Russian war crimes

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Residential building in Dnipro, Ukraine, after a Russian missile attack on 14 January 2023.

Russian war crimes are violations of

forced transfer, abduction, rape, looting
, unlawful confinement, unlawful airstrikes and attacks against civilian objects, and wanton destruction.

incendiary weapons in Syria, constituting the war crime of indiscriminate attacks in a civilian populated area.[16] OHCHR also found Russia guilty of war crimes in Ukraine in 2022[17] and 2023.[18] On 13 April 2022, OSCE published a report finding Russia guilty of war crimes in the Mariupol hospital airstrike, while its targeted killings and enforced disappearance or abductions of civilians, including journalists and local officials, could tentatively also be crimes against humanity.[19]

By 2009, the

enforced disappearances, murder, torture, and failing to properly investigate these crimes in Chechnya.[20] In 2021, the ECHR also separately found Russia guilty of murder, torture, looting and destruction of homes in Georgia, as well as preventing the return of 20,000 displaced Georgians to their territory.[21][22][23]

As a consequence of its involvement in the war in Ukraine, wide-scale international sanctions have been imposed on Russian officials by the governments of Western countries (twice in 2014 and twice in 2022).[24][25] In 2016, Russia withdrew its signature from the International Criminal Court (ICC), when the Court began investigating Russia's annexation of Crimea for possible violations of international law.[26][27] As a result, the United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/3 officially suspended Russia from the UN Human Rights Council membership due to war crimes in Ukraine. Many Russian officials were found guilty by local courts for war crimes committed in both Chechnya and Ukraine. Ultimately, since 2023, the ICC indicted four Russian officials, including Russian leader Vladimir Putin, for war crimes in Ukraine.

Russian war crimes before 1991

Imperial Russian war crimes

Main page: Category:Imperial Russian war crimes
Further information: War crimes in World War I § Russian war crimes, and Pogroms during the Russian Civil War

Soviet war crimes

This section is an excerpt from Soviet war crimes.[edit]

The

partisan warfare.[28]

A significant number of these incidents occurred in Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe recently before, and during, the aftermath of World War II, involving

prisoners of war, such as in the Katyn massacre and mass rape by troops of the Red Army in territories they occupied
.

In the 1990s and 2000s, war crimes trials held in the Baltic states led to the prosecution of some Russians, mostly in absentia, for crimes against humanity committed during or shortly after World War II, including killings or deportations of civilians. Today, the Russian government engages in historical negationism.[29] Russian media refers to the Soviet crimes against humanity and war crimes as a "Western myth".[30] In Russian history textbooks, the atrocities are either altered to portray the Soviets positively or omitted entirely.[31] In 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin, himself a war crime fugitive since 2023, while acknowledging the "horrors of Stalinism", criticized the "excessive demonization of Stalin" by "Russia's enemies".[32]

Chechnya

Main articles:
Chechen-Russian conflict, and Death of Nura Luluyeva

Following the

Russian armed forces.[34][35] Some scholars has estimated that the brutality of the Russian attacks on such a small ethnic group amounts to a crime of genocide.[36][37]

During the two wars, the

Russian propaganda depicted them as "blacks", "bandits", "terrorists", "cockroaches" and "bedbugs". The Russian armed forces perpetrated numerous war crimes.[38]

First Chechen War

Main articles: First Chechen War and Filtration camp system in Chechnya
Russian troops burying corpses in a trench in Chechnya during the Second Chechen War

Throughout the First Chechen War, human rights organizations accused Russian forces of starting a brutal war with total disregard for international humanitarian law, causing tens of thousands of unnecessary civilian casualties among the Chechen population. The main strategy in the Russian war effort was to use heavy artillery and air strikes, leading to numerous indiscriminate attacks on civilians. According to Human Rights Watch, the campaign was "unparalleled in the area since World War II for its scope and destructiveness, followed by months of indiscriminate and targeted fire against civilians".[39]

The crimes included the use of prohibited

cluster bombs in the 1995 Shali cluster bomb attack, which targeted a market, a gas station and a hospital,[40][41][42] and the April 1995 Samashki massacre, in which it is estimated that up to 300 civilians died during the attack.[43] Russian forces conducted an operation of zachistka, house-by-house searches throughout the entire village. Federal soldiers deliberately and arbitrarily attacked civilians and civilian dwellings in Samashki by shooting residents and burning houses with flame-throwers. They wantonly opened fire or threw grenades into basements where residents, mostly women, elderly persons and children, had been hiding.[44] Russian troops intentionally burned many bodies, either by throwing the bodies into burning houses or by setting them on fire.[45]

