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- ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ
Russian Federation Российская Федерация (Russian) | |
---|---|
Anthem: Государственный гимн Российской Федерации Gosudarstvennyy gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii " State Anthem of the Russian Federation" | |
Recognized territory of Russia is shown in dark green; claimed and disputed territory is shown in light green.[a]
Show globe | |
Religion |
|
Government | Federal semi-presidential republic under an authoritarian dictatorship[9][10][11][12] |
Vladimir Putin | |
Mikhail Mishustin | |
Valentina Matviyenko | |
Vyacheslav Volodin | |
Pyotr Serkov (acting)[13] | |
Legislature | Federal Assembly |
Federation Council | |
State Duma | |
Formation | |
882 | |
1157 | |
1282 | |
16 January 1547 | |
2 November 1721 | |
15 March 1917 | |
30 December 1922 | |
12 June 1990 | |
12 December 1991 | |
12 December 1993 | |
8 December 1999 | |
Area | |
• Total | 17,098,246 km2 (6,601,670 sq mi)[14] (within internationally recognised borders) |
• Water (%) | 13[15] (including swamps) |
Population | |
• 2022 estimate | ( ₽) (RUB) |
Time zone | UTC+2 to +12 |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | +7 |
ISO 3166 code | RU |
Internet TLD |
Russia,[b] or the Russian Federation,[c] is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the largest country in the world by area, extending across eleven time zones. It shares land boundaries with fourteen countries.[d] It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country. The country's capital as well as its largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city and cultural capital. Other major urban areas in the country include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kazan, Krasnodar and Rostov-on-Don.
The
In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the
Internationally, Russia
Etymology
In Russian, the current name of the country, Россия (Rossiya), comes from the
There are several words in Russian which translate to "Russians" in English. The noun and adjective русский, russkiy refers to ethnic Russians. The adjective российский, rossiiskiy denotes Russian citizens regardless of ethnicity. The same applies to the more recently coined noun россиянин, rossiianyn, "Russian" in the sense of citizen of the Russian state.[29][33]
According to the
Later archeological studies mostly confirmed this theory.History
Early history
The first human settlement on Russia dates back to the
The first trace of an early modern human in Russia dates back to 45,000 years, in Western Siberia.[42] The discovery of high concentration cultural remains of anatomically modern humans, from at least 40,000 years ago, was found at Kostyonki–Borshchyovo,[43] and at Sungir, dating back to 34,600 years ago—both in western Russia.[44] Humans reached Arctic Russia at least 40,000 years ago, in Mamontovaya Kurya.[45] Ancient North Eurasian populations from Siberia genetically similar to Mal'ta–Buret' culture and Afontova Gora were an important genetic contributor to Ancient Native Americans and Eastern Hunter-Gatherers.[46]
The
In the 3rd to 4th centuries CE, the Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in southern Russia, which was later overrun by Huns. Between the 3rd and 6th centuries CE, the Bosporan Kingdom, which was a Hellenistic polity that succeeded the Greek colonies,[56] was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars.[57] The Khazars, who were of Turkic origin, ruled the steppes between the Caucasus in the south, to the east past the Volga river basin, and west as far as Kyiv on the Dnieper river until the 10th century.[58] After them came the Pechenegs who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the Cumans and the Kipchaks.[59]
The ancestors of
Kievan Rus'
The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of
In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The reigns of
Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240,[68] as well as the Germanic crusaders in the Battle on the Ice in 1242.[69]
Kievan Rus' finally fell to the
Grand Duchy of Moscow
The destruction of Kievan Rus' saw the eventual rise of the
Led by Prince
Tsardom of Russia
In development of the
The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient
Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the
Imperial Russia
Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an empire in 1721, and established itself as one of the European great powers. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War (1700–1721), securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded Saint Petersburg as Russia's new capital. Throughout his rule, sweeping reforms were made, which brought significant Western European cultural influences to Russia.[88] He was succeeded by Catherine I (1725–1727), followed by Peter II (1727–1730), and Anna. The reign of Peter I's daughter Elizabeth in 1741–1762 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). During the conflict, Russian troops overran East Prussia, reaching Berlin.[89] However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian Peter III of Russia.[90]
Great power and development of society, sciences and arts
During the
The officers who pursued Napoleon into Western Europe brought ideas of liberalism back to Russia, and attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive Decembrist revolt of 1825.[102] At the end of the conservative reign of Nicholas I (1825–1855), a zenith period of Russia's power and influence in Europe, was disrupted by defeat in the Crimean War.[103]
