Russia
Russian Federation Российская Федерация (Russian) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Anthem: Государственный гимн Российской Федерации Gosudarstvennyy gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii " State Anthem of the Russian Federation" | ||
| Religion |
| |
| Government | Federal semi-presidential republic[9] under an authoritarian[10][11] dictatorship[12][13] | |
| Vladimir Putin | ||
| Mikhail Mishustin | ||
| Legislature | Principality of Moscow | 1282 |
| 16 January 1547 | ||
| 2 November 1721 | ||
| 15 March 1917 | ||
| 30 December 1922 | ||
| 12 June 1990 | ||
| 12 December 1991 | ||
| 12 December 1993 | ||
| 8 December 1999 | ||
| Area | ||
• Total | 17,098,246 km2 (6,601,670 sq mi)[15] (within internationally recognised borders) | |
• Water (%) | 13[14] (including swamps) | |
| Population | ||
• 2025 estimate | ( ₽) (RUB) | |
| Time zone | UTC+2 to +12 | |
| Calling code | +7 | |
| ISO 3166 code | RU | |
| Internet TLD | ||
_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg)
Russia,[b] or the Russian Federation,[c] is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the largest country in the world, and extends across eleven time zones; sharing land borders with fourteen countries.[d] Russia is the most populous country in Europe and the ninth-most populous country in the world. It is a highly urbanised country, with sixteen of its urban areas having more than 1 million inhabitants. Moscow, the most populous metropolitan area in Europe, is the capital and largest city of Russia, while Saint Petersburg is its second-largest city and cultural centre.
Human settlement on the territory of modern Russia dates back to the
In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the Russian Federation. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and become an authoritarian dictatorship. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries, including its war with Georgia in 2008 and its war with Ukraine since 2014. The latter has involved the internationally unrecognised annexations of Ukrainian territory, including Crimea in 2014 and four other regions in 2022, during an ongoing invasion.
Russia is generally considered a
Etymology
According to the
There are several words in Russian which translate to "Russians" in English. The noun and adjective русский, russkiy refers to ethnic Russians. The adjective российский, rossiiskiy denotes Russian citizens regardless of ethnicity. The same applies to the more recently coined noun россиянин, rossiianyn, in the sense of citizen of the Russian state.[24][25]
The oldest
In Russian, the current name of the country, Россия (Rossiya), comes from the
In 1721, Peter the Great proclaimed the Russian Empire (Rossiyskaya imperiya).[34] The name Rossiya was used as the common designation for the multinational Russian Empire and then for the modern Russian state.[35] Rossiya is distinguished from the ethnonym russkiy, as it refers to a supranational identity, including ethnic Russians.[35] After the Russian Revolution and the proclamation of the Russian SFSR in 1918, the "Russian" in the title of the state was Rossiyskaya, rather than Russkaya, as the former denoted a multinational state, while the latter had ethnic dimensions.[36] In modern Russian, the name Rus' is still used in poetry or prose to refer to either the older Russia or an imagined essence of Russia.[29]
History
Early history
The first human settlement on Russia dates back to the
The first trace of an
The
In the 3rd to 4th centuries CE, the Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in southern Russia, which was later overrun by Huns. Between the 3rd and 6th centuries CE, the Bosporan Kingdom, which was a Hellenistic polity that succeeded the Greek colonies,[56] was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars.[57] The Khazars, who were of Turkic origin, ruled the steppes between the Caucasus in the south, to the east past the Volga river basin, and west as far as Kyiv on the Dnieper river until the 10th century.[58] After them came the Pechenegs who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the Cumans and the Kipchaks.[59]
The ancestors of
Kievan Rus'
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The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of
In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The reigns of
Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240,[68] as well as the Germanic crusaders in the Battle on the Ice in 1242.[69]
Kievan Rus' finally fell to the
Grand Duchy of Moscow
The destruction of Kievan Rus' saw the eventual rise of the
Led by Prince
Tsardom of Russia
In development of the
The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient
Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the
Imperial Russia
Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an empire in 1721, and established itself as one of the European great powers. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War (1700–1721), securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded Saint Petersburg as Russia's new capital. Throughout his rule, sweeping reforms were made, which brought significant Western European cultural influences to Russia.[89] He was succeeded by Catherine I (1725–1727), followed by Peter II (1727–1730), and Anna. The reign of Peter I's daughter Elizabeth in 1741–1762 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). During the conflict, Russian troops overran East Prussia, reaching Berlin.[90] However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian Peter III of Russia.[91]
