Royal intermarriage
Royal intermarriage is the practice of members of ruling dynasties marrying into other reigning families. It was more commonly done in the past as part of strategic diplomacy for national interest. Although sometimes enforced by legal requirement on persons of royal birth, more often it has been a matter of political policy or tradition in monarchies.
In Europe, the practice was most prevalent from the medieval era until the outbreak of World War I, but evidence of intermarriage between royal dynasties in other parts of the world can be found as far back as the
In parts of Europe, royalty continued to regularly marry into the families of their greatest vassals as late as the 16th century. More recently, they have tended to marry internationally. In other parts of the world royal intermarriage was less prevalent and the number of instances varied over time, depending on the culture and foreign policy of the era.
By continent/country
While the contemporary Western ideal sees marriage as a unique bond between two people who are in love, families in which heredity is central to power or inheritance (such as royal families) have often seen marriage in a different light. There are often political or other non-romantic functions that must be served and the relative wealth and power of the potential spouses may be considered. Marriage for political, economic, or diplomatic reasons, the marriage of state, was a pattern seen for centuries among European rulers.[4]
Africa
At times, marriage between members of the same dynasty has been common in Central Africa.[5]
In West Africa, the sons and daughters of
Marriages between the
Other examples of historical, mythical and contemporary royal intermarriages throughout Africa include:
- Princess Mantfombi Dlamini, sister of Mswati III of Eswatini, and Goodwill Zwelithini, King of the Zulus, as his chief queen consort[9]
- Maxhob'ayakhawuleza Sandile, King of Rharhabe Xhosas, and Noloyiso Sandile, the daughter of King Cyprian Bhekuzulu of the Zulus.
- The
- Chief Nfundu Bolulengwe Mtirara of the Thembu people, a great-nephew of Nelson Mandela, and Princess Nandi of Zululand, a granddaughter of King Goodwill Zwelithini.
- Fadlallah, son of Shehu Senoussipeople.
- Princess Owawejokun, a daughter of the Owa Atakumosa of Ijeshaland, and Ogoro, the Ajapada of Akure.
- Oranyan, the Alaafin of Oyo, and Torosi, a princess of the Nupe people.
Ancient Egypt
Several Egyptian pharaohs married the daughters of neighbouring kings to secure peace and form alliances. The Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty, the earliest known surviving peace treaty in the world, was sealed by a marriage between the pharaoh Ramesses II and a Hittite princess. Pharaoh Amasis II married a Greek princess named Ladice daughter of King Battus III of Cyrene. Not to mention the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the last (and longest) dynasty to rule all of Egypt before it's incorporation into the Roman Republic, who were infamous for their inbreeding in the form of sibling marriages. This was to keep their bloodline pure, and to prevent external forces from potentially taking power through a connection to the royal line. , Pharaoh Amenhotep III alone is known to have married several foreign women:
- A daughter of Kurigalzu, king of Babylon.[13]
- A daughter of Kadashman-Enlil, king of Babylon.[13]
- A daughter of Tarhundaradu, ruler of Arzawa.[13]
- A daughter of the ruler of Ammia (in modern Syria).[13]
Asia
Babylonia and Assyria
There are a few recorded cases of intermarriage between Assyrian and Babylonian royals. According to legend, the
Babylon and Elam
Babylonians and Elamites engaged many times in royal intermarriage, especially in the Kassite period. It is probable that Elamites and Kassites had close ties long before the first attested royal intermarriages between them.[27] Babylonian Kassites and Elamites intensively intermarried for a period of about 120 years, from c. 1290 to 1170 BC.[27] The royal intermarriages in this period were: Pahir-ishshan to eldest daughter (princess) of Kurigalzu II (1290); Untash-Napirisha to daughter of prince Burnaburiash (1250); Kidin-Hutran to daughter of prince [...]-duniash (1230); Shutruk-Nakhunte to the eldest daughter of Melishihu.[27] Also Napirisha-Untash (c. 1210 BC) and Hutelutush-Inshushinak (c. 1190) are thought to have married Babylonian Kassite princesses.[27] A man of Elamite origin, Mar-biti-apla-usur, the founder of the so-called Elamite dynasty, reigned in Babylon from around 980 to 975 BC, though the identity and origin of his consort are unknown. He might not have been himself from Elam but a Babylonian partially of Elamite origin.[28]
Thailand
The Chakri dynasty of Thailand has included marriages between royal relatives,[29] but marriages between dynasties and foreigners, including foreign royals, are rare. This is in part due to Section 11 of 1924 Palace Law of Succession which excludes members of the royal family from the line of succession if they marry a non-Thai national.[30]
The late king
, a princess of a vassal state.Vietnam
The
A Lý princess also married into the Hồ clan faction, which later usurped power and established the Hồ dynasty after having a Tran princess marry their leader, Hồ Quý Ly.[35][36]
Cambodia
The Cambodian King Chey Chettha II married the Vietnamese Nguyễn lord Princess Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Vạn, a daughter of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên, in 1618.[37][38] In return, the king granted the Vietnamese the right to establish settlements in Mô Xoài (now Bà Rịa), in the region of Prey Nokor—which they colloquially referred to as Sài Gòn, and which later became Ho Chi Minh City.[39][40]
India
In the
China
Marriage policy in imperial China differed from dynasty to dynasty. Several dynasties practiced Heqin, which involved marrying off princesses to other royal families.
