Russian Partition

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other territories annexed, see Prussian Partition and Austrian Partition.
The Russian Partition
The Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772
Elimination
The three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Russian Partition (red), the Austrian Partition (green), and the Prussian Partition (blue)

The Russian Partition (

Austria. The Napoleonic Wars saw significant parts of Prussia's and Austria's partitions reconstituted as the Duchy of Warsaw (a French client state in a personal union under Saxony), most of which was then reconstituted as the Kingdom of Poland
within the Russian Empire in 1815.

Terminology

To both Russians and Poles, the term Russian Poland was not acceptable. To the Russians after partition, Poland ceased to exist, and their newly acquired territories were considered the long lost parts of

Mother Russia.[2] To Poles, Poland was simply Polish, never Russian.[2] While the Russians used varying administrative names for their new territories (see below), another popular term, used in Poland and adopted by most other historiographies, was the Russian Partition.[1]

History

Massacre of Praga (now a district of Warsaw
), April 1794

Even before the partitions from the late 18th century, the

Nieman River, and the remaining parts of Volhynian Ukraine
.

Russian massacre of civilians
Battle of Stoczek in 1831, part of November Uprising against the Russian imperial rule
Battle of Węgrów (1863), one of over 60 battles during the January Uprising

Major historical events of the Russian Partition included the

massacre of Praga district of Warsaw, in which the Russian imperial army killed up to 20,000 civilians in reprisal or revenge, regardless of gender and age.[3] "The whole of Praga was strewn with dead bodies, blood was flowing in streams" wrote Suvorov himself.[4]

In 1807, the victorious

death marches to Siberia chained by their necks together.[5] The January Uprising lead to the Kingdom's autonomy being drastically reduced, and its renaming as Vistula Land. There is debate as to whether the Kingdom of Poland, as a state, was formally replaced by the Vistula Land. Towns were stripped of their charters in reprisal and turned into villages. The Russian Partition of Poland was made an official province of the Russian Empire in 1867.[6][7]

In the early 20th century, a major part of the Russian Revolution of 1905 was the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907). The return to Poland's independence was a result of the First World War on the Polish lands (1914–1918), the overthrow of the Tsarist regime, and the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918.[8]

Society

1865 Death march of Polish captives to Siberia by Grottger

The Russification policies were harsh, and there were many repressions, particularly in the aftermath of the November Uprising (1830–1831) and later, the January Uprising of 1863–1864.[9] Many Poles were exiled to Siberia,[9] some 80,000 of them in 1864 in the single largest deportation action commenced by the empire.[10] Polish language was discriminated against, and it lost its official status. "Books were burned; churches destroyed; priests murdered;" wrote Norman Davies.[11] There was no education in the Polish language, and publications in Polish were few.[9] The only elementary schools were constantly underfinanced.[9] The city of Warsaw under the Tsarist rule resembled a military base with exclusively Russian stores and clubs as well as 12 Russian garrisons in the city,[12] equipped with newly built horse stables, and amenities like laundry shacks, and cabbage pickleries.[13]

Polish stores – where Russian was not being spoken – were routinely denied a license. Polish names were removed even from botanical signs. Hunger and poverty were rampant with record number of women forced to work at the Russian military brothels, of which there were some 185 in total, including 16 official ones (1884).[13] In cheap army brothels sex could be bought for as little as 30 kopecks (less than 1/3 of a rouble); one woman for every 30 Russians stationed at a garrison, with beatings and instances of women getting killed by them in drunken rages.[13] Sex slaves were obliged to drink with the clients as a general rule. Officers had their own brothels under the chief of police (1888–1895), known sex connoisseur Nikolai Kleigels (Russian: Николай Клейгельс) who was selling young Polish girls dressed in exotic costumes for 10 roubles a visit.[13] The girls were categorized by the Russian authorities as either inexpensive, medium-priced, or exclusive based on age, beauty and demeanour. In all cities with the Russian garrisons, army-licensed brothels were required to provide so-called "patriotic duty" to their regiments by giving one free visit per soldier, at least once a week. The battalions of 186 men each, divided into 9 companies, were taken to brothels under the command of an infantry sergeant. Each girl was required to service 20-21 members of a battalion, after which she would be allowed to take other men to make money in order to buy food.[14] Jewish girls were especially vulnerable due to the totality of the tsarist official antisemitism including mass expulsions of Litvaks commanded by Alexander III of Russia which led to desperation and hunger.[15]

There was nonetheless growth in the national consciousness, and the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907) resulted in the general improvement of the situation soon before the dissolution of the Empire.[9] Some major political parties of the Second Polish Republic developed around that time in the Russian partition (ex. Polish Socialist Party).[9]

Ukrainians were officially considered "part of the

Little Russians.[16] Since they were seen as Russians they were not discriminated against at the individual level and (if they could speak Russian) any career was open to them.[16] Nonetheless, in 1804 Ukrainian as a subject and language of instruction was banned from schools.[17] A following 1863 ban on Ukrainian books led to Alexander II's secret Ems Ukaz, which prohibited publication and importation of most Ukrainian-language books, public performances and lectures, and even banned the printing of Ukrainian texts accompanying musical scores.[18] Ukrainians living in Austria-Hungary were given more rights than Ukrainians living in the Russian Empire.[19]