Great power and development of society, sciences, and arts
During the
The officers who pursued Napoleon into Western Europe brought ideas of liberalism back to Russia, and attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive Decembrist revolt of 1825.[103] At the end of the conservative reign of Nicholas I (1825–1855), a zenith period of Russia's power and influence in Europe, was disrupted by defeat in the Crimean War.[104]
Great liberal reforms and capitalism
Nicholas's successor Alexander II (1855–1881) enacted significant changes throughout the country, including the emancipation reform of 1861.[105] These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the Balkans from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War.[106] During most of the 19th and early 20th century, Russia and Britain colluded over Afghanistan and its neighbouring territories in Central and South Asia; the rivalry between the two major European empires came to be known as the Great Game.[107]
The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists.[108] The reign of his son Alexander III (1881–1894) was less liberal but more peaceful.[109]
Constitutional monarchy and World War
Under last Russian emperor,
Revolution and civil war
In 1914,
An alternative socialist establishment co-existed, the
The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces.[120] In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror.[121] By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians.[122] Millions became White émigrés,[123] and the Russian famine of 1921–1922 claimed up to five million victims.[124]
Soviet Union
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Command economy and Soviet society
On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides
Following
Stalinism and modernisation
Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a
World War II and United Nations
The Soviet Union entered World War II on 17 September 1939 with its invasion of Poland,[137] in accordance with a secret protocol within the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany.[138] The Soviet Union later invaded Finland,[139] and occupied and annexed the Baltic states,[140] as well as parts of Romania.[141]: 91–95 On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union,[142] opening the Eastern Front, the largest theater of World War II.[143]: 7
Eventually, some 5 million
The 1941–1945 period of World War II is known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War.[152] The Soviet Union, along with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II, and later became the Four Policemen, which was the foundation of the United Nations Security Council.[153]: 27 During the war, Soviet civilian and military death were about 26–27 million,[154] accounting for about half of all World War II casualties.[155]: 295 The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine of 1946–1947.[156] However, at the expense of a large sacrifice, the Soviet Union emerged as a global superpower.[157]
Superpower and Cold War
After World War II, according to the Potsdam Conference, the Red Army occupied parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and the eastern regions of Austria.[158] Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states.[159] After becoming the world's second nuclear power,[160] the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance,[161] and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivalling United States and NATO.[162]
Khrushchev Thaw reforms and economic development
After Stalin's death in 1953 and a short period of collective rule, the new leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin and launched the policy of de-Stalinization, releasing many political prisoners from the Gulag labour camps.[163] The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the Khrushchev Thaw.[164] At the same time, Cold War tensions reached its peak when the two rivals clashed over the deployment of the United States Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba.[165]
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial
Period of developed socialism or Era of Stagnation
Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of
Perestroika, democratisation and Russian sovereignty
From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government.[171] This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country.[172] Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the world's second-largest, but during its final years, it went into a crisis.[173]
By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the
Independent Russian Federation
Transition to a market economy and political crises
The economic and political collapse of the Soviet Union led Russia into a deep and prolonged depression. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including
In late 1993, tensions between Yeltsin and the Russian parliament culminated in a constitutional crisis which ended violently through military force. During the crisis, Yeltsin was backed by Western governments, and over 100 people were killed.[187]
