President of Russia
President of the Russian Federation | |
---|---|
Президент Российской Федерации | |
Moscow Kremlin | |
Appointer | Direct popular vote |
Term length | Six years, renewable once |
Constituting instrument | Constitution of Russia |
Formation | |
First holder | ₽ or US$120,000 per annum est.[4] |
Website | президент.рф (in Russian) eng.kremlin.ru (in English) |
The president of the Russian Federation (Russian: Президент Российской Федерации, tr. Prezident Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is the executive head of state of Russia. The president is the chair of the Federal State Council and the supreme commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces. It is the highest office in Russia.
The modern incarnation of the office emerged from the president of the
In all cases where the president of the Russian Federation is unable to fulfill their duties, those duties shall be temporarily delegated to the
The powers of the presidency include: execution of federal law, appointing federal ministers, and members of the judiciary, and negotiating treaties with foreign powers. The president also has the power to grant federal pardons and reprieves, and to convene and adjourn the Federal Assembly under extraordinary circumstances. The president also appoints the prime minister, who directs domestic policy of the Russian Federation alongside the president.
The president is elected directly through a popular vote to a six-year term. Previously, the Constitution established a term limit for the presidency restricting the officeholder to serve no more than two consecutive terms. However, this limitation has since been overhauled in large part due to the constitutional amendments that were ratified in 2020. One of the amendments passed reset the terms of both Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev, allowing either to serve as president for a full two terms regardless of their previous terms. In all, three individuals have served four presidencies spanning six full terms. In May 2012, Vladimir Putin became the fourth president; he was re-elected in March 2018 and in March 2024 for two consecutive six-year terms.
History
After the
Throughout his presidential terms and into his second term as the
Medvedev was appointed as
Selection process
Eligibility
A presidential candidate must be a citizen of the Russian Federation who is at least 35 years old, has permanently resided in Russia for at least 25 years and does not have and has never previously had foreign citizenship or a foreign residence permit.[14] Following constitutional amendments in 2020, the requirement of permanent residence in Russia increased from 10 years to 25 years and a new requirement preventing a presidential candidate from ever having foreign citizenship or a foreign residence permit was introduced.[15][16][17]
The Russian constitution
Election
The election of the president is mainly regulated by the Presidential Election Law (PEL) and the Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights (BGL).[20] The Federation Council calls the presidential elections.[21] If it does not call a presidential election that is due, the Central Election Commission will call the presidential election.[22] The election day is the second Sunday of the month and the presidential electoral constituency is the territory of the Russian Federation as a whole. Each faction in the State Duma, the lower house of the Russian parliament has the right to nominate a candidate for the presidential elections. The minimum number of signatures for a presidential candidate fielded by a political party with no parliamentary representation is 100,000, down from 2 million before amendments to the law.[citation needed]
Terms were extended from four to six years in 2008, during Dmitry Medvedev's administration.[23] The president is elected in a two-round system every six years, with a two consecutive term limitation.[24] If no candidate wins by an absolute majority in the first round, a second election round is held between two candidates with the most votes.[24] The last presidential election was in 2024, and the next is in 2030.[25]
Inauguration
The inauguration of the president of Russia is conducted six years after the previous inauguration (since 2000, on 7 May). If the president is chosen in an early election, they are scheduled to take the oath thirty days after the announcement of the results.
Before executing the powers of the office, a president is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath:[26]
I swear in exercising the powers of the President of the Russian Federation to respect and safeguard the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, to observe and protect the Constitution of the Russian Federation, to protect the sovereignty and independence, security and integrity of the State, to faithfully serve the people.
Vacancy or disability
Vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances: death, resignation and removal from office. In all cases when the president is unable to perform their duties, their powers are temporarily transferred to the prime minister until the new president takes office.
Insignia
After the oath of office has been taken by the elected president, these following insignia are handed over to the president. These devices are used to display the rank of their office and are used on special occasions.
Chain of office
The first insignia that is issued is the
Standard (flag)
The standard is a square version of the Russian flag, charged in the center with the Russian coat of arms. Golden fringe is added to the standard. Copies of the standard are used inside their office, at the Kremlin, other state agencies, and while the president is traveling in a vehicle inside Russia. A 2:3 ratio version of the flag is used when the President is at sea. This is the most used symbol to denote the presence of the Russian President.
Special copy of the Constitution
The President also has a special copy of the Russian Constitution that is used during the inauguration. This copy has a hard, red cover with gold lettering. An image of the Russian coat of arms appears in silver. The special copy is kept in the Presidential Library.
Legal basis of the insignia
These insignia and the procedure were established by the presidential decree 1138 from 5 August 1996,[27] and modified by decree 832 from 6 May 2000.[28] In the new decree the special copy of the Constitution was removed as the third symbol of the Russian Presidency; the other two symbols remained intact because they were and are regulated by separate decrees. Nonetheless, the special copy of the Constitution still exists and serves for inauguration purposes only without being officially presented as a symbol of the Russian Presidency.
