869 Luitenant-generaal Augustus Johannes Andresen
- 1869-1873 Luitenant-generaal Willem Egbert Kroesen
- 1873-1875 Luitenant-generaal Nicolaus Whitton
- 1875-1879 Luitenant-generaal Gillis Pieter de Neve
- 1879-1883 Luitenant-generaal Huibert Gerard Boumeester
- 1883-1887 Luitenant-generaal Karel Lodewijk Pfeiffer
- 1887-1889 Luitenant-generaal Anthonie Haga
- 1889-1893 Luitenant-generaal Theodoor van Zijll de Jong
- 1893-1895 Luitenant-generaal Adriaan Gey van Pittius
- 1895-1897 Luitenant-generaal Jacobus Augustinus Vetter
- 1897-1900 Luitenant-generaal Lammert Swart
See also
- Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Women's Corps (VK-KNIL) — women's branch of the KNIL, 1944–1950
- British Indian Army — having a similar function in British India
Notes
- ^ The complicated story of the disbanding of the KNIL is set out briefly here. For a more extended analysis see Manuhutu (1987); Steylen (1996: 33–63); van Amersfoort (1982: 101–108). The psychological impact of the dissolution of the KNIL on the Ambonese servicemen is described in Wittermans (1991).
- ^ Javanese was always the largest indigenous element of the colonial army.[22]
- ^ The KNIL statistics of 1939 show at least 13,500 Javanese and Sundanese under arms compared to 4,000 Ambonese soldiers.[23]
References
- Citations
- ^ "26 juli 1950 – opheffing KNIL". Stichting Vrienden Van Bronbeek. 26 July 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ^ "The Royal Netherlands Indies Army". netherlands-australia2006.com. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ Ibrahim, Alfian. "Aceh and the Perang Sabil." Indonesian Heritage: Early Modern History. Vol. 3, ed. Anthony Reid, Sian Jay and T. Durairajoo. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, 2001. pp. 132–133
- ^ a b Vickers 2005, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Willems 1994, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Willems 1994, pp. 32–36.
- ^ Broshot, James (1999–2000). "Dutch Air Force Order of Battle in the Dutch East Indies, 30 November 1941". Dutch East Indies Campaign website.
- ISBN 0-85613-296-9
- ^ Klemen, L (1999–2000). "Dutch East Indies 1941–1942". Dutch East Indies Campaign website.
- ^ Gapps, Stephen (4 November 2015). "When the Indonesian revolution came to an Australian country town". Australian National Maritime Museum.
- ISBN 0-7195-5589-2
- ^ a b c d Kahin 1952, p. 452.
- ^ "Video footage showing the official ceremony disbanding the KNIL".
- ISBN 0-333-17236-1
- ^ Moor, J.A. de, 'Met klewang en karabijn: militaire geschiedenis van Nederlands-Indië (1815–1949)' in: J. R. Bruin en C.B. Wels ed., Met man en macht. Een militaire geschiedenis van Nederland 1550–2000 (Amsterdam 2003) 199–244, p. 201
- ^ Zwitser, H.L. and C.A. Heshusius, Het koninklijk Nederlands-Indisch leger 1830–1950 (The Hague 1977) p. 12
- ISBN 0-253-31191-8
- ^ Vickers 2005, p. 13.
- JSTOR 41406723.
- ^ "Black Face, White Heart: African recruits in the Dutch East Indies army", Radio Netherlands Archives, September 6, 2002
- ^ ISBN 9781104382513. pp 162–167.
- ISBN 0810849356, p. 221
- ^ Netherlands Ministry of Defense Archived 1 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Transport of colonial soldiers – Isaac Israels – Google Arts & Culture".
- ^ "Portretfoto van generaal KNIL P. Scholten". NIMH Beeldbank (in Dutch). 1947. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Aanbieding van het gedenkboek van de T-Brigade "Tussen sawahs en bergen" door de commandant van de Brigade, kolonel D.R.A. van Langen, aan de commandant B-Divisie, generaal-majoor J.K. Meyer". NIMH Beeldbank (in Dutch). 1948. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Aanbieding van het gedenkboek van de T-Brigade "Tussen sawahs en bergen" door de commandant van de Brigade, kolonel D.R.A. van Langen". NIMH Beeldbank (in Dutch). 1948. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ "Kapitein-vlieger M. van Haselen, ML-KNIL". NIMH Beeldbank (in Dutch). 1939. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ "Guillaume, E.W." NIMH Beeldbank (in Dutch). 1939. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ "Netherlands East Indies Air Force". Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ "Blommenstein, E.J. van, tweede luitenant-leerling-vlieger". NIMH Beeldbank (in Dutch). 1939. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ "Nederlands personeel in opleiding in Camp Darley. Twee Nederlandse instructeurs, toegevoegd aan het KNIL: Sergeants Zeelen (rechts) en Willemse (links), beide van Bandoeng, Java". NIMH Beeldbank (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- Bibliography
- Bosma, Ulbe (2011). "Emigration: Colonial circuits between Europe and Asia in the 19th and early 20th century". European History Online. Mainz: Institute of European History. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- Hoofdkwartier Militaire Luchtvaart – Overzicht 1947 (5 pc), Flash Aviation, 2005.
- Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521542623.
- Willems, Wim, ed. (1994). Sporen Van Een Indisch Verleden 1600-1942 (in Dutch). Leiden: COMT. ISBN 90-71042-44-8.
Further reading
- Marc Lohnstein and Adam Hook, Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 1936–42, Men-at-arms series 521, Osprey Publishing, Oxford 2018. ISBN 9781472833754
External links
- "East Indies Camp Archives". Netherlands Institute for War Documentation. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- Womack, Tom. "An Abandoned Army: The KNIL and The Japanese Invasion of Northern Dutch Sumatra". The Netherlands East Indies 1941–1942.