Modern liberal constitution, international cooperation and economic stabilisation
In December, a
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia assumed responsibility for settling the latter's external debts.[192] In 1992, most consumer price controls were eliminated, causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the rouble.[193] High budget deficits coupled with increasing capital flight and inability to pay back debts, caused the 1998 Russian financial crisis, which resulted in a further GDP decline.[194]
Movement towards a modernised economy, political centralisation and democratic backsliding
On 31 December 1999, President Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned,[195] handing the post to the recently appointed prime minister and his chosen successor, Vladimir Putin.[196] Putin then won the 2000 presidential election,[197] and defeated the Chechen insurgency in the Second Chechen War.[198]
Putin won a
Following a
Invasion of Ukraine
In early 2014, following a pro-Western revolution in neighbouring Ukraine, Russia annexed Crimea after a disputed referendum on the status of Crimea was staged under Russian occupation.[208][209] The annexation generated an insurgency in the Donbas region of Ukraine, supported by Russian military intervention as part of an undeclared war against Ukraine.[210] Russian mercenaries and military forces, with the support of local separatist militias, waged a war in eastern Ukraine against the new Ukrainian government after the Russian government fostered anti-government and pro-Russian protests in the region,[211] although most residents had opposed secession from Ukraine.[212] Amidst nationwide protests against corruption,[213] Putin was re-elected for his second consecutive term in the 2018 presidential election.[214]
In a major escalation of the conflict, Russia launched a full-scale
_14.jpg)
As a result, Russia was expelled from the
In June 2023, the Wagner Group, a private military contractor fighting for Russia in Ukraine, declared an open rebellion against the Russian Ministry of Defence, capturing Rostov-on-Don, before beginning a march on Moscow. However, after negotiations between Wagner and the Belarusian government, the rebellion was called off.[230][231] The leader of the rebellion, Yevgeny Prigozhin, was later killed in a plane crash.[232] Putin won his third consecutive term in the 2024 presidential election, by winning 88% of the vote, the highest percentage in a presidential election in post-Soviet Russia.[233]
Geography
Russia's vast landmass stretches over the easternmost part of Europe and the northernmost part of Asia.[234] It spans the northernmost edge of Eurasia and has the world's fourth-longest coastline, of over 37,653 km (23,396 mi).[f][236] Russia lies between latitudes 41° and 82° N, and longitudes 19° E and 169° W, extending some 9,000 km (5,600 mi) east to west, and 2,500 to 4,000 km (1,600 to 2,500 mi) north to south.[237] Russia, by landmass, is larger than three continents,[g] and has the same surface area as Pluto.[238]
Russia has nine major mountain ranges, and they are found along the
Russia, as one of the world's only three countries
Russia, home of over 100,000 rivers,
Climate
The size of Russia and the remoteness of many of its areas from the sea result in the dominance of the humid continental climate throughout most of the country, except for the tundra and the extreme southwest. Mountain ranges in the south and east obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the Indian and Pacific oceans, while the European Plain spanning its west and north opens it to influence from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans.[251] Most of northwest Russia and Siberia have a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of northeast Siberia (mostly Sakha, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of −71.2 °C or −96.2 °F),[244] and more moderate winters elsewhere. Russia's vast coastline along the Arctic Ocean and the Russian Arctic islands have a polar climate.[251]
The coastal part of Krasnodar Krai on the Black Sea, most notably Sochi, and some coastal and interior strips of the North Caucasus possess a humid subtropical climate with mild and wet winters.[251] In many regions of East Siberia and the Russian Far East, winter is dry compared to summer; while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The westernmost parts of Kaliningrad Oblast and some parts in the south of Krasnodar Krai and the North Caucasus have an oceanic climate.[251] The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some southernmost slivers of Siberia, possess a semi-arid climate.[252]
Throughout much of the territory, there are only two distinct seasons, winter and summer; as spring and autumn are usually brief.
Biodiversity
Russia, owing to its gigantic size, has diverse ecosystems, including polar deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forest, forest steppe, steppe, semi-desert, and subtropics.[256] About half of Russia's territory is forested,[9] and it has the world's largest area of forest,[257] which sequester some of the world's highest amounts of carbon dioxide.[257][258]
Russian biodiversity includes 12,500 species of
Russia's entirely natural ecosystems are conserved in nearly 15,000 specially protected natural territories of various statuses, occupying more than 10% of the country's total area.