The Xiongnu practiced marriage alliances with Han dynasty officers and officials who defected to their side. The older sister of the Chanyu (the Xiongnu ruler) was married to the Xiongnu general
The
When the Eastern Jin dynasty ended Northern Wei received the Jin prince Sima Chuzhi 司馬楚之 as a refugee. A Northern Wei Princess married Sima Chuzhi, giving birth to Sima Jinlong. Northern Liang King Juqu Mujian's daughter married Sima Jinlong.[54]
The Rouran Khaganate arranged for one of their princesses, Khagan Yujiulü Anagui's daughter Princess Ruru 蠕蠕公主 to be married to the Han Chinese ruler Gao Huan of the Eastern Wei.[55][56]
The Kingdom of Gaochang was made out of Han Chinese colonists and ruled by the Han Chinese[57][58] Qu family which originated from Gansu.[59] Jincheng commandery 金城 (Lanzhou), district of Yuzhong 榆中 was the home of the Qu Jia.[60] The Qu family was linked by marriage alliances to the Turks, with a Turk being the grandmother of King Qu Boya.[61][62]
The ethnically Chinese Cao family ruling Guiyi Circuit established marriage alliances with the Uighurs of the Ganzhou Kingdom, with both the Cao rulers marrying Uighur princesses and with Cao princesses marrying Uighur rulers. The Ganzhou Uighur Khagan's daughter was married to Cao Yijin in 916.[64][65][66]
The Chinese Cao family ruling Guiyi Circuit established marriage alliances with the Saka Kingdom of Khotan, with both the Cao rulers marrying Khotanese princesses and with Cao princesses marrying Khotanese rulers. A Khotanese princess who was the daughter of the King of Khotan married Cao Yanlu.[67]
The Khitan Liao dynasty arranged for women from the Khitan royal consort Xiao clan to marry members of the Han Chinese Han 韓 clan, which originated in Jizhou 冀州 before being abducted by the Khitan and becoming part of the Han Chinese elite of the Liao.[68][69][70]
Han Chinese Geng family intermarried with the Khitan and the Han 韓 clan provided two of their women as wives to Geng Yanyi and the second one was the mother of Geng Zhixin.[71] Empress Rende's sister, a member of the Xiao clan, was the mother of Han Chinese General Geng Yanyi.[72]
Han Durang (Yelu Longyun) was the father of Queen dowager of State Chen, who was the wife of General Geng Yanyi and buried with him in his tomb in Zhaoyang in Liaoning.[73] His wife was also known as "Madame Han".[74] The Geng's tomb is located in Liaoning at Guyingzi in Chaoying.[75][76]
Emperors of the proceeding
During the
The
Nurhaci's son Abatai's daughter was married to Li Yongfang.[83][84][85][86] The offspring of Li received the "Third Class Viscount" (三等子爵; sān děng zǐjué) title.[87] Li Yongfang was the great-great-great-grandfather of Li Shiyao 李侍堯.[88][89]
The "efu" 額駙 rank was given to husbands of Qing princesses.
The fourteenth daughter of Kangxi (和硕悫靖公主) was wedded to Sun Chengen, the son (孫承恩) of Sun Sike (Sun Ssu-k'o) 孫思克, a Han bannerman.[92]
Korea
The Silla Kingdom had a
The
After the
Japan
The Japanese may not have seen intermarriage between them and the royal dynasties of the Korean Empire damaging to their prestige either.[102] According to the Shoku Nihongi, an imperially commissioned record of Japanese history completed in 797, Emperor Kanmu who ruled from 781 to 806 was the son of a Korean concubine, Takano no Niigasa, who was descended from King Muryeong of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.[102]
In 1920,
Europe
Ancient Rome
While
Other examples from the Ancient Roman era include:
- Julia Mamaea of Emesa, while Berenice was previously married to Herod of Chalcis.
- Aristobulus IV of Judea and Berenice of Judea[107]
- Aristobulus Minor of Judea and Iotapa of Emesa[108]
- Gaius Julius Alexander and Julia Iotapa
- Sohaemus of Emesa and Drusilla
- Tiberius Julius Aspurgus and Gepaepyris
- Cotys III and Antonia Tryphaena
- Tiberius Julius Aspurgus and Gepaepyris
- Herod Antipas and Phasa'el of Nabatea
- Iotapa and Sampsiceramus II of Emesa
Byzantine Empire
Though some emperors, such as
The
Though usually made to strengthen the position of the empire, there are examples of interdynastic marriages destabilising the emperor's authority. When Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos married his second wife,
Medieval and Early Modern Europe
Careful selection of a spouse was important to maintain the royal status of a family: depending on the law of the land in question, if a prince or king was to marry a commoner who had no royal blood, even if the first-born was acknowledged as a son of a sovereign, he might not be able to claim any of the royal status of his father.[4]
Traditionally, many factors were important in arranging royal marriages. One such factor was the amount of territory that the other royal family governed or controlled.[4] Another, related factor was the stability of the control exerted over that territory: when there was territorial instability in a royal family, other royalty would be less inclined to marry into that family.[4] Another factor was political alliance: marriage was an important way to bind together royal families and their countries during peace and war and could justify many important political decisions.[4][116]
The increase in royal intermarriage often meant that lands passed into the hands of foreign houses, when the nearest heir was the son of a native dynasty and a foreign royal.[117][n 3][n 4] Given the success of the Habsburgs' territorial acquisition-via-inheritance, a motto came to be associated with their dynasty: Bella gerant alii, tu, felix Austria, nube! ("Let others wage war. You, happy Austria, marry!")[118]
Monarchs sometimes went to great lengths to prevent this. On her marriage to
Marriages among ruling dynasties and their subjects have at times been common, with such alliances as that of Edward the Confessor, King of England with Edith of Wessex and Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland with Elizabeth Granowska being far from unheard of in medieval Europe. However, as dynasties approached absolutism and sought to preserve loyalty among competing members of the nobility, most eventually distanced themselves from kinship ties to local nobles by marrying abroad.[129][130] Marriages with subjects brought the king back down to the level of those he ruled, often stimulating the ambition of his consort's family and evoking jealousy—or disdain—from the nobility. The notion that monarchs should marry into the dynasties of other monarchs to end or prevent war was, at first, a policy driven by pragmatism. During the era of absolutism, this practice contributed to the notion that it was socially, as well as politically, disadvantageous for members of ruling families to intermarry with their subjects and pass over the opportunity for marriage into a foreign dynasty.[131][132]
Post World War I era