Great liberal reforms and capitalism
Nicholas's successor Alexander II (1855–1881) enacted significant changes throughout the country, including the emancipation reform of 1861.[104] These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the Balkans from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War.[105] During most of the 19th and early 20th century, Russia and Britain colluded over Afghanistan and its neighbouring territories in Central and South Asia; the rivalry between the two major European empires came to be known as the Great Game.[106]
The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists.[107] The reign of his son Alexander III (1881–1894) was less liberal but more peaceful.[108]
Constitutional monarchy and World War
Under last Russian emperor,
Revolution and civil war
In 1914,
An alternative socialist establishment co-existed, the
The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces.[119] In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror.[120] By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians.[121] Millions became White émigrés,[122] and the Russian famine of 1921–1922 claimed up to five million victims.[123]
Soviet Union
Command economy and Soviet society
On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides
Following
Stalinism and violent modernization
Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a
World War II and United Nations
The Soviet Union entered World War II on 17 September 1939 with its invasion of Poland,[135] in accordance with a secret protocol within the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany.[136] The Soviet Union later invaded Finland,[137] and occupied and annexed the Baltic states,[138] as well as parts of Romania.[139]: 91–95 On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union,[140] opening the Eastern Front, the largest theater of World War II.[141]: 7
Eventually, some 5 million
The 1941–1945 period of World War II is known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War.[150] The Soviet Union, along with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II, and later became the Four Policemen, which was the foundation of the United Nations Security Council.[151]: 27 During the war, Soviet civilian and military death were about 26–27 million,[152] accounting for about half of all World War II casualties.[153]: 295 The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine of 1946–1947.[154] However, at the expense of a large sacrifice, the Soviet Union emerged as a global superpower.[155]
Superpower and Cold War
After World War II, according to the Potsdam Conference, the Red Army occupied parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and the eastern regions of Austria.[156] Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states.[157] After becoming the world's second nuclear power,[158] the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance,[159] and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivalling United States and NATO.[160]
Khrushchev Thaw reforms and economic development
After Stalin's death in 1953 and a short period of collective rule, the new leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin and launched the policy of de-Stalinization, releasing many political prisoners from the Gulag labour camps.[161] The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the Khrushchev Thaw.[162] At the same time, Cold War tensions reached its peak when the two rivals clashed over the deployment of the United States Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba.[163]
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial
Period of developed socialism or Era of Stagnation
Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of
Perestroika, democratization and Russian sovereignty
From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government.[169] This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country.[170] Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the world's second-largest, but during its final years, it went into a crisis.[171]
By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the
Independent Russian Federation
Transition to a market economy and political crises
The economic and political collapse of the Soviet Union led Russia into a deep and prolonged depression. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including
In late 1993, tensions between Yeltsin and the Russian parliament culminated in a constitutional crisis which ended violently through military force. During the crisis, Yeltsin was backed by Western governments, and over 100 people were killed.[185]
Modern liberal constitution, international cooperation and economic stabilization
In December, a
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia assumed responsibility for settling the latter's external debts.[190] In 1992, most consumer price controls were eliminated, causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the rouble.[191] High budget deficits coupled with increasing capital flight and inability to pay back debts, caused the 1998 Russian financial crisis, which resulted in a further GDP decline.[192]
Movement towards a modernized economy, political centralization and democratic backsliding
On 31 December 1999, president Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned,[193] handing the post to the recently appointed prime minister and his chosen successor, Vladimir Putin.[194] Putin then won the 2000 presidential election,[195] and defeated the Chechen insurgency in the Second Chechen War.[196]