Government and politics
Russia, by constitution, is a
- Legislative: The bicameral Federal Assembly of Russia, made up of the 450-member State Duma and the 170-member Federation Council,[265] adopts federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse and the power of impeachment of the president.[266]
- Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces, and appoints the Government of Russia (Cabinet) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.[264] The president may issue decrees of unlimited scope, so long as they do not contradict the constitution or federal law.[267]
- Judiciary: The Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president,[265] interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem unconstitutional.[268]
The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term and may be elected no more than twice.[269][i] Ministries of the government are composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister (whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma). United Russia is the dominant political party in Russia, and has been described as "big tent" and the "party of power".[271][272]
Russia was a
Political divisions
Russia, by constitution, is a symmetric (with the possibility of an asymmetric configuration) federation. Unlike the Soviet asymmetric model of the RSFSR, where only republics were "subjects of the federation", the current constitution raised the status of other regions to the level of republics and made all regions equal with the title "subject of the federation". The regions of Russia have reserved areas of competence, but regions do not have sovereignty, do not have the status of a sovereign state, do not have the right to indicate any sovereignty in their constitutions and do not have the right to secede from the country. The laws of the regions cannot contradict federal laws.[285]
The federal subjects[j] have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly.[286] They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy.[287] The federal districts of Russia were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the federal subjects.[288] Originally seven, currently there are eight federal districts, each headed by an envoy appointed by the president.[289]
,_disputed_Crimea_and_Donbass.svg)
| Federal subjects | Governance |
|---|---|
46 oblasts
|
The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centres.[290] |
22 republics
|
Each is nominally autonomous—home to a specific ethnic minority, and has its own constitution, language, and legislature, but is represented by the federal government in international affairs.[291] |
9 krais
|
For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. The title "krai" ("frontier" or "territory") is historic, related to geographic (frontier) position in a certain period of history. The current krais are not related to frontiers.[292] |
| Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority.[293] | |
| Major cities that function as separate regions (Moscow and Saint Petersburg, as well as Sevastopol in Russian-occupied Ukraine).[294] | |
1 autonomous oblast
|
The only autonomous oblast is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.[295] |
Foreign relations
Russia has the world's
Russia maintains close relations with neighbouring Belarus, which is a part of the Union State, a supranational confederation of the two states.[309] Serbia has been a historically close ally of Russia, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity.[310] From the 21st century, relations between Russia and China have significantly strengthened bilaterally and economically; due to shared political interests.[311] India is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a strong strategic and diplomatic relationship since the Soviet era.[312] Russia wields great political influence across the geopolitically important South Caucasus and Central Asia; and the two regions have been described as Russia's "backyard".[313][314]
Countries on Russia's "Unfriendly countries list". The list includes countries that have imposed sanctions against Russia for its invasion of Ukraine.
Russia shares a complex
In the 21st century, Russia has pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at securing regional dominance and international influence, as well as increasing domestic support for the government. Military intervention in the
Military
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The Russian Armed Forces are divided into the
Russia is among the five
Human rights
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Violations of human rights in Russia have been increasingly reported by leading democracy and human rights groups. In particular, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch say that Russia is not democratic and allows few political rights and civil liberties to its citizens.[338][339]
Since 2004,
Muslims, especially
Russia has introduced several restrictions on
Corruption
Russia's political system has been variously described as a kleptocracy,[363] an oligarchy,[364] and a plutocracy.[365] It was the lowest rated European country in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2024, ranking 154th out of 180 countries.[366] Russia has a long history of corruption, which is seen as a significant problem.[367] It affects various sectors, including the economy,[368] business,[369] public administration,[370] law enforcement,[371] healthcare,[372][373] education,[374] and the military.[375]
Law and crime
The primary and fundamental statement of laws in Russia is the