In modern times, among European royalty at least, marriages between royal dynasties have become much rarer than they once were. This happens to avoid inbreeding, since many royal families share common ancestors, and therefore share much of the genetic pool. Members of Europe's dynasties increasingly married members of titled noble families, including George VI of the United Kingdom, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood, Prince Michael of Kent, Charles III of the United Kingdom, Baudouin of Belgium, Albert II of Belgium, Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein, Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein, Prince Constantin of Liechtenstein, Princess Nora of Liechtenstein (the Liechtensteins, originally an Austrian noble family, always married nobles much more often than royals), Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld, Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz, Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo, Princess Marie Adelaide of Luxembourg, Princess Marie Gabrielle of Luxembourg, Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois or untitled nobility as Philippe of Belgium and Beatrix of the Netherlands, and very often commoners, as Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Harald V of Norway, Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway, Henri of Luxembourg, Felipe VI of Spain, Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, Margrethe II of Denmark, Frederik X of Denmark, William, Prince of Wales and Albert II of Monaco have done.
Among Europe's current kings, queens and heirs apparent, only Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein married a member of a foreign dynasty, as did the abdicated Juan Carlos I of Spain.[n 7][133]
Members of two reigning houses
Examples of royal intermarriage since 1918 include:
- Prince Nikolaus of Liechtenstein and Princess Margaretha of Luxembourg[134] (1982, most recent example of intermarriage between two European dynasties reigning at the time of the wedding, as of 2023[update])
- Constantine II of Greece and Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark (1964)[135]
- Hereditary Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg and Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium (1953)[136]
- Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom and Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark (1947)[137]
- Peter II of Yugoslavia and Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark (1944)[138]
- Prince Aimone, Duke of Spoleto and Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark (1939)
- Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark and Princess Ingrid of Sweden (1935)[139]
- Prince George, Duke of Kent and Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (1934)[140]
- Princess Giovanna of Italy (1930)[141]
- Umberto, Prince of Piedmont and Princess Marie José of Belgium (1930)[142]
- Crown Prince Olav of Norway and Princess Märtha of Sweden (1929)[143]
- Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant and Princess Astrid of Sweden (1926)[144]
- Prince Paul of Yugoslavia and Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark (1923)
- Alexander I of Yugoslavia and Princess Maria of Romania (1922)[134][145]
- Crown Prince Carol of Romania and Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark (1921)
- Crown Prince George of Greece and Princess Elisabeth of Romania (1921)
- Prince Axel of Denmark and Princess Margaretha of Sweden (1919)
Members of one reigning house and one non-reigning house
Examples since 1918 include:
- Princess Caroline of Monaco and Ernst August, Prince of Hanover (1999)[146]
- Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein and Duchess Sophie in Bavaria (1993)[133]
- Prince Gundakar of Liechtenstein and Princess Marie of Orléans (1989)
- Princess Astrid of Belgium and Archduke Lorenz of Austria-Este (1984)[147]
- Princess Marie-Astrid of Luxembourg and Archduke Carl Christian of Austria (1982)[148]
- Princess Barbara of Liechtenstein and Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (1973)[149]
- Princess Benedikte of Denmark and Richard, Hereditary Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (1968) [150]
- Princess Irene of the Netherlands and Prince Carlos Hugo of Parma (1964)[151]
- Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark and Juan Carlos, Prince of Asturias (1962)[152]
- Princess Birgitta of Sweden and Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern (1961)[153]
- Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg(1961)
- Princess Alix of Luxembourg and Prince Antoine de Ligne (1950) [154]
- Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein and Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (1949)
- Prince Karl Alfred of Liechtenstein and Archduchess Agnes Christina of Austria (1949)
- Princess Eugénie of Greece and Denmark and Raimundo, 2nd Duke of Castel Duino (1949)[citation needed]
- Prince Georg Hartmann of Liechtenstein and Duchess Maria Christina of Württemberg (1948)
- Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark and Prince George William of Hanover (1946)
- Prince Hans-Moritz of Thurn and Taxis (1944) [citation needed]
- Princess Maria Francesca of Savoy and Prince Luigi of Bourbon-Parma (1939)
- Prince Eugenio, Duke of Ancona and Princess Lucia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1938)
- Princess Eugénie of Greece and Denmark and Prince Dominik Rainer Radziwiłł (1938)
- Crown Prince Paul of Greece and Princess Frederica of Hanover (1938)
- Princess Feodora of Denmark and Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe (1937)
- Princess Alexandrine-Louise of Denmark and Count Luitpold of Castell-Castell (1937)
- Princess Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1936)
- Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1932)
- Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark and Berthold, Margrave of Baden (1931)
- Princess Ileana of Romania and Archduke Anton of Austria (1931)
- Princess Margarita of Greece and Denmark and Gottfried, Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1931)
- Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark and Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse (1931)
- Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark and Prince Christoph of Hesse (1930)
- Princess Hilda of Luxembourg and Prince Adolph of Schwarzenberg (1930)
- Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark and Princess Françoise of Orléans (1929)
- Prince Filiberto, Duke of Pistoia and Princess Lydia of Arenberg (1928)
- Prince Amedeo, Duke of Apulia and Princess Anne of Orléans (1927)
- Princess Mafalda of Savoy and Prince Philipp of Hesse (1925)
- Princess Nadezhda of Bulgaria and Duke Albrecht Eugen of Württemberg (1924)
- Princess Elisabeth of Luxembourg and Prince Ludwig Philipp of Thurn and Taxis (1922)
- Princess Margaret of Denmark and Prince René of Bourbon-Parma (1921)