During the

terror bombing.[48] The bloodbath of Grozny shocked Russia and the outside world, causing severe criticism of the war. International monitors from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) described the scenes as nothing short of an "unimaginable catastrophe", while former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev called the war a "disgraceful, bloody adventure" and German chancellor Helmut Kohl called it "sheer madness".[49]

In a March 1996 report, the

Russian Ministry of Interior forces officers fired into a group of soldiers who refused to kill the civilian population.[35]

Second Chechen War

Main articles: Second Chechen War, Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism, 1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya, and Chernokozovo detention center
A building damaged during the war in Grozny

The Second Chechen War, which began in 1999, was even more brutal than the previous war.[50][51] According to human rights activists, Russian troops systematically committed the following crimes in Chechnya: the destruction of cities and villages, not justified by military necessity; shelling and bombardment of unprotected settlements; summary extrajudicial executions and killings of civilians; torture, ill-treatment and infringement of human dignity; serious bodily harm intentionally inflicted on persons not directly participating in hostilities; deliberate strikes against the civilian population, civilian and medical vehicles; illegal detentions of the civilian population; enforced disappearances; looting and destruction of civilian and public property; extortion; taking hostages for ransom; corpse trade.[52][53][54] There were also rapes,[55][56][57] which, along with women, were also subjected to men.[58][59][60][61][62][63]

Some of the crimes committed towards the civilian population included the following: 1999 Elistanzhi cluster bomb attack against civilians, leaving mostly women and children dead.[64][65] The Grozny ballistic missile attack, in which ten hypersonic missiles fell without warning and targeted the city's only maternity hospital, post office, mosque, and a crowded market.[66][67][68] the casualties occurred at the central market, and the attack is estimated to have killed over 100 instantly and injuring up to 400 others. The Russian Air Force perpetrated repeated rocket attacks on a large convoy of refugees trying to enter Ingushetia through a supposed "safe exit" during the Baku–Rostov highway bombing.[69] This was repeated in December 1999 when Russian soldiers opened fire on a refugee convoy marked with white flags.[70]

During the Alkhan-Yurt massacre where Russian soldiers went on a murdering spree throughout the village and summarily executing, raping, torturing, looting, burning and killing anyone in their way. Nearly all the killings were committed by Russian soldiers who were looting.[71] Civilian attempts to stop the madness were often met with death.[72] There has been no serious attempt conducted by the Russian authorities to bring to justice those accountable for the crimes committed at Alkhan-Yurt. Credible testimony suggests that Russian leadership in the region had knowledge of what was happening and simply chose to ignore it.[71] Russian military leadership dismissed the incident as "fairy tales", claiming that the bodies were planted and the slaughter fabricated in order to damage the reputation of Russian troops.[73] Russian general Vladimir Shamanov dismissed accountability for the abuses in the village saying "Don't you dare touch the soldiers and officers of the Russian army. They are doing a sacred thing today-they are defending Russia. And don't you dare sully the Russian soldier with your dirty hands![71]

Dead Chechen soldier

In what is regarded as one of gravest

Federal Security Service told her the massacre was probably committed by Chechen fighters "disguised as federal troops".[78]

A Chechen woman with a wounded child

During the Staropromyslovsky massacre between December 1999 and January 2000, Russian soldiers went on an apparent spree, rounding up civilians and summarily executing them.[79][80] The crimes included widespread looting and arson. Victims included the entire nine-member family of the Zubayevs, which had reportedly been shot dead in the street by a heavy submachine gun (most likely from an armored vehicle).[81] In one incident, Russian soldiers fired at civilians hiding in a cellar. According to a survivor of the incident, upon having yelled out to the soldiers, "Please don't shoot us, we are local civilians," the soldiers ordered them to come out of the cellar with their hands up. After coming out of the cellar, the Russian soldiers ordered them back down, after which they threw down several hand grenades at the civilians. The survivors were then again ordered back out of the cellar, after which the Russian soldiers shot the survivors with machine gun fire at close range.[79][81][80] The massacre went unpunished and unacknowledged by the Russian authorities.

