Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus

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Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Rubroboletus
Species:
R. rhodoxanthus
Binomial name
Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus
(Krombh.) Kuan Zhao & Zhu L.Yang (2014)
Synonyms
  • Boletus sanguineus var. rhodoxanthus Krombh. (1836)
  • Boletus rhodoxanthus (Krombh.) Kallenb. (1925)
  • Boletus rhodopurpureus var. rhodoxanthus (Krombh.) Bon (1985)
  • Suillellus rhodoxanthus (Krombh.) Blanco-Dios (2015)
Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus
mycorrhizal
Edibility is poisonous

Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus is a species of bolete in the family Boletaceae, native to Europe. Previously known as Boletus rhodoxanthus, it was transferred in 2014 to the newly erected genus Rubroboletus, based on DNA data.

It produces large, colourful fruit bodies with pink patches on the cap, red pores in the hymenial surface and has a robust stem decorated in a dense, red-coloured network pattern. When longitudinally sliced, its flesh is distinctly bright yellow in the stem and discolours blue only in the cap, an excellent diagnostic feature distinguishing it from similar species.

The fungus is more widespread in warm

critically endangered or extinct
in some countries.

Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus is generally regarded as inedible and may cause adverse gastrointestinal symptoms if consumed.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The fungus was first described in 1836 by Czech

mycologist Julius Vincenz von Krombholz, who considered it to be a variety of Boletus sanguineus.[1] In 1925, it was recombined as a distinct species by German mycologist Franz Joseph Kallenbach,[2] and the fungus remained in genus Boletus until 2014. The species epithet is derived from the Ancient Greek
words ρόδο (rhódo, "rose" or "pink") and ξανθός (xanthós, "blonde" or "fair").

The first extensive

Boletus dupainii and some closely related red-pored species belong to a distinct clade, distant from the core clade of Boletus (comprising Boletus edulis and allied taxa).[5] The new genus Rubroboletus was therefore described to accommodate species in this clade and B. rhodoxanthus was transferred to this genus.[6] The placement of the species in genus Suillellus, following an online recombination by Blanco-Dios,[7] was not supported by molecular data and has been subsequently rejected by later authors.[8][9][10][11]

Description

The cap is at first hemispherical, gradually becoming convex to almost flat as the fungus expands, with a diameter of 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in), but can sometimes grow up to 30 cm (12 in). It is at first slightly velvety and coloured mostly whitish-grey, but soon becomes smooth, pinkish-grey, pinkish-beige or pinkish-red, especially towards the margin or when handled.[12][13][14]

The tubes are adnate to emarginate, 0.5 to 1.5 cm (0 to 0.5 in) long and initially yellow, becoming somewhat olivaceous-yellow in very mature fruit bodies and staining blue when cut. The pores (tube mouths) are orange to deep red and instantly bluing when handled.[15][16]

The stem is 8 to 12 cm (3 to 4.5 in) long by 3 to 6 cm (1 to 2.5 in) wide, bulbous or clavate when young, becoming more elongated and cylindrical at maturity. It is orange or orange-yellow at the top (apex), gradually becoming orange-red to carmine-red in the lower part and bears a dense, orange-red to carmine-red reticulation (network pattern).[17][18]

Sectioned fruit body displaying the characteristic yellow flesh and bluing in the cap.

The flesh is distinctly bright yellow and unchanging in the stem, but paler and turning blue when cut only in the cap. It has a mild taste.[19]

The

hyphae, sometimes finely incrusted.[13][20]


Similar species

  • Rubroboletus legaliae is very similar, but has a distinctive smell of chicory or hay and whitish flesh that stains blue in the cap, as well as the stem when cut.
  • Rubroboletus satanas has a whitish cap without flushes of pink and whitish flesh that usually stains pale blue also in the stem when cut.
  • Abies
    ) and has pale yellow flesh that stains blue throughout.
  • Rubroboletus demonensis, so far known only from southern Italy (Calabria and Sicily), has usually brighter colours on the cap ranging from pale grey to blood-red or purple, has yellow flesh that stains weakly to moderately blue throughout and microscopically has smaller spores, measuring 12.5–14 × 4.5–5 μm.
  • Imperator rhodopurpureus differs by its pinkish-red to crimson-red cap that has a roughened or "hammered" appearance and stains blue when handled, but also by its flesh that stains intensely dark blue throughout.

Distribution and habitat

Regarded as a rare species in northern

Mediterranean region.[17][20]

It has been reported as locally frequent on the island of

critically endangered in the Czech Republic[23] and reported as extinct in England.[18] In the British Islands it known only from Northern Ireland.[19]

Toxicity

Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus is generally regarded as inedible[13] or even poisonous,[24][18][10] and can cause an adverse gastrointestinal reaction if eaten. In the Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi,[25] Bresinsky and Besl claim that the fungus might be edible if thoroughly cooked, but warn against collecting it because of its rarity and possibility of confusion with R. satanas.

References

  1. ^ Krombholz JV von. (1836). Naturgetreue Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der Schwämme. 5: 1-17
  2. ^ Kallenbach FJ. (1925). Z. Pilzk. 5(1): 24
  3. S2CID 10575874
    .
  4. PMID 23931115
    .
  5. S2CID 15652037
    .
  6. ^
    doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.188.2.1
    .
  7. ^ Blanco-Dios JB. (2015). Nomenclatural novelties. Index Fungorum. 211: 1-2
  8. ^ Wu G, Li YC, Zhu XT, Zhao K, Han LH, Cui YY, Li F, Xu J, Yang ZL. (2016). One hundred noteworthy boletes from China. Fungal Diversity 81(1): 25–188.
  9. S2CID 207464240
    .
  10. ^
    doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.303.3.4
    .
  11. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2019.03.008
    .
  12. ^ Ellis MB, Ellis JP (1990). Fungi without gills (hymenomycetes and gasteromycetes): an identification handbook. Springer.
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-3-85604-030-7
    .
  14. ^ Garnweidner E. (1994). Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe. Collins.
  15. ^ a b Galli R. (2007). I Boleti. Atlante pratico-monographico per la determinazione dei boleti (in Italian) (3rd ed.). Milano, Italy: Dalla Natura.
  16. ISBN 978-9963-7380-0-7
    .
  17. ^ a b Courtecuisse R, Duhem B (1995). Mushrooms & Toadstools of Britain & Europe. London, UK: Harper-Collins.
  18. ^
    ISBN 0-330-44237-6
    .
  19. ^ a b Kibby G (2016). British Boletes: with key to species (7th ed.).
  20. ^
    ISBN 978-88-901057-6-0
    .
  21. ^ Martin MP, Raidl S (2002). "The taxonomic position of Rhizopogon melanogastroides (Boletales)". Mycotaxon. 84: 221–228.
  22. doi:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2011.06.004
    .
  23. doi:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2011.12.003
    .
  24. ^ Hall IR. (2003). Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World. Timber Press.
  25. ISBN 0-7234-1576-5
    .
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