- Princess Sophie of Luxembourg and Prince Ernst Heinrich of Saxony (1921)
- Princess Antonia of Luxembourg and Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria (1921)
- Prince Karl Aloys of Liechtenstein and Princess Elisabeth of Urach (1921)
- Princess Maria Bona of Savoy-Genoa and Prince Konrad of Bavaria (1921)
- Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma (1919)
Modern examples of dynastic intra-marriage
Examples since 1918 include:
Marriages between members of non-reigning houses
Examples since 1918 include:
- Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia and Princess Sophie of Isenburg (2011)
- Prince David Bagration of Mukhrani and Princess Ana Bagration-Gruzinsky (2009)
- Prince Aimone, Duke of Apulia and Princess Olga of Greece (2008)
- Princess Anna of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and Prince Manuel of Bavaria (2005)
- Princess Maria Pia of Savoy and Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma (2003)
- Hesse(1999)
- Archduke Georg of Austria and Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg (1997)
- Archduke Simeon of Austria and Princess María of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1996)
- Stephan, Hereditary Prince of Lippe and Countess Maria of Solms-Laubach (1994)
- Archduchess Sophie of Austria and Mariano Hugo, Prince of Windisch-Graetz (1990)
- Prince Alexander of Saxe-Gessaphe and Princess Gisela of Bavaria (1987)
- Hohenlohe-Oehringen(1984)
- Christoph, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein and Princess Elisabeth of Lippe-Weissenfeld (1981)
- Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover and Countess Monika zu Solms-Laubach (1981)
- Prince Michel of Ligne and Princess Eleonora of Orléans-Braganza (1981)
- Johannes, Hereditary Prince of Thurn and Taxis and Countess Gloria von Schönburg-Glauchau(1980)
- Prince Charles Napoléon and Princess Béatrice of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1978)
- Heinrich, Hereditary Prince of Fürstenberg and Princess Maximiliane of Windisch-Graetz (1976)
- Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia and Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia (1976)
- Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia and Princess Maria da Glória of Orléans-Braganza (1972)
- Prince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Princess Mathilde of Saxony (1968)
- Wolfgang-Ernst, Hereditary Prince of Ysenburg and Büdingen and Princess Leonille of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (1967)
- Princess Maria Cristina of Savoy-Aosta and Prince Casimir of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1967)
- Maximilian, Margrave of Baden and Archduchess Valerie of Austria-Tuscany (1966)
- Duke Friedrich August of Oldenburg and Princess Marie Cécile of Prussia (1965)
- Alois-Konstantin, Hereditary Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg and Princess Anastasia of Prussia (1965)
- Prince Carlos, Duke of Calabria and Princess Anne of Orléans (1965)
- Duke Carl Gregor of Mecklenburg and Princess Maria Margarethe of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1965)
- Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta and Princess Claude of Orléans (1964)
- Prince Moritz of Hesse and Princess Tatiana of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (1964)
- Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia and Princess Kira Melita of Leiningen (1963)
- Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg(1962)
- Prince Maria Emanuel of Saxony and Princess Anastasia of Anhalt (1962)
- Princess Alexandra of Ysenburg and Büdingen and Prince Welf Henry of Hanover (1960)
- Duke Carl of Württemberg and Princess Diane of Orléans (1960)
- Henri, Count of Clermont and Duchess Marie-Thérèse of Württemberg (1957)
- Prince Tomislav of Yugoslavia and Princess Margarita of Baden (1957)
- Princess Marie Louise of Bulgaria and Prince Karl of Leiningen (1957)
- Archduke Joseph Árpád of Austria and Princess Maria of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (1956)
- Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia and Princess Christina of Hesse (1956)
- George, Duke of Mecklenburg and Archduchess Charlotte of Austria (1956)
- Prince Alfonso of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Princess Virginia von Fürstenberg (1955)
- Princess Diana of Bourbon-Parma and Prince Franz Josef of Hohenzollern (1955)
- Princess Maria Pia of Savoy and Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (1955)
- Duke Christian Louis of Mecklenburg and Princess Barbara of Prussia (1954)
- Salm-Horstmar(1954)
- Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este and Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta (1953)
- Archduke Felix of Austria and Princess Anna-Eugénie of Arenberg (1952)
- Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg(1951)
- Duke Anton-Günther of Oldenburg and Princess Ameli of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg (1951)
- Archduke Otto of Austria and Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen (1951)
- Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Hohenzollern and Princess Margarita of Leiningen (1951)
- Emich Kyrill, Prince of Leiningen and Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg (1950)
- Prince Ludwig of Bavaria and Princess Irmingard of Bavaria (1950)
- Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria and Princess Yolande of Ligne (1950)
- Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia and Princess Leonida Bagration of Mukhrani (1948)
- Michael I of Romania and Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma (1948)
- Princess Marie Alix of Schaumburg-Lippe and Peter, Hereditary Prince of Schleswig-Holstein (1947)
- Infanta María de las Mercedes of Spain(1946)
- Duke Georg Alexander of Mecklenburg and Archduchess Ilona of Austria (1946)
- Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza and Princess María de la Esperanza of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1944)
- Prince Hubertus of Prussia and Princess Magdalena Reuss of Köstritz (1943)
- Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza and Princess Maria Francisca of Orléans-Braganza (1942)
- Prince Konstantin of Bavaria and Princess Maria Adelgunde of Hohenzollern (1942)
- Prince Friedrich Josias of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Countess Viktoria-Luise of Solms-Baruth (1942)
- Prince Karl Franz of Prussia and Princess Henriette of Schönaich-Carolath (1940)
- Duchess Woizlawa Feodora of Mecklenburg and Prince Heinrich I Reuss of Köstritz (1939)
- Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia and Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia (1938)
- Archduke Gottfried of Austria and Princess Dorothea of Bavaria (1938)
- Friedrich Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg and Princess Sophie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1938)