Russia has the world's second-largest illegal arms trade market, after the United States, is ranked first in Europe and 32nd globally in the Global Organized Crime Index, and is among the countries with the highest number of people in prison.[379][380][381]
Economy
Russia has a
Russia's
Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the country has faced extensive sanctions and other negative financial actions from the Western world and its allies which have the aim of isolating the Russian economy from the Western financial system.[402] However, Russia has completed its transition into a war economy,[403] and has shown resilience to such measures broadly, maintaining economic stability and growth—driven primarily by high military expenditure,[404] rising household consumption and wages,[405] low unemployment,[406] and increased government spending.[407] Yet, inflation has remained comparatively high,[408] with experts predicting the sanctions will have a long-term negative effect on the Russian economy.[409]
Transport and energy
Railway transport in Russia is mostly controlled by the state-run Russian Railways. The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's third-longest, exceeding 87,000 km (54,100 mi).[411] As of 2019[update], Russia has the world's fifth-largest road network, with over 1.5 million km of roads,[412] although its road density is among the world's lowest, in part to its vast land area.[413] Russia's inland waterways are the longest in the world, totaling 102,000 km (63,380 mi).[414] Russia has over 900 airports,[415] ranking seventh in the world, of which the busiest is Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. Its largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea.[416]
Russia has one of the world's largest amounts of
Russia is the world's third-largest electricity producer as of 2023[update].[427] Fossil fuels account for over 64% of energy production and 87% of energy consumption.[428] Natural gas is by far the largest source of energy, comprising over half of the energy production and 42% of electricity consumption.[428] Russia was the first country to develop civilian nuclear power, building the world's first nuclear power plant in 1954, and remains a pioneer in nuclear energy technology and is considered a world leader in fast neutron reactors.[429] Russia is the world's fourth-largest nuclear energy producer, which accounts for roughly one-fourth of energy generation (18%).[430] Russian energy policy aims to expand the role of nuclear energy and develop new reactor technology.[429] Russia is the sole country that builds and operates nuclear-powered icebreakers,[431] which ease navigation along the Northern Sea Route,[431]: 192 and aid in utilizing its Arctic policy in its continental shelf.[432]
Russia joined the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2015, and ratified the agreement in 2019.[433] Its greenhouse gas emissions are the fourth-largest in the world as of 2023[update].[434] Coal accounts for over 16% of energy generation.[428] Russia is the fifth-largest hydroelectric producer as of 2022,[435] with hydroelectric power contributing almost a fifth to the total energy generation (17%).[428] The use and development of other renewable energy resources remain negligible,[428] as Russia is among the few countries without strong governmental or public support for expanding these energy resources.[430]
Agriculture and fishery
Agriculture, forestry and fishing contributes about 3.3% of the country's total GDP as of 2023[update].[436] It has the world's fourth-largest cultivated area, at 1,265,267 square kilometres (488,522 sq mi). However, due to the harshness of its environment, only about 13.1% of its land is agricultural,[9] with an additional 7.4% being arable.[437] The country's agricultural land is considered part of the "breadbasket" of Europe.[438] More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is used industrial crops, vegetables, and fruits.[439] The main product of Russian farming has always been grain, which occupies well over half the cropland.[439] Russia is the world's largest exporter of wheat,[440][441] the largest producer of barley and buckwheat, among the largest exporters of maize and sunflower oil, and the leading producer of fertiliser.[442]
Various analysts of climate change adaptation foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia, which would lead to both internal and external migration to the region.[443] Owing to its large coastline along three oceans and twelve marginal seas, Russia maintains the world's sixth-largest fishing industry; capturing nearly 5 million tons of fish in 2018.[444] It is home to the world's finest caviar, the beluga; and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish.[445]
Science and technology
Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on
Since the times of
.jpg)
Space exploration
In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial
In 1957,
Russia had 181 active satellites in space in May 2023, the third-highest in the world.[477] Between the final flight of the Space Shuttle programme in 2011 and the 2020 SpaceX's first crewed mission, Soyuz rockets were the only launch vehicles capable of transporting astronauts to the ISS.[478] Luna 25 launched in August 2023, was the first of the Luna-Glob Moon exploration programme.[479]
Tourism
According to the
Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the
Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling modern
Demographics
Russia had a population of 146 million in 2025 (143.6 million excluding Crimea and Sevastopol),
Russia's population peaked at over 148 million in 1993, having subsequently declined due to its
Russia is a
Rank
|
Name
|
Federal subject | Pop.
