Russell B. Long
Russell B. Long | |
---|---|
United States Senator from Louisiana | |
In office December 31, 1948 – January 3, 1987 | |
Preceded by | William C. Feazel |
Succeeded by | John Breaux |
Chair of the Senate Finance Committee | |
In office January 10, 1966 – January 3, 1981 | |
Preceded by | Harry F. Byrd |
Succeeded by | Bob Dole |
Senate Majority Whip | |
In office January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1969 | |
Leader | Mike Mansfield |
Preceded by | Hubert Humphrey |
Succeeded by | Ted Kennedy |
Personal details | |
Born | Russell Billiu Long November 3, 1918 Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S. |
Died | May 9, 2003 Washington, D.C., U.S. | (aged 84)
Political party | Democratic |
Spouses |
|
Children | 2 |
Parents |
|
Relatives | Long family |
Education | Louisiana State University (BA, LLB) |
Military service | |
Allegiance | United States |
Branch/service | United States Navy |
Years of service | 1942–1945 |
Rank | Lieutenant |
Unit | United States Navy Reserve |
Battles/wars | World War II:
|
Awards | Four Battle stars for service in North Africa and Europe |
Russell Billiu Long (November 3, 1918 – May 9, 2003) was an American
Long also served as Assistant Majority Leader (Senate Majority Whip) from 1965 to 1969.The son of Senators Rose McConnell Long and Huey Long, Russell Long served during the administrations of eight U.S. presidents, from Truman to Reagan. According to biographer Bob Mann, Long "became a leading voice for the plight of the elderly, the disabled, the working poor and the middle class."[3] Long quietly wielded enormous power in the Senate and shaped some of the most significant tax legislation of the twentieth century.[citation needed]
While a student at LSU, Long met and married Katherine Hattic. They had two daughters, Kay and Pamela. In 1969 they divorced and he married Carolyn Bason.[4]
As chairman of the
Early life
Russell Billiu Long was born in Shreveport, Louisiana on November 3, 1918, the son of Huey Long and Rose McConnell Long.[9] Originally named Huey Pierce Long III, his father arrived shortly after his birth and changed his name to Russell. He was named for Russell Billiu, his mother's favorite cousin.[10]
Long received his
In June 1942, during
Senate career
Upon his return from the war, Long practiced law.
From 1953 to 1987, Long was a member of the tax-writing
Long had an encyclopedic knowledge of the federal tax code. He realized that he could achieve his legislative goals most effectively by attaching his priorities as amendments to tax bills rather than sponsoring legislation under his name. With all federal revenue and forty percent of all government spending controlled by the Senate Finance Committee, Long exercised authority over all major revenue bills and entitlement programs, as well as foreign trade and tariffs.[20] According to biographer Bob Mann, "For almost four decades, no single revenue measure passed through Congress without [Long's] influence."[21]
Legislative accomplishments
Long's legislative priorities balanced a desire to help the disadvantaged, while providing tax relief for the middle class and small businesses. He was particularly sensitive to the plight of the elderly poor, and his colleagues referred to Long's various aid proposals as his "grandma amendments."[22]
In 1956, Long led the first major expansion of Social Security to include benefits for the disabled and, later, to their dependents.[23] Long's success in maneuvering the late President John F. Kennedy's major tax reduction bill forward in early 1964 confirmed his reputation as a rising leader.[7]
Long created the
Long was the architect of
During his time in the Senate, Long was a strong champion of certain tax breaks for businesses. He once said, "I have become convinced you're going to have to have capital if you're going to have capitalism." On the other hand, he was aware of some of the political ramifications of "tax reform" and stated that it simply meant, "Don't tax you, don't tax me, tax that fellow behind the tree!"[26]
Long was legendary for achieving his legislative priorities by attaching small, yet significant, amendments to tax bills. In 1966, at the request of then-National Football League Commissioner Pete Rozelle, Long and Representative Hale Boggs used their influence to pass legislation that allowed for the merger of the American Football League and the National Football League (NFL), a provision that Long inserted into a tax bill. Without the legislation, the merger would have been prohibited by anti-trust laws governing monopolies. In exchange for ensuring the passage of the legislation, Long and Boggs requested that Rozelle award the next NFL expansion franchise to New Orleans.[27] Rozelle complied, and Long and Boggs joined Rozelle in announcing on November 1, 1966, that New Orleans had obtained the New Orleans Saints.[28]
In 1972, Long singlehandedly created the United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana, comprising the nine parishes surrounding Baton Rouge. In a House-passed tax bill to allow a marine from Thibodaux to keep an excess federal payment of $547 that he received on active duty, Long added "that Section 98 of Title 28 of the United States Code is amended as 'Louisiana is divided into three judicial districts to be known as the Eastern, Middle and Western Districts of Louisiana.'"[8]
Elections
1948
To win the Senate seat vacated by the death of Democrat
1950
After being elected in 1948, Long never again faced a close contest for re-election. Because the 1948 election was for a two-year unexpired term, Long had to run again in 1950 for his first full six-year term. That year, he had no trouble defeating the intra-party challenge of Malcolm Lafargue.[29] A great-nephew of the late Senator John H. Overton, Lafargue resigned as U.S. Attorney for the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana in Shreveport to make the Senate race. In an advertisement, Lafargue questioned how Long was the self-proclaimed "poor man's friend" because the incumbent "pretends to sneer at millionaires, but Long is a millionaire himself."[30]
After winning the Democratic primary, Long overwhelmed his Republican opponent, Charles Sidney Gerth (1882–1964),[31] a businessman from New Orleans. In 1948 he had run as a Democrat for senator against Long's colleague, Allen J. Ellender. In the 1950 general election, Long polled 220,907 (87.7 percent) to Gerth's 30,931 (12.3 percent).