- Princess Marie Eleonore of Albania and Prince Alfred of Schönburg-Waldenburg (1937)
- Prince Pedro Henrique of Orléans-Braganza and Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria (1937)
- Infante Alfonso of Spain and Princess Alicia of Bourbon-Parma (1936)
- Infante Juan of Spain and Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1935)
- Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and Princess Friederike Juliane of Salm-Horstmar (1935)
- Thurn and Taxis(1932)
- Prince Henri of Orléans and Princess Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza (1931)
- Thurn and Taxis(1929)
- Duke Philipp Albrecht of Württemberg and Archduchess Rosa of Austria (1928)
- Archduke Hubert Salvator of Austria and Princess Rosemary of Salm-Salm (1926)
- Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna of Russia and Prince Karl of Leiningen (1925)
- Prince Wolrad of Schaumburg-Lippe and Princess Bathildis of Schaumburg-Lippe (1925)
- Princess Marie Antoinette of Schwarzburg and Friedrich Magnus V, Count of Solms-Wildenfels (1925)
- Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg and Princess Elisabeth of Stolberg-Rossla (1924)
- Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria and Princess Anna of Saxony (1924)
- Prince Wolfgang of Hesse and Princess Marie Alexandra of Baden (1924)
- Duke Philipp Albrecht of Württemberg and Archduchess Helena of Austria (1923)
- Thurn and Taxis(1923)
- Prince Feodor Alexandrovich of Russia and Princess Irina Pavlovna Paley (1923)
- Wilhelm II, German Emperor and Princess Hermine Reuss of Greiz(1922)
- Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont and Duchess Altburg of Oldenburg (1922)
- Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe and Princess Anna of Ysenburg and Büdingen (1922)
- Nikolaus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Oldenburg and Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1921)
- Prince Karl August of Thurn and Taxis and Princess Maria Ana of Braganza (1921)
- Prince Franz Joseph of Hohenzollern and Princess Maria Alix of Saxony (1921)
- Princess Marie Adelheid of Lippe and Prince Heinrich XXXV Reuss of Köstritz (1921)
- Franz Joseph, Hereditary Prince of Thurn and Taxis and Princess Isabel Maria of Braganza (1920)
- Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern and Princess Margarete Karola of Saxony (1920)
- Princess Marie Adelheid of Lippe and Heinrich XXXII, Prince Reuss of Köstritz (1920)
- Princess Karoline Mathilde of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and Count Hans of Solms-Baruth (1920)
- Prince Waldemar of Prussia and Princess Calixta of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1919)
- Prince Sigismund of Prussia and Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Altenburg (1919)
As a result of dynastic intra-marriage all of Europe's reigning hereditary monarchs since 1939 descend from a common ancestor,
Monarch | Cousin | Removed | Most recent common ancestor | Death of MRCA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | --- | ---- | ------ | ------ |
Frederik X of Denmark | 1st | once | Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden | 15-Sep-1973 |
Harald V of Norway | 2nd | Oscar II of Sweden | 8-Dec-1907 | |
Henri of Luxembourg | 3rd | none | ||
Philippe of Belgium | ||||
Felipe VI of Spain | once | Victoria of the United Kingdom | 22-Jan-1901 | |
Charles III of the United Kingdom | ||||
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont | 12-May-1893 | ||
Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein | Half-4th | twice | Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria | 13-Oct-1825 |
Albert II of Monaco | Half-5th | Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden | 11-Jun-1811 |
Monarch | Cousin | Removed | Most recent common ancestor | Death of MRCA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein | --- | ---- | ------ | ------ |
Henri of Luxembourg | 3rd | none | Miguel I of Portugal | 14-Nov-1866 |
Philippe of Belgium | once | |||
Harald V of Norway | Half-4th | Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria | 13-Oct-1825 | |
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | twice | |||
Frederik X of Denmark | thrice | |||
Charles III of the United Kingdom | 5th | none | Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden | 16-Dec-1801 |
Albert II of Monaco | once | |||
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | Karl Ludwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg | 4-Apr-1825 | ||
Felipe VI of Spain |
Monarch | Cousin | Removed | Most recent common ancestor | Death of MRCA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Harald V of Norway | --- | ---- | ------ | ------ |
Henri of Luxembourg | 1st | once | Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland | 24-Oct-1951 |
Philippe of Belgium | ||||
Frederik X of Denmark | 2nd | once | Frederick VIII of Denmark | 14-May-1912 |
Charles III of the United Kingdom | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | 6-May-1910 | ||
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | Oscar II of Sweden | 8-Dec-1907 | ||
Felipe VI of Spain | 3rd | Christian IX of Denmark | 29-Jan-1906 | |
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | twice | William, Duke of Nassau | 20-Aug-1839 | |
Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein | Half-4th | once | Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria | 13-Oct-1825 |
Albert II of Monaco | 7th | none | Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt | 6-Apr-1790 |
Monarch | Cousin | Removed | Most recent common ancestor | Death of MRCA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Henri of Luxembourg | --- | ---- | ------ | ------ |
Philippe of Belgium | 1st | none | Leopold III of Belgium | 25-Sep-1983 |
Harald V of Norway | once | Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland | 24-Oct-1951 | |
Frederik X of Denmark | 3rd | none | Frederick VIII of Denmark | 14-May-1912 |
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | Oscar II of Sweden | 8-Dec-1907 | ||
Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein | Miguel I of Portugal | 14-Nov-1866 | ||
Charles III of the United Kingdom | once | Christian IX of Denmark | 29-Jan-1906 | |
Felipe VI of Spain | 4th | none | ||
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | once | William, Duke of Nassau | 20-Aug-1839 | |
Albert II of Monaco | 5th | none | Charles, Grand Duke of Baden | 8-Dec-1818 |
Monarch | Cousin | Removed | Most recent common ancestor | Death of MRCA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albert II of Monaco | --- | ---- | ------ | ------ |
Henri of Luxembourg | 5th | none | Charles, Grand Duke of Baden | 8-Dec-1818 |
Philippe of Belgium | ||||
Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein | once | Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden | 16-Dec-1801 | |
