Russian Turkestan

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Russian Turkestan
Русский Туркестан
Governorate−General of Russian Empire
1867–1917
Coat of arms of Turkestan
Coat of arms
1897
) 		5,280,983
History 
• Established
23rd July 1867
1917
Political subdivisionsOblasts: 5 (since 1899)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Qing dynasty
Khanate of Kokand
Caucasus Viceroyalty
Orenburg Governorate
Kokand Autonomy
Today part ofKazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Turkmenistan

Russian Turkestan (

Governor-Generalship. It comprised the oasis region to the south of the Kazakh Steppe, but not the protectorates of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva. It was populated by speakers of Russian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tajik
.

History

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Modern
Colonization period
Russian Turkestan 1867–1918
Great game period
History of Central Asia XIX a.d.–
Topics
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The Defence of the Samarkand Citadel in 1868
Map of the Syr-Darya Oblast in 1872

Establishment

Main article: Russian conquest of Central Asia

Although Russia had been pushing south into the steppes from

Zeravshan River from the Emirate of Bukhara
in 1868 forming the Zeravsh Special Okrug of Turkestan.

An account of the Russian conquest of Tashkent was written in "Urus leshkerining Türkistanda tarikh 1262–1269 senelarda qilghan futuhlari" by Mullah Khalibay Mambetov.[2][3]

Expansion

See also:
The Great Game

In 1867

Transcaspian Region (which had been conquered in 1881–1885 by military generals Mikhail Skobelev and Mikhail Annenkov
) was added to the Governor-Generalship.

Colonization

The administration of the region had an almost purely military character throughout. Von Kaufman died in 1882, and a committee under Fedor Karlovich Giers (or Girs, brother of the Russian Foreign Minister

Aksakals' (Elders or Headmen). It was quite unlike European Russia. In 1908 Count Konstantin Konstantinovich Pahlen led another reform commission to Turkestan, which produced in 1909–1910 a monumental report documenting administrative corruption and inefficiency. The Jadid
educational reform movement which originated among Tatars spread among Muslims of Central Asia under Russian rule.

A policy of deliberately enforcing anti-modern, traditional, ancient conservative Islamic education in schools and Islamic ideology was enforced by the Russians in order to deliberately hamper and destroy opposition to their rule by keeping them in a state of torpor to and prevent foreign ideologies from penetrating in.[4][5]

The Russians implemented Turkification upon the Ferghana and Samarkand Tajiks, replacing their language with Uzbek, resulting in a dominantly Uzbek-speaking Samarkand, whereas decades before Tajik Persian was the dominant language in Samarkand.[6]

Basmachi

In 1897 the railway reached

Soviet historians
) continued well into the beginning of the 1930s.

Governors of Turkestan

Turkestan had 21 Governor-generals.[12]

The borders of the Russian imperial territories of Kiva, Bukhara and Kokand in the time period of 1902–1903.
  • 1865–1867 Mikhail Grigoryevich Chernyaev (Military Governor)
  • 1866–1867 Dmitri Ilyich Romanovskiy (Civil Governor)
  • 1867–1881
    Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman
  • 1881–1882 Gerasim Alexeevich Kolpakovsky
  • 1882‒4 Mikhail Chernyayev
  • 1884‒9 Nikolai Rozenbakh
  • 1889–1898 Alexander Borisovich Vrevsky
  • 1898–1901 Sergei Mikhailovich Dukhovskoi
  • 1901–1904 Nikolay Alexandrovich Ivanov
  • 1904–1905 Nikolay Nikolayevich Tevyashev
  • 1905–1906 Vsevolod Victorovich Zaharov
  • 1906 Dean Ivanovich Subotich
  • 1906 Yevgeny Osipovich Matsievsky
  • 1906–1908 Nikolai Ivanovich Grodekov
  • 1908–1909 Pavel Ivanovich Mischenko
  • 1909–1910 Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov
  • 1910–1911 Vasiliy Ivanovich Pokotilo
  • 1911–1914 Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov (restored)
  • 1914–1916 Fedor Vladimirovich Martson
  • 1916 Mikhail Romanovich Yerofeyev
  • 1916–17 Aleksey Kuropatkin

Administrative division

Turkestan was divided into five oblasts.

Soviet rule

Contemporary Central Asia

After the

collapse of the Soviet Union
, these republics gained their independence.

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-135-14501-9
    .
  2. ISBN 978-1-317-46862-2
    .
  3. ISBN 0-8223-1521-1
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1
    .
  5. ^ Alexandre Bennigsen; Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay; Central Asian Research Centre (London, England) (1967). Islam in the Soviet Union. Praeger. p. 15.
  6. ISBN 978-1-925021-16-5
    .
  7. ^ Sydykova, Zamira (January 20, 2016). "Commemorating the 1916 Massacres in Kyrgyzstan? Russia Sees a Western Plot". The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst.
  8. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1
    .
  9. ISBN 978-0-7656-3205-0
    .
  10. ISBN 978-1-317-45326-0
    .
  11. ^ ÖZTÜRK, SELİM (May 2012). THE BUKHARAN EMIRATE AND TURKESTAN UNDER RUSSIAN RULE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA: 1917 - 1924 (PDF) (A Master’s Thesis). Department of International Relations İ hsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara. p. 56-57. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2016.
  12. ^ Didar Kassymova, Zhanat Kundakbayeva and Ustina MarkusHistorical Dictionary of Kazakhstan, p. 228, at Google Books

Further reading

External links

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