Presidential Fanfare
The Presidential Fanfare is a composition played exclusively for the President of Russia, when they enter a place or an event.
Powers and duties
Guarantor of the Constitution
As the guarantor of the Constitution and the entire system of constitutional law, the president ensures that the constitutions, laws and regulations of the constituent territories of the Russian Federation be in full compliance with the country's Constitution and federal laws.
Nominations
The president is highly active in appointing top officials in the country. They nominate candidates for official state positions, who must ultimately be appointed based on parliamentary vote. The president submits nominations to the
Legislation
Under the procedure stipulated by the Constitution, the president exercises their
The president has the right to suspend laws and
The president can issue by-laws by decree, so long as such decrees are not in contradiction with existing laws (both local and federal), Russia's international agreements or the Russian Constitution.
The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves, and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of the Federal Assembly under extraordinary circumstances.
Other powers of the president in the sphere of legal activities and in their interaction with the parliament include calling
Domestic policy
Under the Constitution, the president is not empowered to determine the full range of short-, middle-, and long-term objectives and targets of domestic policy, but only its basic guidelines. In practice, they determine it with the prime minister and the government of the federation. They are to be implemented both by the president themself and by the Government of Russia within the bounds of their authority. The president's fundamental positions on domestic policy issues are expressed in their written decisions regarding draft federal constitutional laws and draft federal laws, as well as their letters explaining the reasons for rejecting draft federal laws.
Within the bounds of the authority granted to the head of state by the Constitution and other laws, the president also shapes the basic domestic policy guidelines by issuing legal regulations and through organizational and regulatory activity, such as issuing decrees and executive orders. Each year the president is required to make an Address to the Federal Assembly regarding the situation in the country and the internal and foreign policy of the state.
Foreign policy
The president is invested with extensive rights to implement the state's foreign policy. The president determines
Commander-in-chief
The president of Russia bears ultimate authority over the Russian Armed Forces as "Supreme Commander-in-Chief", a role established by Article 87 of the Constitution. In this capacity, the president issues military directives, makes defence policy and appoints the High Command of the Armed Forces.[30][31][32][33]
Furthermore, several articles of the Defence Statute enable the president to order a general or partial mobilization of the military, announce martial law, oversee the war industry and make regulations.[33][34][35]
A 2020 military doctrine governs the use of Russian nuclear arms; it allows the president to launch atomic weapons in response to WMD or ballistic missile strikes, attacks that threaten the integrity of the nuclear arsenal, and attacks that may jeopardise the country as a whole.[36]
Ceremonial duties
An important ceremonial role of the president is awarding state awards.
Residences
The primary working president's residence is the
Since 2000 the current home residence of the president is Novo-Ogaryovo (Russian: Ново-Огарёво). It was planned that it would remain at the disposal of Vladimir Putin after his term ended, as Gorki-9 (Russian: Горки-9) (also called Barvikha (Russian: Барвиха), but actually near it) had remained at the disposal of Boris Yeltsin after his retirement.
Also, the president has several vacation residences outside of Moscow.[38]
- Rus' State Residence (Zavidovo), Tver Oblast
- Congress Palace or Constantine Palace complex (Russian: Дворец конгрессов, Константиновский дворец), Strelna, Saint Petersburg, reconstructed for 300th Saint Petersburg anniversary
- Bocharov Ruchey (Russian: Боча́ров Руче́й, lit. Bocharov creek), Sochi
- Shuyskaya Chupa (Russian: Шу́йская Чупа́) at a distance of 25 km from Petrozavodsk, Karelia
- Dolgiye Borody (Russian: Долгие Бороды) (also known as Uzhin Russian: Ужи́н) at a distance of 20 km from Valday, Novgorod Oblast
- Volzhskiy Utyos sanatorium (Russian: Во́лжский утёс, lit. Cliff-upon-Volga) on Kuybyshev Reservoir shore
- Tantal tourist centre (Volga bank, at a distance of 25 km from Saratov
- Sosny (Yenisei bank, near Krasnoyarsk.[39]
- Angarskie hutora (Russian: Анга́рские хутора́, lit. Steadings of Angarsk) at a distance of 47 km from Irkutsk
- Maly istok (Ekaterineburg forestry
Political affiliation
None of the Russian presidents to date have ever been a member of a political party while in office. In 2012, commenting on stepping down from the post of United Russia party leader, Vladimir Putin said "The constitution doesn't forbid the president to be a member of any party, but in the spirit of how our political life has evolved, a president is first and foremost a consolidating figure for all the political forces of the country, for all citizens".[40]
Transport
National transport services for the Russian president and the
- Limousines
- Aurus Senat – main car
- Mercedes-Benz S600 Pullman Guard
- Escort cars
- Mercedes-Benz (including G-Class)
- Chevrolet
- Honorary escort (motorcycles)
Air transport services for the president are provided by the airline company Rossiya Airlines.[42]
- Airplanes for long-distance travel
- Ilyushin Il-96-300PU (long-range) – main aircraft
- Ilyushin Il-62M (long-range)
- Dassault Falcon 900 (long-range)
- Tupolev Tu-154 (medium-range)
- Yakovlev Yak-40 (short-range)
- Tupolev Tu-214PU
- Helicopters
The presidential aircraft uses the same colour scheme as standard
.In the spring of 2013 a
Post-presidency
On 16 August 1995, President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree "On some social guarantees of persons holding public positions of the Russian Federation and the position of federal public servants." 15 June 1999 went to President Yeltsin's decree on amendments and additions to the previous decree. On 11 November 1999 Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed a decree on the implementation of the amended decree of 15 June 1999.