Charles III of the United Kingdom | ||||
Felipe VI of Spain | 6th | none | ||
Frederik X of Denmark | once | |||
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | Half-5th | twice | Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden | 11-Jun-1811 |
Harald V of Norway | 7th | none | Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt | 6-Apr-1790 |
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands |
Monarch | Cousin | Removed | Most recent common ancestor | Death of MRCA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | --- | ---- | ------ | ------ |
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | 3rd | once | George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont | 12-May-1893 |
Harald V of Norway | twice | William, Duke of Nassau | 20-Aug-1839 | |
Henri of Luxembourg | 4th | once | ||
Philippe of Belgium | ||||
Frederik X of Denmark | Half-3rd | once | Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin | 15-Apr-1883 |
Felipe VI of Spain | 5th | none | Frederick William III of Prussia | 7-Jun-1840 |
Charles III of the United Kingdom | ||||
Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein | once | Karl Ludwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg | 4-Apr-1825 | |
Albert II of Monaco | 7th | none | Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt | 6-Apr-1790 |
Monarch | Cousin | Removed | Most recent common ancestor | Death of MRCA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Philippe of Belgium | --- | ---- | ------ | ------ |
Henri of Luxembourg | 1st | none | Leopold III of Belgium | 25-Sep-1983 |
Harald V of Norway | once | Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland | 24-Oct-1951 | |
Frederik X of Denmark | 3rd | none | Frederick VIII of Denmark | 14-May-1912 |
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | Oscar II of Sweden | 8-Dec-1907 | ||
Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein | once | Miguel I of Portugal | 14-Nov-1866 | |
Charles III of the United Kingdom | Christian IX of Denmark | 29-Jan-1906 | ||
Felipe VI of Spain | 4th | none | ||
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | once | William, Duke of Nassau | 20-Aug-1839 | |
Albert II of Monaco | 5th | none | Charles, Grand Duke of Baden | 8-Dec-1818 |
Monarch | Cousin | Removed | Most recent common ancestor | Death of MRCA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Felipe VI of Spain | --- | ---- | ------ | ------ |
Charles III of the United Kingdom | 2nd | once | George I of Greece | 18-Mar-1913 |
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | 3rd | Victoria of the United Kingdom | 22-Jan-1901 | |
Harald V of Norway | Christian IX of Denmark | 29-Jan-1906 | ||
Henri of Luxembourg | 4th | none | ||
Philippe of Belgium | ||||
Frederik X of Denmark | ||||
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | 5th | Frederick William III of Prussia | 7-Jun-1840 | |
Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein | once | Karl Ludwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg | 4-Apr-1825 | |
Albert II of Monaco | 6th | none | Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden | 16-Dec-1801 |
Monarch | Cousin | Removed | Most recent common ancestor | Death of MRCA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Charles III of the United Kingdom | --- | ---- | ------ | ------ |
Felipe VI of Spain | 2nd | once | George I of Greece | 18-Mar-1913 |
Harald V of Norway | Edward VII of the United Kingdom | 6-May-1910 | ||
Henri of Luxembourg | 3rd | Christian IX of Denmark | 29-Jan-1906 | |
Philippe of Belgium | ||||
Frederik X of Denmark | ||||
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | Victoria of the United Kingdom | 22-Jan-1901 | ||
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | 5th | none | Frederick William III of Prussia | 7-Jun-1840 |
Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein | Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden | 16-Dec-1801 | ||
Albert II of Monaco | once |
Monarch | Cousin | Removed | Most recent common ancestor | Death of MRCA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Frederik X of Denmark | --- | ---- | ------ | ------ |
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | 1st | once | Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden | 15-Sep-1973 |
Harald V of Norway | 2nd | Frederick VIII of Denmark | 14-May-1912 | |
Henri of Luxembourg | 3rd | none | ||
Philippe of Belgium | ||||
Charles III of the United Kingdom | once | Christian IX of Denmark | 29-Jan-1906 | |
Felipe VI of Spain | 4th | none | ||
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | Half-3rd | once | Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin | 15-Apr-1883 |
Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein | Half-4th | thrice | Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria | 13-Oct-1825 |
Albert II of Monaco | 6th | once | Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden | 16-Dec-1801 |
Muslim world
Al-Andalus
From the time of the
Ottoman Empire
The marriages of Ottoman sultans and their sons in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries tended to be with members of the ruling dynasties of neighbouring powers.[159] With little regard for religion, the sultans contracted marriages with both Christians and Muslims; the purpose of these royal intermarriages were purely tactical. Christian consorts of Ottoman sultans include Theodora Kantakouzene of Byzantium, Kera Tamara of Bulgaria and Olivera Despina of Serbia. These Christian states along with Muslim beyliks of Germiyan, Saruhan, Karaman and Dulkadir were all potential enemies, and marriage was seen as a way of securing alliances with them.[159] Marriage with foreign dynasties seems to have ceased in 1504, with the last marriage of a sultan to a foreign princess being that of Murad II and Mara Branković, daughter of the Serbian ruler Đurađ Branković, in 1435. By this time, the Ottomans had consolidated their power in the area and absorbed or subjugated many of their former rivals, and so marriage alliances were no longer seen as important to their foreign policy.[159]
The Islamic principle of kafa'a discourages the marriages of women to men of differing religion or of inferior status.[n 9] Neighbouring Muslim powers did not start to give their daughters in marriage to Ottoman princes until the fifteenth century, when they were seen to have grown in importance. This same principle meant that, while Ottoman men were free to marry Christian women, Muslim princesses were prevented from marrying Christian princes.[161]
Post World War I era
There are several modern instances of intermarriage between members of the royal families and former royal families of Islamic states (i.e., Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, the constituent states of the United Arab Emirates, etc.).