The 1999–2000 siege and bombardments of Grozny caused tens of thousands of civilians to perish.[82] The Russian army issued an ultimatum during the siege urging Chechens to leave the city or be destroyed without mercy.[83] Around 300 people were killed while trying to escape in October 1999 and subsequently buried in a mass grave.[84] The Russian president Putin vowed that the military would not stop bombing Grozny until Russian troops quote 'fulfilled their task to the end.' In 2003, the United Nations called Grozny the most destroyed city on Earth.[85] The bombing of Grozny included banned Buratino thermobaric and fuel-air bombs, igniting the air of civilians hiding in basements.[86][87] There were also reports of the use of chemical weapons, banned according to Geneva law.[88]

International humanitarian workers are reported to have been killed by Russian soldiers during the war in Chechnya. On 17 December 1996, six delegates of the

FSB agents.[90] A 2004 report identified Russian soldiers using rape as means of torture against the Chechens.[91] Out of 428 villages in Chechnya, 380 were bombed in the conflicts, leaving a 70% destruction of households behind.[92]

Total casualties

A Russian soldier stands on a mass grave of Chechens in Komsomolskoye, who were killed in the Second Chechen War, 2000

Aleksandr Lebed said that 80,000 people died in the first war.[96] Combined with the military forces, historians estimate that up to a tenth of the entire Chechen population died in the first war,[97] 100,000 people out of a million.[98] Conservative estimates assume that at least 100,000–150,000 people died in the two conflicts.[99] Higher estimates by Chechen officials and nationals assume that up to 200,000–300,000 died in the two wars.[100][101]

Since the start of the conflicts, there have been 57 recorded mass graves in Chechnya.[102]

Human Rights Watch additionally recorded between 3,000 and 5,000

crime against humanity
.

The German-based NGO Society for Threatened Peoples accused the Russian authorities of genocide in its 2005 report on Chechnya.[103]

Georgia

Main articles:
Occupied territories of Georgia
Two men looking at a missile lying across a sofa
Nearly-intact Russian missile booster in the bedroom of a Gori house, an example of a possible indiscriminate attack in civilian areas

Following a 7 August 2008 escalation between the

break-away region of South Ossetia and Georgia, the Russian forces crossed the international border on 8 August and attacked Georgian soldiers in support of South Ossetia.[104][105][106] Russian soldiers also crossed into the other break-away region of Abkhazia, even though no fighting was recorded there. The war ended on 12 August with a ceasefire brokered by international diplomats. The Russian government recognized South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent countries, though some scholars described that the two regions actually became Russian protectorates.[107]

HRW reported that no proof of intentional attacks on non-combatants by Georgian troops had been discovered.[108]

Russia deliberately attacked fleeing civilians in South Ossetia and the Gori district of Georgia.[5] Russian warplanes bombed civilian population centres in Georgia proper and villages of ethnic Georgians in South Ossetia.[5] Armed militias engaged in plundering, burning and kidnappings. Attacks by militias compelled Georgian civilians to run away.[5]

The use of

cluster bombs by the Russians caused fatalities among civilians.[109] Amnesty International accused Russia of deliberately bombarding and attacking civilian areas and infrastructure, which is a war crime.[6] Russia denied using cluster bombs.[110] 228 Georgian civilians perished in the conflict.[106]

Additionally, the Russian military did nothing to prevent the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in South Ossetia in the area under its control.[111][112]

Ukraine

2014–2021

Main articles:
War in Donbas (2014–2022)

Following the

UN General Assembly in its resolution 68/262,[113] while pro-Russian separatists declared the unrecognized quasi-state Novorossiya, intending a secession from Ukraine, and an insurgency which eventually led to the war in Donbas, the eastern parts of Ukraine. While Russia denied its involvement in the war in Donbas, numerous pieces of evidence pointed to its support of the pro-Russian separatists. Amnesty International accused Russia of "fuelling separatist crimes" and it called upon "all parties, including Russia, to stop their violations of the laws of war".[8]

Damaged building in Lysychansk, 2014
Damaged building in Kurakhove, 26 November 2014

Human Rights Watch stated that pro-Russian insurgents "failed to take all feasible precautions to avoid deploying in civilian areas" and in one case "actually moved closer to populated areas as a response to government shelling".[114] HRW called on all sides to stop using the "notoriously imprecise" Grad rockets.[114]