On 31 December 1999, the day of the resignation of Boris Yeltsin, the president issued a decree "On guarantees of the Russian Federation President, stop exercising their powers, and their family," and the eponymous federal law was adopted by 25 January 2001.
This law establishes the legal, social and other guarantees of the Russian Federation's president, stops the execution of its powers in connection with the expiration of their term of office or in advance in the event of their resignation or permanent incapacity for health reasons to exercise the powers belonging to them and their family:
- President of Russia, ceased to carry out its mandate, regardless of age, is entitled to a monthly lifetime pay of 75% of the monthly remuneration of the President of Russia.
- In the case of the President's death their family members are entitled to a monthly allowance in the amount equal to six times the minimum old-age pension, established by the federal law on the day of their death.
- President of Russia, ceased to carry out its mandate, has immunity. They can not be held criminally or administratively liable for acts committed by them during the execution of the President's powers, as well as arrested, detained, interrogated and subjected to a personal search, if these actions are carried out in the course of proceedings relating to the execution of their powers as president.
Beginning in 1999, all living former presidents were granted a pension, an office, and a staff. The pension has increased numerous times. Retired presidents receive a pension based on the salary of the government. All former presidents, their spouses, and their children until age 16 are protected by the Federal Protective Service until the president's death. A spouse who remarries or divorced from president is no longer eligible for Federal Protective Service protection.
In 2020, the Constitution was amended to grant the former president immunity (except if they were removed from office by impeachment). This immunity may be lifted in the same manner as the impeachment procedure. Also, in accordance with the amendments, former presidents (except if they were removed from office by impeachment) were granted the right to become
In May 2008, the Federal law №68, "On centers of historical heritage of presidents of the Russian Federation ceased to carry out its powers", was adopted.[44] According to this law, the objectives of the centers are the study and public presentation of historical heritage of presidents of Russia as an integral part of the modern history of Russia, the development of democratic institutions and the rule of law. The centers will be built for each former president of Russia. The first such center dedicated to Boris Yeltsin was opened in 2015 in Yekaterinburg. In the future the creation of presidential centers for Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev is also planned.[45]
List of presidents
Name | Term of office | Length of term |
---|---|---|
Boris Yeltsin | 1991–1999 | 8 years, 5 days |
Vladimir Putin (1st and 2nd terms) | 2000–2008 | 8 years, 0 days |
Dmitry Medvedev | 2008–2012 | 4 years, 0 days |
Vladimir Putin (3rd, 4th and 5th terms) | 2012–present | 11 years, 345 days |
List of presidential administrations
- Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
- Presidency of Vladimir Putin
- Presidency of Dmitry Medvedev
See also
- List of presidents of Russia
- List of Russian presidential candidates
- List of heads of state of Russia
- Lifespan timeline of presidents of Russia
- First Lady of Russia
- Prime Minister of Russia
- President of the Soviet Union
- General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- Russian presidential administration
References
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- ^ RSFSR Law "On President of the Russian SFSR
- ^ RSFSR Law on amendments to the Constitution of the RSFSR
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- ^ (in Russian) THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF RUSSIA IN PROGRAMS OF WHITE MOVEMENT AND WHITE EMIGRATION[permanent dead link] Bukhvostovoj D.V.
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- ^ a b "Закон РФ о поправке к Конституции РФ от 14.03.2020 N 1-ФКЗ "О совершенствовании регулирования отдельных вопросов организации и функционирования публичной власти"" [Law of the Russian Federation on the amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of March 14, 2020 N 1-FKZ "On improving the regulation of certain issues of the organization and functioning of public authorities]. Article 8.3, 8.3.1, Act of March 14, 2020 (in Russian). Archived 3 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ Coбpaниe зaкoнoдaтeльcтвa Рoccийcкoй Фeдepaции 1996, №33, ar. 3976
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- Attribution note: Material from the powers and duties section of this article was originally published by the website of the Office of the President of Russia.
External links
- Official website – the President of Russia
- 'Vladimir Putin will once again become Russia's president' – The Economist (3 March 2012)