1962
In 1962, Long defeated Philemon Andrews "Phil" St. Amant (1918-2019), a retired career
Long trounced his Republican challenger Taylor W. O'Hearn, a Shreveport attorney and accountant, with 318,838 votes (75.6 percent) to O'Hearn's 103,066 (24.4 percent). Later O'Hearn was elected as state representative for Caddo Parish.
1963 and 1964 campaigns
Speculation persisted that Long would run for governor in the 1963 Democratic primary. He had received encouragement from "all the shades of factionalism in the state." Instead, he endorsed his cousin,
As a result of Johnson's signing of the
1968
In 1968, Long overpowered a primary rival, Maurice P. Blache Sr. (1917–1991), to win renomination. He was unopposed in the general election when the presumed Republican candidate, Richard Kilbourne, the district attorney in East Feliciana Parish, withdrew from the race. Kilbourne abandoned his campaign so that his party could concentrate on trying to elect David C. Treen to represent Louisiana's 2nd congressional district over incumbent Democrat Hale Boggs.
1974
In the 1974 Democratic primary, Long defeated state
1980
In 1980, Long defeated State Representative Woody Jenkins of Baton Rouge, 484,770 (57.6 percent) to 325,922 (38.8 percent) in the state's nonpartisan blanket primary. During the 1980 campaign, Long's friend and colleague, Robert J. "Bob" Dole, the Kansas Republican who had been his party's vice presidential nominee in 1976 and who would be the presidential nominee in 1996, made a television commercial for Long in the race against Jenkins. Dole and Long were both running for re-election that year. The 1980 primary was the last time that Long's name was on a ballot. Jenkins had run against Johnston in 1978 and ran again in a disputed outcome against Mary Landrieu in 1996 for the seat Johnston vacated on retirement.
Jenkins won majorities in only four parishes, Rapides, La Salle, Iberia, and St. Tammany. When Jenkins claimed to have received 55 percent of the votes cast by whites, Long called the claim "racist." Long urged the media to investigate Jenkins' claim. He contended that his own research was in conflict with Jenkins' assertion.[36]
Near the end of his last term in office, Long hired the young journalist Bob Mann as his press secretary. Mann, who now holds the Douglas Manship Chair of Journalism at LSU, later penned the 1992 book, Legacy to Power: Senator Russell B. Long of Louisiana.[37]
Retirement
After he considered and rejected a run for governor of Louisiana, Long retired from the Senate in January 1987. Senator J. Bennett Johnston said of his colleague: "His absence will leave a huge void that's going to be very, very difficult to fill here in Washington."[38] Edward J. Steimel, president of the Louisiana Association of Business and Industry, described Long as "very well regarded in the business community nationally."[38]
Summing up his career in the Senate, President Ronald Reagan called him a "legend... one of the most skillful legislators, compromisers and legislative strategists in history."[39]
In 1986, Democratic U.S. Representative John Breaux of Crowley, a former legislative aide and House successor of Governor Edwards, was elected to succeed Long in the Senate. Breaux defeated the Republican U.S. Representative Henson Moore of Baton Rouge. Moore had led the balloting in the nonpartisan blanket primary but lost the general election to Breaux in a nationally Democratic year.