Putin won a
Following a
Invasion of Ukraine
In early 2014, following
In June 2023, the Wagner Group, a private military contractor fighting for Russia in Ukraine, declared an open rebellion against the Russian Ministry of Defense, capturing Rostov-on-Don, before beginning a march on Moscow. However, after negotiations between Wagner and the Belarusian government, the rebellion was called off.[221][222]
Geography
Russia's vast landmass stretches over the easternmost part of Europe and the northernmost part of Asia.[223] It spans the northernmost edge of Eurasia; and has the world's fourth-longest coastline, of over 37,653 km (23,396 mi).[f][225] Russia lies between latitudes 41° and 82° N, and longitudes 19° E and 169° W, extending some 9,000 km (5,600 mi) east to west, and 2,500 to 4,000 km (1,600 to 2,500 mi) north to south.[226] Russia, by landmass, is larger than three continents,[g] and has the same surface area as Pluto.[227]
Russia has nine major mountain ranges, and they are found along the
Russia, as one of the world's only three countries
Russia, home of over 100,000 rivers,
Climate
The size of Russia and the remoteness of many of its areas from the sea result in the dominance of the humid continental climate throughout most of the country, except for the tundra and the extreme southwest. Mountain ranges in the south and east obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the Indian and Pacific oceans, while the European Plain spanning its west and north opens it to influence from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans.[240] Most of northwest Russia and Siberia have a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of northeast Siberia (mostly Sakha, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of −71.2 °C or −96.2 °F),[233] and more moderate winters elsewhere. Russia's vast coastline along the Arctic Ocean and the Russian Arctic islands have a polar climate.[240]
The coastal part of Krasnodar Krai on the Black Sea, most notably Sochi, and some coastal and interior strips of the North Caucasus possess a humid subtropical climate with mild and wet winters.[240] In many regions of East Siberia and the Russian Far East, winter is dry compared to summer; while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The westernmost parts of Kaliningrad Oblast and some parts in the south of Krasnodar Krai and the North Caucasus have an oceanic climate.[240] The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some southernmost slivers of Siberia, possess a semi-arid climate.[241]
Throughout much of the territory, there are only two distinct seasons, winter and summer; as spring and autumn are usually brief.
Biodiversity
Russia, owing to its gigantic size, has diverse ecosystems, including polar deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forest, forest steppe, steppe, semi-desert, and subtropics.[245] About half of Russia's territory is forested,[11] and it has the world's largest area of forest,[246] which sequester some of the world's highest amounts of carbon dioxide.[246][247]
Russian biodiversity includes 12,500 species of
Russia's entirely natural ecosystems are conserved in nearly 15,000 specially protected natural territories of various statuses, occupying more than 10% of the country's total area.
Government and politics
Russia, by 1993 constitution, is a
- Legislative: The bicameral Federal Assembly of Russia, made up of the 450-member State Duma and the 170-member Federation Council,[254] adopts federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse and the power of impeachment of the president.[255]
- Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces, and appoints the Government of Russia (Cabinet) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.[253] The president may issue decrees of unlimited scope, so long as they do not contradict the constitution or federal law.[256]
- Judiciary: The Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president,[254] interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem unconstitutional.[257]
The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term and may be elected no more than twice.[258][i] Ministries of the government are composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister (whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma). United Russia is the dominant political party in Russia, and has been described as "big tent" and the "party of power".[260][261] Under the administrations of Vladimir Putin, Russia has experienced democratic backsliding,[262][263] and has become an authoritarian state[12] under a dictatorship,[9][264] with Putin's policies being referred to as Putinism.[265]
Political divisions
Russia, by 1993 constitution, is a symmetric (with the possibility of an asymmetric configuration) federation. Unlike the Soviet asymmetric model of the RSFSR, where only republics were "subjects of the federation", the current constitution raised the status of other regions to the level of republics and made all regions equal with the title "subject of the federation". The regions of Russia have reserved areas of competence, but no regions have sovereignty, do not have the status of a sovereign state, do not have the right to indicate any sovereignty in their constitutions and do not have the right to secede from the country. The laws of the regions cannot contradict federal laws.[266]
