Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia
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Originally, the name Rus' (
One of the earliest written sources mentioning the people called Rus' (as Rhos) dates to 839 in the
The modern Russian
A hypothetical predecessor of Kievan Rus' is the 9th-century Rus' Khaganate, whose name was introduced by modern researchers who hypothesised its existence basing on a small number of early medieval Byzantine and Persian and Arabic sources that mention Rus'.[7]
Etymology
The most common theory about the origins of Russians is the Germanic version. The name Rus', like the Proto-Finnic name for Sweden (*Ruotsi), supposed to be descended from an Old Norse term for "the men who row" (rods-) as rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and that it could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen or Roden, as it was known in earlier times.[8][9] The name Rus' would then have the same origin as the
Early evidence
In
Rusiyyah was used by
and described how the Rus' exploited the Slavs.As for the Rus, they live on an island ... that takes three days to walk round and is covered with thick undergrowth and forests; it is most unhealthy... They harry the Slavs, using ships to reach them; they carry them off as slaves and... sell them. They have no fields but simply live on what they get from the Slav's lands... When a son is born, the father will go up to the newborn baby, sword in hand; throwing it down, he says, "I shall not leave you with any property: You have only what you can provide with this weapon."[18]
When the Varangians arrived in Constantinople, the Byzantines considered and described the Rhos (Greek Ῥῶς) as a different people from the Slavs.
The earliest written mention of the word Rus' appears in the Primary Chronicle under the year 912. When describing a peace treaty signed by the Varangian
Later, the Primary Chronicle states that they conquered
However, the Synod Scroll of the Novgorod First Chronicle, which is partly based on the original list of the late 11th Century and partly on the Primary Chronicle, does not name the Varangians asked by the Chuds, Slavs and Krivichs to reign their obstreperous lands as the "Rus'".[citation needed] One can assume that there was no original mention of the Varangians as the Rus' due to the old list predating the Primary Chronicle and the Synod Scroll only referred to the Primary Chronicle if the pages of the old list were blemished.[citation needed]
Other spellings used in Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries were as follows: Ruzi,
Alternate anti-Normanist theories
A number of alternative etymologies
- The Sarmatian (i. e., Iranian) people who inhabited southern Ukraine, Moldova and Romania;[citation needed]
- Several river-names in the region contain the element rus/ros and these might be the origin of the name of the Rus'.Volga River, Ῥᾶ Rā, from a cognate Scythian name.)[citation needed]
- Rusiy (Русый[permanent dead link]), light-brown, said of hair color (the translation "reddish-haired", cognate with the Slavic "ryzhiy", "red-haired", is not quite exact);[citation needed]
- A postulated proto-Slavic word for "bear", cognate with arctos and ursus.[citation needed]
The name Rus' may have originated from the
The Russian linguist Igor Danilevsky, in his Ancient Rus as Seen by Contemporaries and Descendants, argued against these theories, stating that the anti-Normanists neglected the realities of the Ancient Slavic languages and that the nation name Rus' could not have arisen from any of the proposed origins.[citation needed]
- The populace of the Ros Riverwould have been known as Roshane;
- Red-haired or bear-origined people would have ended their self-name with the plural -ane or -ichi, and not with the singular -s' (red hair is one of the natural hair colors of Scandinavians and other Germanic peoples);
- Most theories are based on a Ros- root, and in Ancient Slavic an o would never have become the u in Rus'.[citation needed]
Danilevskiy further argued[citation needed] that the term followed the general pattern of Slavic names for neighboring Finnic peoples—the Chud', Ves', Perm', Sum', etc.—but that the only possible word that it could be based on, Ruotsi, presented a historical dead-end, since no such tribal or national name was known from non-Slavic sources. "Ruotsi" is, however, the Finnish name for Sweden.[21] Danilevskiy shows that the oldest historical source, the Primary Chronicle, is inconsistent in what it refers to as the "Rus'": in adjacent passages, the Rus' are grouped with Varangians, with the Slavs, and also set apart from the Slavs and Varangians. Danilevskiy suggests that the Rus' were originally not a nation but a social class, which can explain the irregularities in the Primary Chronicle and the lack of early non-Slavic sources.[citation needed]
From Rus' to Russia