Long remained in
In 1996, he endorsed
Political positions
Long was known as a political realist, rather than an ideologue. Inspired by his father’s left-wing populist Share Our Wealth governing philosophy, he endorsed liberal social programs such as the New Deal, the Fair Deal, New Frontier, and the Great Society. He was much more conservative than his father in the areas of business policy, states' rights, and foreign policy. In labor relations, Long voted 56% of the time with the AFL-CIO position, and the National Chamber of Commerce reported that he supported the business position 63% of the time.[42] Long was a formidable protector of Louisiana’s industries, particularly the oil and gas industry.[43]
Long’s positions on race relations evolved over the course of his 38-year career. Despite his support for segregation in his early career, Long received more than 90% of the African American vote in his seven elections to the Senate. He was frequently criticized for his moderate racial views by the
As a junior member of the Senate in the 1950s, Long joined his Southern colleagues with a segregationist voting record and signed the Southern Manifesto on 1956, a position that he later repudiated as required by the white majority of voters at the time. Long described his hardline colleagues' refusal to compromise "disastrous" and advocated gradualism toward desegregation. He expressed his concern that moving too quickly would spark violence and divisions among the races but failing in practically improving the daily lives of African Americans.[45]
In 1953, Long broke ranks with his Southern colleagues by supporting Alaskan and Hawaiian statehood,[46][47] the latter of which had been blocked for a quarter of a century by the Solid South's refusal to accept the possibility of non-whites in Congress[48] as well as the possibility of adding two civil rights votes in the Senate.[49]
Long opposed judicial intrusions into police power by the Warren Court. Following the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, he proposed a constitutional amendment to limit Supreme Court justices to six- or twelve-year terms.[50]
Long became Assistant Majority Leader (Majority Whip) in 1965 and advanced in seniority to the chairmanship of the Senate Finance Committee the following year. He championed the economic interests of minorities, the poor, and the elderly by steering the landmark social welfare legislation of President Johnson's Great Society and War on Poverty. During his 15-year tenure as Senate Finance Committee Chairman, Long exercised authority over all federal revenue collection and a vast array of entitlement spending. His most-recognized achievements include the creation of Social Security benefits for the disabled and their dependents, Medicare and Medicaid, child support enforcement, Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPS) and the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), the centerpiece of American poverty alleviation efforts.
Long was one of only four southern senators to vote for the
Long was the only southern senator who voted to outlaw the poll tax in both 1960 and 1965. To break the Congressional gridlock over voting rights, he urged Presidents Kennedy and Johnson to send federal registrars throughout the South to register black voters.[52] Although he secured rare concessions in the Voting Rights Act of 1965, he ultimately voted against it but refused to join a filibuster against it. He confided in President Johnson that he "felt the bill should have passed and made applicable to Louisiana."[53] Long subsequently voted to expand and strengthen the Voting Rights Act in 1975 and 1982, which he co-sponsored.[54]
In 1960, Long was the first Southern senator in the 20th century to hire black staff members.[45] Long’s Senate office launched the careers of many trailblazing African Americans, including Kerry Pourciau, the first black student body president of LSU.
Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., described Long's 1965 election as the Assistant Majority Leader as a "blessing in disguise" in that he "may bring an end to the solid Southern bloc."[55] Following King’s assassination in 1968, Long reflected on his own father’s assassination, which he attributed to Huey Long’s repeal of the Louisiana poll tax and liberal views on race shortly before his death: "I've tried to continue some of the work he started – to help the poor people of our state and nation, both colored and whites."[56] In 1983, Long supported the creation of the federal holiday of Martin Luther King Jr. Day.
Long supported the creation of the Senate Select Committee to investigate the 1972 presidential campaigns after the Watergate break-in. He co-chaired the special Congressional Committee on Internal Revenue Taxation that determined President Nixon owed nearly half-a-million dollars in back taxes.[57]
To combat the economic stagflation of the 1970s, Long guided President Ford’s 1974 Trade Reform Act and 1975 tax cut bill through Congress, which included the creation of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPS).[58]
Long opposed President Carter's energy policies but supported Carter's implementation of stimulus tax cuts, the creation of the Department of Energy and the Panama Canal Treaty. Long supported Carter's 1979 loan guarantees to save the Chrysler Corporation from bankruptcy, which included a $175 million Employee Stock Ownership Plan for Chrysler’s workers.[59]
Illness and death
Russell Long died from heart failure on May 9, 2003. At the time of his death, Russell Long was the last living former senator who had served in the 1940s. The funeral was held in Baton Rouge, and included eulogies delivered by his grandson, attorney Russell Long Mosely, and former colleagues Johnston and Breaux.
References
- ^ Franklin, Ben A. (November 12, 1965). "Byrd of Virginia resigns after 32 years in Senate". The New York Times. p. 1.