The federal subjects[j] have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly.[267] They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy.[268] The federal districts of Russia were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the federal subjects.[269] Originally seven, currently there are eight federal districts, each headed by an envoy appointed by the president.[270]
Federal subjects | Governance |
---|---|
46 oblasts
|
The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centres.[271] |
22 republics
|
Each is nominally autonomous—home to a specific ethnic minority, and has its own constitution, language, and legislature, but is represented by the federal government in international affairs.[272] |
9 krais
|
For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. The title "krai" ("frontier" or "territory") is historic, related to geographic (frontier) position in a certain period of history. The current krais are not related to frontiers.[273] |
Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority.[274] | |
Major cities that function as separate regions (Moscow and Saint Petersburg, as well as Sevastopol in Russian-occupied Ukraine).[275] | |
1 autonomous oblast
|
The only autonomous oblast is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.[276] |
Foreign relations
Russia had the world's fifth-largest diplomatic network in 2019. It maintains diplomatic relations with 190
Russia maintains close relations with neighbouring Belarus, which is a part of the Union State, a supranational confederation of the two states.[284] Serbia has been a historically close ally of Russia, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity.[285] India is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a strong strategic and diplomatic relationship since the Soviet era.[286] Russia wields influence across the geopolitically important South Caucasus and Central Asia; and the two regions have been described as Russia's "backyard".[287][288]
In the 21st century Russia has pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at securing regional dominance and international influence, as well as increasing domestic support for the government. Military intervention in the
Military
The
Russia is among the five
Human rights
Violations of human rights in Russia have been increasingly criticised by leading democracy and human rights groups. In particular, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch say that Russia is not democratic and allows few political rights and civil liberties to its citizens.[310][311]
Since 2004,
Muslims, especially
Russia has introduced several restrictions on LGBT rights, including a 2020 ban on same-sex marriage and the designation of LGBT+ organisations such as the Russian LGBT Network as "foreign agents".[333][334]
Corruption
Russia's autocratic[335] political system has been variously described as a kleptocracy,[336] an oligarchy,[337] and a plutocracy.[338] It was the lowest rated European country in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2023, ranking 141th out of 180 countries.[339] Russia has a long history of corruption, which is seen as a significant problem.[340] It impacts various sectors, including the economy,[341] business,[342] public administration,[343] law enforcement,[344] healthcare,[345][346] education,[347] and the military.[348]
Law and crime
The primary and fundamental statement of laws in Russia is the
Russia has the world's second largest illegal arms trade market, after the United States, is ranked first in Europe and 32nd globally in the Global Organized Crime Index, and is among the countries with the highest number of people in prison.[352][353][354]
Economy
Russia has a
Russia is the world's thirteenth-largest exporter and the 21st-largest importer.[360][361] It relies heavily on revenues from oil and gas-related taxes and export tariffs, which accounted for 45% of Russia's federal budget revenues in January 2022,[362] and up to 60% of its exports in 2019.[363] Russia has one of the lowest levels of external debt among major economies,[364] although its inequality of household income and wealth is one of the highest among developed countries.[365] High regional disparity is also an issue.[366][367]
After over a decade of post-Soviet rapid economic growth, backed by high oil-prices and a surge in foreign exchange reserves and investment,
Transport and energy
Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run Russian Railways. The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's third-longest, and exceeds 87,000 km (54,100 mi).[374] As of 2016[update], Russia has the world's fifth-largest road network, with 1.5 million km of roads,[375] while its road density is among the world's lowest.[376] Russia's inland waterways are the world's longest, and total 102,000 km (63,380 mi).[377] Among Russia's 1,218 airports,[378] the busiest is Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea.[379]
Russia was widely described as an
In the mid-2000s, the share of the oil and gas sector in GDP was around 20%, and in 2013 it was 20–21% of GDP.[391] The share of oil and gas in Russia's exports (about 50%) and federal budget revenues (about 50%) is large, and the dynamics of Russia's GDP are highly dependent on oil and gas prices,[392] but the share in GDP is much less than 50%. According to the first such comprehensive assessment published by the Russian statistics agency Rosstat in 2021, the maximum total share of the oil and gas sector in Russia's GDP, including extraction, refining, transport, sale of oil and gas, all goods and services used, and all supporting activities, amounts to 19.2% in 2019 and 15.2% in 2020. This is comparable to the share of GDP in Norway and Kazakhstan. It is much lower than the share of GDP in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[393][394][395][396][397]