In modern English historiography, common names for the ancient East Slavic state include Kievan Rus, (sometimes retaining the apostrophe in Rus', a transliteration of the soft sign, ь),[22] or Kievan Ruthenia.[citation needed] The term Kievan Rus' was established by modern historians to distinguish the period from the 9th century to the beginning of the 12th century, when Kiev was the center of a large state.[23]
The vast political state was subsequently divided into several parts. The most influential were, in the south, Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia and in the north, Vladimir-Suzdal and the Novgorod Republic.[citation needed]
Northeast principalities
In the 14th–16th centuries most of northeastern
By the 15th century, the rulers of the
Tsardom of Russia
In 1547, Ivan IV assumed the title of "Tsar and Grand Duke
In the Russian Tsardom, the word Russia replaced the old name Rus' in official documents, though the names Rus' and Russian land were still common and synonymous to it,[48] and often appeared in the form Great Russia (Russian: Великая Россия), which is more typical of the 17th century,[49] whereas the state was also known as Great-Russian Tsardom (Russian: Великороссийское царствие).[36]
According to historians like
From Rus' to Ruthenia
Southwest principalities
In the 13th–14th centuries, many of southwestern Rus' principalities were united under the power of the
Galicia–Volhynia declined by mid-14th century due to the
While in the Grand Principality of Moscow the rulers called their realm Rus, the residents of Western Rus lands called themselves Rusyny, Rusniaky or Rus'ki.[citation needed]
White, Black, Red
While gradually most of the territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus', Samogitia retained the name Rus', some of them got more color-specific names:
- "White Rus" (Russia (Ruthenia) Alba, Belarus, Ruś Biała). This would eventually become the name of the country Belarus.[citation needed]
- "Black Rus" (Russia (Ruthenia) Nigra, Chorna Rus, Ruś Czarna)[citation needed]
- "Red Rus" (Russia (Ruthenia) Rubra, Chervona Rus, Ruś Czerwona)[citation needed]
Although the name Ruthenia arose as a Latinized form of the name Rus' in Western European documents in medieval times, Russia was still the predominant name for Western Rus' territories up until 19th century.[citation needed]
Later usage
Later usage of the name "Ruthenia" became narrowed to Carpathian Ruthenia (Karpats'ka Rus'), the northeastern part of the Carpathian Mountains, in the Kingdom of Hungary where the local Slavs had Rusyn identity. Carpathian Ruthenia incorporated the cities of Mukachevo (Hungarian: Munkács), Uzhhorod (Hungarian: Ungvár) and Prešov (Pryashiv; Hungarian: Eperjes). Carpathian Rus' had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary since 907, and had been known as "Magna Rus'" but was also called "Karpato-Rus'" or "Zakarpattya".[citation needed]
Ecclesiastical titles
Originally, there was a metropolitan based in Kiev (Kyiv) calling himself "metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'", but in 1299, the Kievan metropolitan chair was moved to Vladimir by Metropolitan Maximos, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'. One line of metropolitans settled in Moscow in 1325 and continued titling themselves "of Kiev and all Rus'". Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople in 1361 created two metropolitan sees with their own names (in Greek) for the northern and southern parts: respectively, Μεγάλη Ῥωσσία (Megálē Rhōssía,[62] Great Russia) in Vladimir and Kiev and Μικρὰ Ῥωσσία (Mikrà Rhōssía, Russia Minor or Little Russia) with the centers in Halych and Novogrudok.[citation needed]
After the
When the
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: "Rus People" Archived 1 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-90-04-13874-2. Archivedfrom the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ a b Kloss 2012, p. 13.
- ^ a b E. Hellberg-Hirn. Soil and Soul: The Symbolic World of Russianness. Ashgate, 1998. P. 54
- ^ a b Lawrence N. Langer. Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia. Scarecrow Press, 2001. P. 186
- ISBN 9780631218494. Archivedfrom the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
- ^ К. Цукерман (Constantin Zuckerman), "Перестройка древнейшей русской истории", In: У истоков русской государственности, 2007 (a 2005 conference materials)
- ISBN 9780521035521. Archivedfrom the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- ^ Stefan Brink, 'Who were the Vikings?', in The Viking World Archived 14 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, ed. by Stefan Brink and Neil Price (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), pp. 4–10 (pp. 6–7).
- ^ a b "Russia Archived 15 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine," Online Etymology Dictionary
- ^ "Зайцева М. И., Муллонен М. И. Словарь вепсского языка (Dictionary of Veps language). Л., «Наука», 1972.