|
Rank
|
Name
|
Federal subject | Pop. |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Moscow .jpg) Saint Petersburg |
1 | Moscow | Moscow | 13,149,803 | 11 | Rostov-on-Don | Rostov Oblast | 1,140,487 |  Novosibirsk  Yekaterinburg |
| 2 | Saint Petersburg | Saint Petersburg | 5,597,763 | 12 | Krasnodar | Krasnodar Krai | 1,138,654 | ||
| 3 | Novosibirsk | Novosibirsk Oblast | 1,633,851 | 13 | Omsk | Omsk Oblast | 1,104,485 | ||
| 4 | Yekaterinburg | Sverdlovsk Oblast | 1,536,183 | 14 | Voronezh | Voronezh Oblast | 1,046,425 | ||
| 5 | Kazan | Tatarstan | 1,318,604 | 15 | Perm | Perm Krai | 1,026,908 | ||
| 6 | Krasnoyarsk | Krasnoyarsk Krai | 1,205,473 | 16 | Volgograd | Volgograd Oblast | 1,018,898 | ||
| 7 | Nizhny Novgorod | Nizhny Novgorod Oblast | 1,204,985 | 17 | Saratov | Saratov Oblast | 887,365 | ||
| 8 | Chelyabinsk | Chelyabinsk Oblast | 1,177,058 | 18 | Tyumen | Tyumen Oblast | 861,098 | ||
| 9 | Ufa | Bashkortostan | 1,163,304 | 19 | Tolyatti | Samara Oblast | 667,956 | ||
| 10 | Samara | Samara Oblast | 1,158,952 | 20 | Makhachkala | Dagestan | 622,091 | ||
Language
Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia.[3] It is the most spoken native language in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the world's most widely spoken Slavic language.[511] Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[512] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.[511]
Russia is a
Religion
Russia is constitutionally a
Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia and is traditional among the majority of
In 2012, the research organisation Sreda, in cooperation with the
In 2024, the Public Opinion Foundation (FOM) found that 61.8% of Russians identify as Orthodox Christians, 2.6% as other Christians, 9.5% as Muslims, 21.2% as not religious, 1.4% follow other religions and 3.5% are unsure about their belief.[6][7] According to the survey, Orthodoxy is more widespread among women, people aged 60 and older, and people living in the Central and Southern Federal Districts, while Islam is the dominant religion in the North Caucasian Federal District.
Education
Russia has an adult
Russia's
Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:[535] first-degree courses usually take five years.[539] The oldest and largest universities in Russia are Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University.[540] There are ten highly prestigious federal universities across the country. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand.[541]
Health
Russia, by constitution, guarantees free, universal health care for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance programme.[542] The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia.[543]
Russia spent 7.39% of its GDP on healthcare in 2021.[545] Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations.[546] Russia has one of the world's most female-biased sex ratios, with 0.859 males to every female,[9] due to its high male mortality rate.[547] As of 2022[update], the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth is 73 years (68 years for males and 78 years for females),[548][549][550] and it has a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births).[551]
The principal cause of death in Russia are cardiovascular diseases.
Culture
Russia is home to
Holidays
Russia has eight—public, patriotic, and religious—official holidays.[572] The year starts with New Year's Day on 1 January, soon followed by Russian Orthodox Christmas on 7 January; the two are the country's most popular holidays.[573] Defender of the Fatherland Day, dedicated to men, is celebrated on 23 February.[574] International Women's Day on 8 March, gained momentum in Russia during the Soviet era. The annual celebration of women has become so popular, especially among Russian men, that the flower vendors of Moscow often see profits "fiften times" more compared to other holidays.[575] Spring and Labour Day, originally a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers, is celebrated on 1 May.[576]
There are many popular non-public holidays. Old New Year is celebrated on 14 January.[581] Maslenitsa is an ancient and popular East Slavic folk holiday.[582] Cosmonautics Day on 12 April, in tribute to the first human trip into space.[583] Two major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday.[584]
Art and architecture
Early Russian painting is
In the 1860s, a group of critical
The history of
After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles. The 18th-century taste for
Music
.jpg)
Until the 18th century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances.
During the Soviet era, popular music also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two balladeers—Vladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava,[610] and performers such as Alla Pugacheva.[612] Jazz, even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms.[610] By the 1980s, rock music became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as Aria, Aquarium,[613] DDT,[614] and Kino;[615] the latter's leader Viktor Tsoi, was in particular, a gigantic figure.[616] Pop music has continued to flourish in Russia since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as t.A.T.u.[617]
Literature and philosophy
Russian literature is among the world's most influential and developed.[559] It can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed.[618] By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, with works from Mikhail Lomonosov, Denis Fonvizin, Gavrila Derzhavin, and Nikolay Karamzin.[619] From the early 1830s, during the Golden Age of Russian Poetry, literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama.[620] Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent: Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protégé Alexander Pushkin came to the fore.[621] Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet.[619]
The first great Russian novelist was
_-_Portrait_of_Leo_Tolstoy_(1887).jpg)
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and
Cuisine
Russian cuisine has been formed by climate, cultural and religious traditions, and the vast geography of the nation; and it shares similarities with the cuisines of its neighbouring countries. Crops of
Russia's national non-alcoholic drink is kvass,[662] and the national alcoholic drink is vodka; its production in Russia (and elsewhere) dates back to the 14th century.[663] The country has the world's highest vodka consumption,[664] while beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage.[665] Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century.[666] Tea has been popular in Russia for centuries.[667]
Mass media and cinema
There are 400 news agencies in Russia, among which the largest internationally operating are
Russian and later
The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema.