Russia ratified the
Agriculture and fishery
Russia's agriculture sector contributes about 5% of the country's total GDP, although the sector employs about one-eighth of the total labour force.[404] It has the world's third-largest cultivated area, at 1,265,267 square kilometres (488,522 sq mi). However, due to the harshness of its environment, about 13.1% of its land is agricultural,[11] and only 7.4% of its land is arable.[405] The country's agricultural land is considered part of the "breadbasket" of Europe.[406] More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is devoted to industrial crops, vegetables, and fruits.[404] The main product of Russian farming has always been grain, which occupies considerably more than half of the cropland.[404] Russia is the world's largest exporter of wheat,[407][408] the largest producer of barley and buckwheat, among the largest exporters of maize and sunflower oil, and the leading producer of fertilizer.[409]
Various analysts of climate change adaptation foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia, which would lead to both internal and external migration to the region.[410] Owing to its large coastline along three oceans and twelve marginal seas, Russia maintains the world's sixth-largest fishing industry; capturing nearly 5 million tons of fish in 2018.[411] It is home to the world's finest caviar, the beluga; and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish.[404]
Science and technology
Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on
Since the times of
Space exploration
In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial
In 1957,
Russia had 172 active satellites in space in April 2022, the world's third-highest.[443] Between the final flight of the Space Shuttle program in 2011 and the 2020 SpaceX's first crewed mission, Soyuz rockets were the only launch vehicles capable of transporting astronauts to the ISS.[444] Luna 25 launched in August 2023, was the first of the Luna-Glob Moon exploration programme.[445]
Tourism
According to the
Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the
Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling
Demographics
Russia is one of the world's
Since the 1990s, Russia's
However, since 2020, Russia's population gains have been reversed, as excessive deaths from the
Russia is a
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank
|
Name
|
Federal subject | Pop.
|
Rank
|
Name
|
Federal subject | Pop. |
||
Moscow Saint Petersburg |
1 | Moscow | Moscow | 13,010,112 | 11 | Rostov-on-Don | Rostov Oblast | 1,142,162 | Novosibirsk Yekaterinburg |
2 | Saint Petersburg | Saint Petersburg | 5,601,911 | 12 | Omsk | Omsk Oblast | 1,125,695 | ||
3 | Novosibirsk | Novosibirsk Oblast | 1,633,595 | 13 | Krasnodar | Krasnodar Krai | 1,099,344 | ||
4 | Yekaterinburg | Sverdlovsk Oblast | 1,544,376 | 14 | Voronezh | Voronezh Oblast | 1,057,681 | ||
5 | Kazan | Tatarstan | 1,308,660 | 15 | Perm | Perm Krai | 1,034,002 | ||
6 | Nizhny Novgorod | Nizhny Novgorod Oblast | 1,228,199 | 16 | Volgograd | Volgograd Oblast | 1,028,036 | ||
7 | Chelyabinsk | Chelyabinsk Oblast | 1,189,525 | 17 | Saratov | Saratov Oblast | 901,361 | ||
8 | Krasnoyarsk | Krasnoyarsk Krai | 1,187,771 | 18 | Tyumen | Tyumen Oblast | 847,488 | ||
9 | Samara | Samara Oblast | 1,173,299 | 19 | Tolyatti | Samara Oblast | 684,709 | ||
10 | Ufa | Bashkortostan | 1,144,809 | 20 | Barnaul | Altai Krai | 630,877 |
Language
Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia.[3] It is the most spoken native language in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the world's most widely spoken Slavic language.[474] Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[475] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.[474]
Russia is a
Religion
Russia is a
Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia, and is the traditional religion among the majority of the
In 2012, the research organisation Sreda, in cooperation with the
Education
Russia has an adult
Russia's
Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:[497] first-degree courses usually take five years.[501] The oldest and largest universities in Russia are Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University.[502] There are ten highly prestigious federal universities across the country. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand.[503]
Health
Russia, by constitution, guarantees free, universal health care for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program.[505] The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia.[506]
Russia spent 5.65% of its GDP on healthcare in 2019.[507] Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations.[508] Russia has one of the world's most female-biased sex ratios, with 0.859 males to every female,[11] due to its high male mortality rate.[509] In 2021, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 70.06 years (65.51 years for males and 74.51 years for females),[510] and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births).[511]
The principal cause of death in Russia are cardiovascular diseases.