- ^ Morris, John D. (November 12, 1965). "Byrd's move aids Long of Louisiana; Majority Whip in line for Senate Finance chairman". The New York Times. p. 32.
- ISBN 1-55778-467-1.
- ^ "Carolyn Long Obituary (1922-2015)". The Advocate. July 28, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
- ISBN 1-55778-467-1.
- ^ Thorne, Pat (March 17, 1982). "Senators say Long most influential Democrat". The Shreveport Journal.
- ^ a b Cushman, John H. (May 11, 2003). "Russell B. Long, 84, Senator Who Influenced Tax Laws". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Polozola, Frank (1998). "Tribute to Senator Russell B. Long". Louisiana Law Review. 58 (3): 994.
- ^ a b c d e "Obituary, Russell B. Long". The Washington Post. May 12, 2003 – via Legacy.com.
- ^ Huey Long, Every Man a King: The Autobiography of Huey P. Long (New Orleans: National Book Club, Inc., 1933), p. 86.
- Newspapers.com.
- ISBN 978-1-6267-4111-9 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Congressional Biography U.S. Congressional Bioguide.
- ISBN 1-55778-467-1.
- Newspapers.com.
- Newspapers.com.
- Newspapers.com.
- Newspapers.com.
- ^ Russell B. Long (D-LA). U.S. Senate Photo Historian
- ISBN 1-55778-467-1.
- ISBN 1-55778-467-1.
- ISBN 1-55778-467-1.
- ISBN 1-55778-467-1.
- .
- ^ Marr, Chuck; Huang, Yixuan. "Women of Color Especially Benefit From Working Family Tax Credits". Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-595-27019-4.
- ^ "Act of Congress paved way for Saints, Super Bowl". The Sporting News. January 29, 2010. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
- ^ "New Orleans Saints photos look back at first year: 1967". The Times Picayune. January 22, 2010.
- ^ "M. E. Lafargue, Former District Attorney, Dies – Succumbs in Sleep Here at Age 54; Services Saturday". Shreveport Journal. March 28, 1963. pp. 1–A, 4–A. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
- ^ Advertisement, Minden Herald, July 21, 1950, p. 3.
- ^ "Charles Sidney Gerth". search.ancestry.com. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
- Louisiana Secretary of State. Retrieved April 10, 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ William C. Havard, Rudolf Heberle, and Perry H. Howard, The Louisiana Elections of 1960, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Studies, 1963, p. 97.
- ^ Kornacki, Steve (February 3, 2011) The "Southern Strategy," fulfilled, Salon.com.
- ^ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, October 26, 1974, p. 2962.
- ^ "Long says Jenkins made racist remarks", Minden Press-Herald, September 15, 1980, p. 3.
- ^ "About Bob Mann". bobmannblog.com. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- ^ a b "Long's retirement catches many by surprise", Minden Press-Herald, February 26, 1985, p. 1.
- ^ Reagan, Ronald (October 16, 1985). "Remarks at a Dinner Honoring Senator Russell B. Long of Louisiana". The University of Texas.
- ^ Shipp, E. R.. (November 11, 1987). "Finley, Kumble, Major Law Firm, Facing Revamping or Dissolution". The New York Times.
- ^ "Russell Long endorses Mary Landrieu for Senate", Minden Press-Herald, October 25, 1996, p. 1.
- ^ Hill, John (September 1986). "Power: The Legacy of Russell B. Long". Louisiana Life Magazine. p. 58.
- ISBN 978-1-61703-974-4.
- ISBN 1-55778-467-1.
- ^ ISBN 1-55778-467-1.
- ^ GovTrack; 'Statehood for Hawaii: Passage'
- ^ GovTrack-2; 'HR. 7999. STATEHOOD FOR ALASKA.'
- ISBN 0313257957
- ISBN 1-55778-467-1.
- ISBN 978-1-61703-974-4.
- ISBN 978-1-61703-974-4.
- ISBN 1-55778-467-1.
- ISBN 978-1-61703-974-4.
- ^ Watson, Denton (March 10, 1985). "A Magnificent Lion in the Lobby". The Baltimore Sun.
- ISBN 1-55778-467-1.
- ^ "Sen. Long Offers Comments on Death of King". The Morning Advocate. April 9, 1968.
- ISBN 978-1-61703-974-4.
- ISBN 978-1-61703-974-4.
- ISBN 978-1-61703-974-4.
Additional reading
- William J. "Bill" Dodd, Peapatch Politics: The Earl Long Era in Louisiana Politics, Baton Rouge: Claitor's Publishing, 1991