- ^ Zyri͡ansko-russkīĭ i russko-zyri͡anskīĭ slovarʹ (Komi – Russian dictionary) / sostavlennyĭ Pavlom Savvaitovym. Savvaitov, P. I. 1815–1895. Sankt Peterburg: V Tip. Imp. Akademīi Nauk, 1850.
- ^ Русско–коми словарь 12000 слов (Russian – Komi dictionary, Л. М. Безносикова, Н. К. Забоева, Р. И. Коснырева, 2005 год, 752 стр., Коми книжное издательство.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-910956-34-5. Archived(PDF) from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- ^ Ivar Aasen, Norsk Ordbog, med dansk Forklaring, Kristiania 1918 (1873), p.612
- ^ a b George Vernadsky (1959). The Origins of Russia. Clarendon Press.
In the Sarmatian period the Rus' were closely associated with the Alans. Hence the double name Rus- Alan (Roxolani). As has been mentioned,1 ruxs in Alanic means 'radiant light'. The name 'Ruxs-Alan' may be understood in two ways: ... of two clans or two tribes.1 That the Roxolani were actually a combination of these two clans may be seen from the fact that the name Rus (or Ros) was on many occasions used separately from that of the Alans. Besides, the armour of the ...
- ^ "RUSRIKET: Vikingar skapade Europas största rike". Varldenshistoria.se (in Swedish). 28 April 2022. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- National Geographic, March 1985
- ISBN 978-0-520-30918-0.
- .
- ^ Ruotsi – Wikipedia (FI)
- ^ Echoes of glasnost in Soviet Ukraine Archived 2 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine, by Romana M. Bahry, p. viii
- ISBN 978-0-226-90733-8
- ^ Halperin 2022, p. 1–3.
- ^ Robert O. Crummey. The Formation of Muscovy 1300–1613. Routledge. 2013. P. 29-84
- ^ a b Halperin 2022, p. vii–viii.
- ^ Kloss 2012, p. 3.
- ^ Kloss 2012, p. 30–38.
- ^ Kloss 2012, p. 55–56.
- ^ Kloss 2012, p. 61.
- ^ Kloss 2012, p. 57.
- ^ Robert Auty, Dimitri Obolensky. Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History. Cambridge University Press, 1976. P. 99
- ^ "Образование и развитие единого русского государства – Виртуальная выставка к 1150-летию зарождения российской государственности". rusarchives.ru. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ^ Lee Trepanier. Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice. Lexington Books, 2010. P. 61: "so your great Russian Tsardom, more pious than all previous kingdoms, is the Third Rome"
- ^ Barbara Jelavich. Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 1806–1914. Cambridge University Press, 2004. P. 37. Note 34: "Since the first Rome fell through the Appollinarian heresy and the second Rome, which is Constantinople, is held by the infidel Turks, so then thy great Russian Tsardom, pious Tsar, which is more pious than previous kingdoms, is the third Rome"
- ^ a b Richard S. Wortman. Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy from Peter the Great to the Abdication of Nicholas II. Princeton University Press, 2013. P. 17
- ^ Maija Jansson. England and the North: The Russian Embassy of 1613–1614. American Philosophical Society, 1994. P. 82: "...the towns of our great Russian Tsardom", "all the people of all the towns of all the great Russian Tsardom".
- ^ Walter G. Moss. A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917. Anthem Press, 2003. P. 207
- ^ Readings for Introduction to Russian civilization, Volume 1. Syllabus Division, University of Chicago Press, 1963. P. 253
- ^ Hans Georg Peyerle, George Edward Orchard. Journey to Moscow. LIT Verlag Münster, 1997. P. 47
- ^ William K. Medlin. Moscow and East Rome: A Political Study of the Relations of Church and State in Muscovite Russia. Delachaux et Niestl, 1952. P. 117: Addressing Patriarch Jeremiah, Tsar Feodor Ivanovich declares, "We have received the sceptre of the Great Tsardom of Russia to support and to watch over our pious and present Great Russian Tsardom and, with God's grace".