Examples include:
- Zahir Shah of Afghanistan (2013)[citation needed]
- Sheik Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa, son of Hamad Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain and Princess Sahab bint Abdullah, daughter of Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia (2011)[162]
- Mohammed bin Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi and Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum, daughter of Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum of Dubai (2009)
- Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa, son of Hamad Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain and Shaikha bint Mohammed Al Maktoum, daughter of Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum of Dubai (2009)
- Emir of Dubai and Prime Minister of UAE (2005)[citation needed]
- Sheikh
- Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah of Johor (1986) [citation needed]
- Ibrahim Ismail, Sultan of Johor and Raja Zarith Sofia of Perak (1982)[citation needed]
- Sirajuddin of Perlis and Tuanku Tengku Fauziah (1967)
- Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani and Maryam bint Rashid Al Maktoum (1957)
- Abdul Halim of Kedah and Sultanah Bahiyah (1956)
- Putra of Perlis and Raja Perempuan Budriah (1941)
- Mohamed Abdel Moneim and Neslişah Sultan, granddaughter of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI (1940)[citation needed]
- Prince Nayef bin Abdullah and Princess Mihrimah Sultan, granddaughter of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed V (1940)[citation needed]
- Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt (1939)[161]
- ]
- Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah and Şükriye Sultan (1935).
- Abdul Mejid II.[164]
- Asaf Jah VII) (1931) [165]
- Hisamuddin of Selangor and Tengku Ampuan Jemaah (1920)
There are also numerous cases of intramarriage between cadet branches within the ruling families from the
dynasty.Oceania
Hawaii
Royal incest was extremely common in the
Americas
Inca Peru
The
During and after the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, dynastic marriages began to occur between Inca princesses and Spanish conquistadors. The aforementioned Cura Ocllo married Gonzalo Pizarro following the death of her brother-husband, and her sister Quispe Sisa married Francisco Pizarro.
Morganatic marriage
At one time, some dynasties adhered strictly to the concept of royal intermarriage. The Habsburgs, Sicilian and Spanish
Examples of morganatic marriages include:
- Casimir III the Great and Krystyna Rokiczana (1356)
- Frederick I, Elector Palatine and Clara Tott (1462)
- Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse and Margarethe von der Saale (1540)
- Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria and Philippine Welser (1557)
- Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Camilla Martelli(1570)
- Christian IV of Denmark and Kirsten Munk (1615)
- Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Camilla Faà (1616)
- Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland and Elizabeth Ribbing (1620)
- Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine and Marie Luise von Degenfeld (1658)
- John II Casimir Vasa and Claudine Françoise Mignot (1672)
- Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel and Rosine Elisabeth Menthe (1681)
- Louis XIV and Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon (1683)
- Emmanuel Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen and Gisela Agnes of Rath (1692)
- Louis, Grand Dauphin and Marie Émilie de Joly de Choin (1694)
- Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau and Anna Louise Föhse (1698)
- Frederick IV of Denmark and Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg (1703)
- Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg and Wilhelmine von Grävenitz (1707)
- Augustus Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen and Agnes Wilhelmine von Wuthenau (1722)
- Victor Amadeus II and Anna Canalis di Cumiana (1730)
- Charles, Duke of Courland and Franciszka Krasińska (1760)
- Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony and Maria Chiara Spinucci (1765)
- Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans and Charlotte Béraud de La Haye de Riou (1773)
- Infante Luis of Spain and María Teresa de Vallabriga (1776)
- Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg and Countess Franziska von Hohenheim (1785)
- Frederick William II of Prussia and Julie von Voss (1787)
- Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden and Louise Caroline of Hochberg (1787)
- Frederick William II of Prussia and Sophie von Dönhoff (1790)
- Elizabeth Craven(1791)
- Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia and Countess Joanna Grudna-Grudzińska (1796)[171]
- Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Lucia Migliaccio (1814)
- Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma and Adam Albert von Neipperg (1821)
- Frederick William III of Prussia and Auguste von Harrach (1824)
- Archduke John of Austria and Anna Plochl (1829)
- Frederick William, Elector of Hesse and Gertrude von Hanau (1831)
- Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies and Agustín Fernando Muñoz (1833)
- Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma and Charles-René de Bombelles (1834)
- Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde (1835)[172]
- Jérôme Bonaparte and Justine Bartolini-Baldelli (1840)
- William I of the Netherlands and Henrietta d'Oultremont (1841)
- William II, Elector of Hesse and Emilie Ortlöpp (1841)
- William II, Elector of Hesse and Caroline of Berlepsch (1843)
- Prince Adalbert of Prussia and Therese Elssler (1850)
- Frederick VII of Denmark and Louise Rasmussen (1850)
- Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Countess Julia Hauke (1851)[173]