Another report by Human Rights Watch said that the insurgents had been "running amok...taking, beating and torturing hostages, as well as wantonly threatening and beating people who are pro-Kiev".[115] It also said that the insurgents had destroyed medical equipment, threatened medical staff, and occupied hospitals. A member of Human Rights Watch witnessed the exhumation of a "mass grave" in Sloviansk that was uncovered after insurgents retreated from the city.[115]

Insurgents with bayonet-equipped automatic rifles in the city of Donetsk paraded captured Ukrainian soldiers through the streets on 24 August, the

Street cleaning machines followed the protesters, "cleansing" the ground they were paraded on.[116] Human Rights Watch said that this was in clear violation of the common article 3 of the Geneva Conventions. The article forbids "outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment". They further said that the parade "may be considered a war crime".[116]

A mural of Ukrainian soldiers and police officers who died "defending Ukrainian unity" in Kyiv

A map of human rights violations committed by the separatists, called the "Map of Death", was published by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) in October 2014.[118][119][120] The reported violations included detention camps and mass graves. Subsequently, on 15 October, the SBU opened a case on "crimes against humanity" perpetrated by insurgent forces.[121]

A mid-October report by Amnesty International documented cases of

cluster munitions by anti-government forces.[123]

In October 2014, Aleksey Mozgovoy organised a "people's court" in Alchevsk that issued a death sentence by a show of hands to a man accused of rape.[124]

At a press conference in Kyiv on 15 December 2015,

UN Assistant Secretary-General for human rights Ivan Šimonović stated that the majority of human rights violations committed during the conflict were carried out by the separatists.[125]

Amnesty International reported that it had found "new evidence" of

crimes against peace and crimes against humanity (Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 shoot down).[128]

In 2019, the Ukrainian government considered 7% of

United Nations General Assembly resolution A/73/L.47, adopted on 17 December 2018, mostly concurred and designated Crimea as under "temporary occupation".[130]

The United Nations recorded that the war claimed the lives of over 3,000 civilians by 2018.[131]

  • A damaged block of flats in Donetsk, 14 July 2014
    A damaged block of flats in Donetsk, 14 July 2014
  • A destroyed house in the Donbas, July 2014
    A destroyed house in the Donbas, July 2014
  • A damaged tower block in Lysychansk, 28 July 2014
    A damaged tower block in Lysychansk, 28 July 2014
  • Damaged building in Snizhne, August 6, 2014
    Damaged building in Snizhne, August 6, 2014
  • A burning block of flats in Shakhtarsk, August 3, 2014
    A burning block of flats in Shakhtarsk, August 3, 2014
  • A damaged building in Donetsk, August 7, 2014
    A damaged building in Donetsk, August 7, 2014
  • Victims of War in Ukraine – Kyiv Hospital – Exhibition by Still Miracle Photography 02
    Victims of War in Ukraine – Kyiv Hospital – Exhibition by Still Miracle Photography 02

2022–present

Main article: War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Further information: Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine and Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Dead civilians after the Kramatorsk railway station attack

On 24 February 2022, Russian forces

rape against Ukrainian women, terror, attacks on civilians, unlawful airstrikes or attacks against civilian objects, wanton destruction, unlawful confinement, threats of violence, and inhumane treatment of POWs.[137]

"Russian forces’ widespread and repeated targeting of Ukraine’s energy infrastructure appears primarily designed to instill terror among the population in violation of the laws of war".

Human Rights Watch, 6 December 2022[138]

Among the targets of Russian airstrikes was Ukraine's capital Kyiv, a city of some 3 million people.[139] Kindergartens and orphanages were also shelled.[140] Russian forces were accused of a campaign of terror against Ukrainians.[138][141] On 3 March 2022, Russian forces were reportedly looting across Kherson[142] and selling stolen Ukrainian grain on the world market to finance Putin's war.[143] During the Siege of Mariupol, the city was destroyed by shelling and cut off from electricity, food and water. A 6-year-old girl was reported to have died from dehydration under the ruins of her home in Mariupol on 8 March.[144] During the assault on Irpin, the Russian forces indiscriminately fired at refugees trying to flee across a collapsed bridge. A family of four was killed by a mortar strike.[145][146]