Culture
Russian
Russia is home to
Holidays
Russia has eight—public, patriotic, and religious—official holidays.[532] The year starts with New Year's Day on 1 January, soon followed by Russian Orthodox Christmas on 7 January; the two are the country's most popular holidays.[533] Defender of the Fatherland Day, dedicated to men, is celebrated on 23 February.[534] International Women's Day on 8 March, gained momentum in Russia during the Soviet era. The annual celebration of women has become so popular, especially among Russian men, that Moscow's flower vendors often see profits of "15 times" more than other holidays.[535] Spring and Labour Day, originally a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers, is celebrated on 1 May.[536]
There are many popular non-public holidays. Old New Year is celebrated on 14 January.[541] Maslenitsa is an ancient and popular East Slavic folk holiday.[542] Cosmonautics Day on 12 April, in tribute to the first human trip into space.[543] Two major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday.[544]
Art and architecture
Early Russian painting is represented in
In the 1860s, a group of critical
The history of
After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles. The 18th-century taste for
Music
Until the 18th century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances.
During the Soviet era, popular music also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two balladeers—Vladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava,[570] and performers such as Alla Pugacheva.[572] Jazz, even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms.[570] By the 1980s, rock music became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as Aria, Aquarium,[573] DDT,[574] and Kino;[575] the latter's leader Viktor Tsoi, was in particular, a gigantic figure.[576] Pop music has continued to flourish in Russia since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as t.A.T.u.[577]
Literature and philosophy
Russian literature is considered to be among the world's most influential and developed.[519] It can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed.[580] By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, with works from Mikhail Lomonosov, Denis Fonvizin, Gavrila Derzhavin, and Nikolay Karamzin.[581] From the early 1830s, during the Golden Age of Russian Poetry, literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama.[582] Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent: Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protégé Alexander Pushkin came to the fore.[583] Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet.[581]
The first great Russian novelist was
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and
Cuisine
Russian cuisine has been formed by climate, cultural and religious traditions, and the vast geography of the nation; and it shares similarities with the cuisines of its neighbouring countries. Crops of
Russia's national non-alcoholic drink is kvass,[622] and the national alcoholic drink is vodka; its production in Russia (and elsewhere) dates back to the 14th century.[623] The country has the world's highest vodka consumption,[624] while beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage.[625] Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century.[626] Tea has been popular in Russia for centuries.[627]
Mass media and cinema
There are 400 news agencies in Russia, among which the largest internationally operating are TASS, RIA Novosti, Sputnik, and Interfax.[629] Television is the most popular medium in Russia.[630] Among the 3,000 licensed radio stations nationwide, notable ones include Radio Rossii, Vesti FM, Echo of Moscow, Radio Mayak, and Russkoye Radio. Of the 16,000 registered newspapers, Argumenty i Fakty, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Izvestia, and Moskovskij Komsomolets are popular. State-run Channel One and Russia-1 are the leading news channels, while RT is the flagship of Russia's international media operations.[630] Russia has the largest video gaming market in Europe, with over 65 million players nationwide.[631]
Russian and later
The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema.