- ^ Шмидт С. О. Памятники письменности в культуре познания истории России. М., 2007. Т. 1. Стр. 545
- ^ Felicity Stout. Exploring Russia in the Elizabethan commonwealth: The Muscovy Company and Giles Fletcher, the elder (1546–1611). Oxford University Press. 2015
- ^ Jennifer Speake (editor). Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. 2014. P. 650
- ^ Marshall Poe (editor). Early exploration of Russia. Volume 1. Routledge. 2003
- ^ John T. Shawcross. John Milton: The Self and the World. University Press of Kentucky, 2015. P. 120
- ^ A brief history of Moscovia and of other less-known countries lying eastward of Russia as far as Cathay, gather'd from the writings of several eye-witnesses / by John Milton. January 2003. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
{{cite book}}
:|website=
ignored (help) - ^ Kloss 2012, p. 4.
- ^ Ruslan G. Skrynnikov. Reign of Terror: Ivan IV. BRILL. 2015. P. 189
- ^ Кудрявцев, Олег Фёдорович. Россия в первой половине XVI в: взгляд из Европы. Русский мир, 1997. [1] Archived 13 August 2002 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Тихвинский, С. Л., Мясников, В. С. Восток—Россия—Запад: исторические и культурологические исследования. Памятники исторической мысли, 2001 — С. 69
- ^ Хорошкевич А. Л. Русское государство в системе международных отношений конца XV—начала XVI в. — М.: Наука, 1980. — С. 84
- ^ Sigismund von Herberstein. Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii. Synoptische Edition der lateinischen und der deutschen Fassung letzter Hand. Basel 1556 und Wien 1557. München, 2007. P. 29
- ^ Advertissement au Lecteur // Jacques Margeret. Estat de l'empire de Russie et grande duché de Moscovie, avec ce qui s'y est passé de plus mémorable et tragique... depuis l'an 1590 jusques en l'an 1606 en septembre, par le capitaine Margeret. M. Guillemot, 1607. Modern French-Russian edition: Маржерет Ж. Состояние Российской империи (Тексты, комментарии, статьи). Ж. Маржерет в документах и исследованиях. Серия: Studia historica М. Языки славянской культуры. 2007. С. 46, 117
- ^ Vernadsky V. Moscow Tsardom. in 2 v. Moscow: Agraph, 2001 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Russian)
- Sigurd Schmidt, Doctor of history sciences, academician of RAN, Journal "Rodina", Nr. 12/2004 Archived 29 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ О великом и славном Российском Московском государстве. Гл. 50 // Арсеньев Ю. В. Описание Москвы и Московского государства: По неизданному списку Космографии конца XVII века. М, 1911. С. 6–17 (Зап. Моск. археол. ин-та. Т. 11)
- ^ Voloshchuk 2021, p. 64.
- ^ Serhii Plokhy, The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine Archived 10 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine (2017), p. 84.
- ^ a b Voloshchuk 2021, p. 65.
- ISBN 9789004466555. Archivedfrom the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ Vasmer, Max (1986). Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language. Moscow: Progress. p. 289. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011.
Sources
ISBNs for the books listed. . (June 2009) |
- Halperin, Charles J. (2022). The Rise and Demise of the Myth of the Rus' Land (PDF). Leeds: Arc Humanities Press. p. 107. ISBN 9781802700565. Archived(PDF) from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ISBN 9785457558656. Archivedfrom the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023. (first published 2012 by Рукописные памятники Древней Руси [Manuscript monuments of ancient Rus'], Moscow).
- E. Nakonechniy. The Stolen Name: How the Ruthenians became Ukrainians. (Lviv, 1998)
- P. Pekarskiy. Science and Literature in Russia in the Age of Peter the Great. (St Petersburg, 1862)
- S. M Solovyov. History of Russia since the Ancient Times. (Moscow, 1993)
- Hakon Stang, The Naming of Russia (Oslo: Meddelelser, 1996).
- Y. M. Suzumov. Etymology of Rus (in Appendix to S. Fomin's "Russia before the Second Coming", available on-line in Russian Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.)
- Voloshchuk, Myroslav (2021). Ruthenians (the Rus') in the Kingdom of Hungary (11th to mid-14th Century): Settlement, Property, and Socio-Political Role. Leiden: Brill. p. 360. ISBN 9789004469709. Archivedfrom the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
- Zerkalo Nedeli(Mirror Weekly):
- "How Rusyns Became Ukrainians", Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), July 2005. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- "Such a Deceptive Triunity", Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), 2–8 May 1998. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian[permanent dead link].
- "We Are More 'Russian' than Them: a History of Myths and Sensations", Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), 27 January – 2 February 2001. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- "How Rusyns Became Ukrainians",