- Lady Augusta Katherine Gordon-Lennox(1851)
- Pierre Napoléon Bonaparte and Éléonore-Justine Ruflin (1852)
- Prince Albert of Prussia and Rosalie von Rauch (1853)
- Prince William of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld and Maria von Hanau-Hořowitz (1857)
- Duke Ludwig Wilhelm in Bavaria and Henriette Mendel (1859)
- Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Laura Williamina Seymour (1861)
- Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Constanze Geiger (1861)
- Prince Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Mary Esther Lee (1864)
- Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse and Anna Magdalena Appel (1868)
- Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia and Alexandra Zhukovskaya (1868)
- Ferdinand II of Portugal and Elise Friederike Hensler (1869)
- Victor Emmanuel II and Rosa Vercellana (1869)
- Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and Ellen Franz(1873)
- Alexander II of Russia and Catherine Dolgorukova (1880)
- Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia and Countess Sophie of Merenberg (1891)
- Duke Ludwig Wilhelm in Bavaria and Antonie Barth (1892)
- Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and Countess Sophie Chotek von Chotkova und Wognin (1900)[174]
- Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia and Olga Karnovich (1902)
- Prince Bernhard of Lippe and Armgard von Cramm (1909)
- Leopold II of Belgium and Caroline Lacroix (1909)
- Princess Tatiana Constantinovna of Russia and Konstantine Bagration of Mukhrani (1911)
- Prince Victor of Thurn and Taxis and Lida Eleanor Nicolls (1911)
- Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia and Natalia Brasova (1912)
- Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia and Felix Yusupov (1914)
- Prince Oskar of Prussia and Countess Ina Marie von Bassewitz (1914)
- Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia and Nikolai Kulikovsky (1916)
- Alexander of Greece and Aspasia Manos (1919)
- Infanta Beatriz of Spain and Alessandro Torlonia, 5th Prince of Civitella-Cesi (1935)
- Leopold III of Belgium and Mary Lilian Baels (1941)
- Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark and Marina Karella (1965)
Inbreeding
Over time, because of the relatively limited number of potential consorts, the
Examples of incestuous marriages and the impact of inbreeding on royal families include:
- Most rulers of the Ptolemy XIII, who married and became co-rulers of ancient Egypt following their father's death, are the most widely known example.[176]
- King Tutankhamun's father and mother were related.
- The Persian Sassanian dynasty often married close blood relatives, partially for religious reasons (see xwedodah). One example would be Narseh, who married his sister Shapuhrdukhtag.
- Four Japanese Emperors married their sisters: namely Emperor Bidatsu, Emperor Yōmei, Emperor Kanmu, and Emperor Junna.
- The mandibular prognathism), which was typical for many Habsburg relatives over a period of six centuries; the jaw deformity is so closely associated with the family that it is commonly known as the "Habsburg jaw" or "Habsburg lip".[179] The Spanish branch took this practice to an extreme: of the eleven marriages contracted by Spanish monarchs between 1450 and 1661, nine contained some element of consanguinity.[180] The last of the Spanish line, Charles II—who was severely disabled from birth and possibly impotent— possessed a genome comparable to that of a child born to a brother and sister.[181][182]
- The House of Wittelsbach suffered from several cases of mental illness, often attributed to their frequent intermarriages. Several family members suffered from mental and physical illnesses, as well as epilepsy.[183]
See also
Notes
- ^ Donald MacGillivray Nicol says in The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261–1453: "The daughters of Alexios II Grand Komnenos married the emirs of Sinope and of Erzindjan, his granddaughters married the emir of Chalybia and the Turkoman chieftain of the so-called Ak-Koyunlu, or horde of the White Sheep; his great-granddaughters, the children of Alexios III, who died in 1390, performed even greater service to the Empire."[114]
- ^ George I inherited the throne of Great Britain through his mother, Sophia of Hanover, a female line descendant of James VI and I.
- Philip the Handsome, son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.[117]
- ^ A prime example is the marriage of the Catholic Henrietta Maria and Charles I of England. Her open practice of her faith and insistence on maintaining a Catholic retinue during a time of religious intolerance in English society eventually made her a deeply unpopular queen with the general public.[122]
- Nicholas II, converted from her native Lutheranism.[125]
- Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark, a member of the Greek royal family. In 1993, Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein married Duchess Sophie in Bavaria, a member of the House of Wittelsbach.[133]Both the Greek royal dynasty, the House of Glücksburg, and the Bavarian royal dynasty, the House of Wittelsbach, have been deposed.
- ^ Knud, Hereditary Prince of Denmark and Princess Caroline-Mathilde of Denmark, married in 1933, were first cousins and members of the House of Glücksburg, as male-line grandchildren of Frederick VIII of Denmark.[155]
- ^ Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban explains in her article Islamic Law and Society in the Sudan that "It is preferable that a non-Muslim convert to Islam before marriage to a Muslim man, however, it is not essential – it is essential that a non-Muslim man convert to Islam before contemplating marriage with a Muslim woman"[160]
- Ptolemy XII, who married Cleopatra V, whose parents are uncertain for lack of direct sources.
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