Sports
Historically,
See also
Notes
- annexed—though are only partially occupied—in 2022, also remain internationally recognised as a part of Ukraine. The southernmost Kuril Islands have been the subject of a territorial dispute with Japan since their occupation by the Soviet Union at the end of World War II.[2]
- ^ Russian: Россия, romanized: Rossiya, [rɐˈsʲijə]
- ^ Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]
- partially recognised breakaway states of South Ossetia and Abkhaziathat it occupies in Georgia.
- Russian apartment bombings, the Moscow theater hostage crisis, and the Beslan school siege
- ^ Russia has an additional 850 km (530 mi) of coastline along the Caspian Sea, which is the world's largest inland body of water, and has been variously classified as a sea or a lake.[224]
- ^ Russia, by land area, is larger than the continents of Australia, Antarctica, and Europe; although it covers a large part of the latter itself. Its land area could be roughly compared to that of South America.
- ^ Russia borders, clockwise, to its southwest: the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, to its west: the Baltic Sea, to its north: the Barents Sea (White Sea, Pechora Sea), the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea, and the East Siberian Sea, to its northeast: the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and to its southeast: the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan.
- ^ In 2020, constitutional amendments were signed into law that limit the president to two terms overall rather than two consecutive terms, with this limit reset for current and previous presidents.[259]
- Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblastsin 2022.
- ^ The Sreda Arena Atlas 2012 did not count the populations of two federal subjects of Russia where the majority of the population is Muslim, namely Chechnya and Ingushetia, which together had a population of nearly 2 million, thus the proportion of Muslims was possibly slightly underestimated.[482]
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This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security, International Energy Agency, the International Energy Agency.
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Further reading
- Bartlett, Roger P. A history of Russia (2005) online
- Breslauer, George W. and Colton, Timothy J. 2017. Russia Beyond Putin (Daedalus) online
- Brown, Archie, ed. The Cambridge encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union (1982) online
- Dutkiewicz, P.; Richard, S.; Vladimir, K. (2016). The Social History of Post-Communist Russia. Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-32846-9. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- Florinsky, Michael T. ed. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union (1961).
- Frye, Timothy. Weak Strongman: The Limits of Power in Putin's Russia (2021) excerpt
- Greene, by Samuel A. and Graeme B. Robertson. Putin v. the People: the Perilous Politics of a Divided Russia (Yale UP, 2019) excerpt
- Hosking, Geoffrey A. Russia and the Russians: a history (2011) online
- Kort, Michael. A Brief History of Russia (2008) online
- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas; Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). "Russia" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 869–912.
- Lowe, Norman. Mastering Twentieth Century Russian History (2002) excerpt
- Millar, James R. ed. Encyclopedia of Russian History (4 vol 2003). online
- Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg. A History of Russia (9th ed. 2018) 9th edition 1993 online
- Rosefielde, Steven. Putin's Russia: Economy, Defence and Foreign Policy (2020) excerpt
- Service, Robert. A History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-First Century (Harvard UP, 3rd ed., 2009) excerpt
- Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, and Karen Evans-Romaine, eds. Encyclopedia of Contemporary Russian Culture (2014) excerpt; 800 pp covering art, literature, music, film, media, crime, politics, business, and economics.
- Walker, Shauin. The Long Hangover: Putin's New Russia and the Ghosts Of the Past (2018, Oxford UP) excerpt
External links
- Definitions from Wiktionary
- Media from Commons
- News from Wikinews
- Quotations from Wikiquote
- Texts from Wikisource
- Textbooks from Wikibooks
- Resources from Wikiversity
- Travel information from Wikivoyage
Government
- Official Russian governmental portal
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members (archived 4 October 2013)
General information
- Russia at Curlie
- Wikimedia Atlas of Russia
- Geographic data related to Russia at OpenStreetMap
- Russia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Russia at UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived 22 October 2008)
- Russia from BBC News
- Russia at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Key Development Forecasts for Russia from International Futures
Other
- Post-Soviet Problems from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives (archived 15 December 2012)
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