Sports
Historically,
See also
Notes
- ^ Crimea, which was annexed by Russia in 2014, remains internationally recognised as a part of Ukraine.[1] Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, which were annexed—though are only partially occupied—in 2022, also remain internationally recognised as a part of Ukraine. The southernmost Kuril Islands have been the subject of a territorial dispute with Japan since their occupation by the Soviet Union at the end of World War II.[2]
- ^ Russian: Россия, romanized: Rossiya, [rɐˈsʲijə]
- ^ Russian: Российская Федерация, romanized: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]
- partially recognised breakaway states of South Ossetia and Abkhaziathat it occupies in Georgia.
- Russian apartment bombings, the Moscow theater hostage crisis, and the Beslan school siege
- ^ Russia has an additional 850 km (530 mi) of coastline along the Caspian Sea, which is the world's largest inland body of water, and has been variously classified as a sea or a lake.[235]
- ^ Russia, by land area, is larger than the continents of Australia, Antarctica, and Europe; although it covers a large part of the latter itself. Its land area could be roughly compared to that of South America.
- ^ Russia borders, clockwise, to its southwest: the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, to its west: the Baltic Sea, to its north: the Barents Sea (White Sea, Pechora Sea), the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea, and the East Siberian Sea, to its northeast: the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and to its southeast: the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan.
- ^ In 2020, constitutional amendments were signed into law that limit the president to two terms overall rather than two consecutive terms, with this limit reset for current and previous presidents.[270]
- ^ Including bodies on territory disputed between Russia and Ukraine whose annexation has not been internationally recognised: the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol since the annexation of Crimea in 2014,[1] and territories set up following the Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in 2022.
- ^ The Sreda Arena Atlas 2012 did not count the populations of two federal subjects of Russia where the majority of the population is Muslim, namely Chechnya and Ingushetia, which together had a population of nearly 2 million, thus the proportion of Muslims was possibly slightly underestimated.[520]
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This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security, International Energy Agency, the International Energy Agency.
Further reading
- Bartlett, Roger P. A history of Russia (2005) online
- Breslauer, George W. and Colton, Timothy J. 2017. Russia Beyond Putin (Daedalus) online
- Brown, Archie, ed. The Cambridge encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union (1982) online
- Dutkiewicz, P.; Richard, S.; Vladimir, K. (2016). The Social History of Post-Communist Russia. Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-32846-9. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- Florinsky, Michael T. ed. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union (1961).
- Frye, Timothy. Weak Strongman: The Limits of Power in Putin's Russia (2021) excerpt
- Greene, by Samuel A. and Graeme B. Robertson. Putin v. the People: the Perilous Politics of a Divided Russia (Yale UP, 2019) excerpt
- Hosking, Geoffrey A. Russia and the Russians: a history (2011) online
- Kort, Michael. A Brief History of Russia (2008) online
- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas; Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 869–912.
- Lowe, Norman. Mastering Twentieth Century Russian History (2002) excerpt
- Millar, James R. ed. Encyclopedia of Russian History (4 vol 2003). online
- Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg. A History of Russia (9th ed. 2018) 9th edition 1993 online
- Rosefielde, Steven. Putin's Russia: Economy, Defence and Foreign Policy (2020) excerpt
- Service, Robert. A History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-First Century (Harvard UP, 3rd ed., 2009) excerpt
- Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, and Karen Evans-Romaine, eds. Encyclopedia of Contemporary Russian Culture (2014) excerpt; 800 pp covering art, literature, music, film, media, crime, politics, business, and economics.
- Walker, Shauin. The Long Hangover: Putin's New Russia and the Ghosts Of the Past (2018, Oxford UP) excerpt
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
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Government
- Official Russian governmental portal
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members (archived 4 October 2013)
General information
Wikimedia Atlas of Russia
Geographic data related to Russia at OpenStreetMap- Russia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Russia at UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived 22 October 2008)
- Russia from BBC News
- Russia at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Key Development Forecasts for Russia from International Futures
Other
- Post-Soviet Problems from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives (archived 15 December 2012)