Bucha massacre

During the Battle of Kharkiv, the city was destroyed by Russian shelling, including a boarding school for blind people. Out of a population of 1.8 million, only 500,000 people remained in Kharkiv by 7 March 2022.[147] On 28 February 2022, a Russian cluster bomb attack killed 9 civilians and wounded 37 more in Kharkiv.[148][149] On 3 March, 47 civilians were killed in Chernihiv, most of whom were standing in line at a food store, waiting for bread, when a Russian air strike with eight unguided aerial bombs hit them.[150] In the Mariupol hospital airstrike, three people were killed, including a young girl;[151] whereas hundreds died in the Mariupol theatre airstrike, used as an air raid shelter.[152] Following the withdrawal of Russian forces from the E-40 highway around the Kyiv area, BBC News discovered 13 dead bodies left lying on the road, only two wearing Ukrainian military uniforms. The evidence points to Russian soldiers killing these fleeing civilians.[153]

After the Russian forces left the area of

Bucha after a month of occupation, on 1–3 April photos and videos emerged showing hundreds of killed people lying on the streets or in mass graves. The event triggered an international response as it was widely covered by journalists as the Bucha massacre.[154]

missile strike on Vinnytsia in July 2022. Liza became one of the symbols of Russian atrocities in Ukraine[155]

Thousands of civilians were killed by Russia's indiscriminate shelling and missiles strikes against civilian areas: in

Odesa was bombed continuously for months.[163] On 15 June 2022, OHCHR expressed concerns over reports that Ukrainian children were forcibly deported to Russia, where they were being sent for rushed adoption, stating that these "do not appear to include steps for family reunification or respect the best interests of the child". UNICEF similarly declared that "adoptions should never occur during or immediately after emergencies".[164]

The people of Ukraine have suffered unimaginable horror during this war of aggression over the last 12 months. Let us be clear: the hands of Vladimir Putin and his armed forces are stained with blood.

Amnesty International, 22 February 2023[165]

transfer of 2,000 children from orphanages and institutions to Russia, even though many have relatives in Ukraine, which qualifies as a widespread and systematic attack against a civilian population, and is a crime against humanity.[167]

Izium mass grave exhumations, September 2022

Videos of the

beheading of a Ukrainian prisoner of war in summer 2022[168] and castration of another one in Pryvillia[169] were widely condemned by international community. Several scholars declared that Russia was committing genocide in Ukraine.[170] This assertion was corroborated by a report by New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy and Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights which inferred that Russia breached two articles of the 1948 Genocide Convention.[171]

On 14 September 2022, Ukrainian authorities discovered a mass grave with 440 corpses in

Izium massacre. Since October–November 2022, Russian forces used missiles and drones to systematically attack Ukraine's electrical grids, leaving millions of civilians without heating, electricity, water, or other basic utilities during winter. These attacks on critical civilian infrastructure were deemed as illegal and as war crimes.[173][174] This disrupted the power and water supply to 10,700,000 Ukrainian homes at one point in winter.[10] On 14 January 2023, a Russian missile strike was fired directly at a nine-storey residential building in Dnipro, killing over 40 civilians and making over a 1,000 people homeless.[175] On 14 April 2023, Russian S-300 missiles struck residential buildings in Sloviansk on Easter Good Friday, killing a dozen civilians.[176] On 3 May 2023, Russia shelled a train station and a grocery store in Kherson during the busiest hour of the day, killing over 20 civilians.[177]

The Russian Army also perpetrated wanton destruction of Ukrainian cities and cultural destruction, including confiscating and burning Ukrainian books, historical archives, and damaging more than 240 Ukrainian heritage sites,

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Odesa a possible war crime.[183] The destruction of the Kakhovka Dam on 6 June 2023 caused flooding and environmental devastation, with some accusing Russia of ecocide.[184][185]

Firemen evacuating the wounded in Kyiv after the 29 December 2023 missile attack

UN's

Khmelnytskyi, Dnipropetrovsk, Sumy, Cherkasy, Odesa and Zaporizhzhia. UN Secretary-General António Guterres condemned Russia for attacking civilians and civilian infrastructure.[189]