Economy

The territories of the Russian Partition saw very moderate economic growth over time. No business activity could take place without bribing the Tsarist officials first.

industrialization and urbanization.[9] Particularly, the last three or four decades before World War I saw significant economic development and urbanization.[9] However, in many areas of the economy, development stalled.[9]

Administrative division

The Russian Empire divided the former territories of the Commonwealth it obtained (Rech Pospolitaya in Russian) by creating or enlarging the following

guberniyas (Tsarist governorates, or provinces).[20]

After the

administrative division of Congress Poland for details. Territories in the Russian partition which were not incorporated into Congress Poland were officially known as the Western Krai, and in Poland as the taken lands (Polish
: ziemie zabrane).

The Western Krai comprised the following lands of the Commonwealth:

It consisted of 9

guberniyas: six Belarusian and Lithuanian ones that constituted the Northwestern Krai (Vilna Governorate, Kovno Governorate, Grodno Governorate, Minsk Governorate, Mogilev Governorate and Vitebsk Governorate) and three Ukrainian ones that constituted the Southwestern Krai (Volhynia Governorate, Podolia Governorate and Kiev Governorate
).

In the first partition, Russia gained 92,000 km2 and 1.3 million people. In the second, 250,000 km2 and 1 million people. In the third, 120,000 km2 and 1.2 million people. Overall, Russia had gained about 62 percent of the former Commonwealth territory (462,000 km2) and about 45 percent of the population (3.5 million people).

the Prussian Partition).[21]

For changes in the administrative division of the Russian partition in the 19th century, see

administrative division of Congress Poland
.

During World War I (1914–1918), many of the territories were occupied by the Central Powers (primarily, German Empire) and came to be administered by the Ober Ost.

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 0199253404
    , retrieved November 24, 2012
  2. ^
    ISBN 0-19-925340-4, Google Print, p. 60
  3. ISBN 0753804964
    . "According to one Tsarist estimate some 20,000 civilians had been killed in the space of a few hours."
  4. ISBN 1-84212-511-7, Google Print, p.446.
  5. ^ "Karmelici trzewiczkowi". Wąsosz town webpage. 2008. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved January 7, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  6. MS Word
    document, direct download)     (in Polish). Retrieved January 7, 2013. Source: J. Wiśniewski, "Dzieje osadnictwa w powiecie grajewskim do połowy XVI wieku", Studia i materiały do dziejów powiatu grajewskiego, edited by M. Gnatowski and H. Majecki, volume I and II, Warsaw 1975.
  7. ^ Public relations (2012). "Historia miasta Zambrów". City of Zambrów official website. Urząd Miasta Zambrów (Zambrów Town Hall). Retrieved January 7, 2013.
  8. ^ Davies, Norman. God's Playground: a history of Poland. Revised Edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Andrzej Garlicki, Polsko-Gruziński sojusz wojskowy, Polityka: Wydanie Specjalne 2/2008, ISSN 1730-0525, p. 11-12
  10. ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7
    . Retrieved February 2, 2011.
  11. ISBN 9780199253401 – via Google Books preview. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )
  12. ^ Russian garrisons in Warsaw were set up along the streets of Czerniakowska, Koszyki, Żelaznej Bramy, Zakroczymska, Konwiktorska, Marszałkowska, Łazienki Królewskie, Przejazd, Petersburska and others. See: Tuszyńska (2001)
  13. ^ a b c d e Agata Tuszyńska (2001). The Russian Club. Garrisons. Brothels [Klub Ruski. Koszary. Lupanary] (PDF) (in Polish). Wydawnictwo „Tower Press” Gdańsk. pp. 42–44. Retrieved December 26, 2012 – via direct download 420 KB. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Tomasz Cybulski (2016). Włocławek: Issues of prostitution based on local sources before 1939 [Problematyka prostytucji na podstawie prasy lokalnej do 1939 roku] (PDF). Vol. 31. Włocławskie Towarzystwo Naukowe ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego. p. 188. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Jarosław Kapsa. "Rubin Głowiczer and the Slave Dealers in Human Flesh" ["Rubin Głowiczer i handlarze żywym towarem," Towarzystwo Warszawskie Cwi Migdal]. Historie Jarosława Kapsy. Source of data on Jewish prostitution: Edward Bristow, Yale University, USA.
  16. ^
    Central European University Press
    (page 26)
  17. ISBN 978-0-674-26837-1
    (p. 217)
  18. ^ "XII. СКОРПІОНИ НА УКРАЇНСЬКЕ СЛОВО. Іван Огієнко. Історія української літературної мови". Litopys.org.ua. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  19. ISBN 1442640855
    (page 482)
  20. ^ Ellen Sadove Renck (1999). "Administrative-territorial division in the Russian Empire". Belarus SIG. JewishGen genealogy research group. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  21. ^
    ISBN 0-415-25491-4, Google Print, p.133

Further reading

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