A UN report concluded that the Russian forces tortured and killed at least 32 Ukrainian POWs between December 2023 and February 2024.[190] On 22 March 2024, Russian forces perpetrated another wave of strikes with drones and missiles against Ukraine, leaving 1.5 million without electricity, which the UN condemned as a violation of IHL.[191]

Total casualties

By 30 March 2022, the UN reported that 4 million refugees fled Ukraine, that 50 hospitals in the country were targeted, and that Russia used the banned cluster munition in at least 24 instances.[192] Russia's attack against Ukraine forced 14 million people to flee their homes, of which 7.8 million fled the country,[193] sparking the largest refugee crisis of the 21st century.[194] On 22 April 2022, the UN recorded at least 2,343 killed civilians, of which 92.3% were attributable to the Russian armed forces.[195] By 21 February 2023, a year into the invasion, the UN recorded 8,006 killed civilians, including 487 children.[196] By April 2024, the number of civilian fatalities verified by the UN was 10,810, including 600 children,[197] whereas Ukrainian sources reported of 16,500 killed civilians by January 2023.[198] The Peace Research Institute Oslo estimated 81,000 total dead in 2022.[199]

Total number of destroyed or damaged homes in Ukraine by 2023[200] compared to other modern wars

In February 2024, Ukrainian officials estimated up to 50,000 Ukrainian civilians were killed in the Russian invasion. US officials estimated around 70,000 dead Ukrainian soldiers and 120,000 dead Russian soldiers.[201] Carl Conetta, co-director of the Project on Defense Alternatives, estimated that the war directly took the lives of 20,000 Ukrainian civilians and indirectly another 20,000 (due to such effects as lack of access to essential health care) by May 2023, reaching the levels of death toll comperable to Yugoslav Wars and the worst months of the Iraq War.[202]

From 24 February 2022 to 30 June 2023, OHCHR assessed that 90.5% of all civilian fatalities were killed by explosive weapons with wide area effects, and that 84.2% of them were recorded on the Ukrainian-controlled territory.[203] No region in Ukraine was spared from Russian attacks. By one estimate, only 3% of all Russian missiles, drones and bombs hit military targets, while 97% hit civilians targets.[197] By June 2023, UNDP estimated 1.5 million homes in Ukraine were either damaged or destroyed in the Russo-Ukrainian War.[200] By comparison, approximately 2 million homes were damaged or destroyed in Ukraine during World War II.[204]

On 3 July 2023, Around 700,000 children have been brought from conflict zones in Ukraine to Russian territory, according to a Russian MP, leading to concerns over illegal deportations and forced removals.[205]

Syria

Main articles:
Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War and Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign
Russian aircraft drop firebombs in northern Aleppo in June 2016.

On 30 September 2015, Russian military intervened directly in the

rescue workers during their bombing campaign.[206] The human rights group has documented attacks on schools, hospitals and civilian homes. Amnesty International also said that "Russia is guilty of some the most egregious war crimes" it had seen in decades. The director of Amnesty's crisis response program, Tirana Hassan, said that after bombing civilian targets, the Russian warplanes "loop around" for a second attack to target the humanitarian workers and civilians who are trying to help those have been injured in the first sortie.[206]

In February 2016, Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported extensive use of

Ma'arrat al-Numan market bombing killed 43 civilians.[209] On 16 August 2019, Russian fighter jets perpetrated an airstrike on Hass refugee camp, killing 20 civilians.[210][211]

On 6 March 2018, the

incendiary weapons. It concluded that their use on densely populated area in eastern Aleppo "amounts to the use of an inherently indiscriminate weapon, constituting the war crime of indiscriminate attacks in a civilian populated area".[16]

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claims that Russian air strikes and artillery shells have killed 18,000 people, including nearly 8,000 civilians, in Syria by 1 October 2018.[214]

Central African Republic

See also: Central African Republic Civil War

On 27 October 2021, the UN experts of the Human Rights Council warned that Russia's paramilitary Wagner Group "violently harassed and intimidated civilians, including peacekeepers, journalists, aid workers and minorities in the Central African Republic". It called on the government of the Central African Republic to sever all ties with the Wagner Group.[215][216]

Examples of crimes believed to have been committed by Wagner Group members in the Central African Republic include the Aïgbado massacre,[217] killing of 12 unarmed men near Bossangoa on 21 July 2021, and beating and holding suspected rebels in inhuman conditions in an open hole at a national army base in Alindao between June and August 2021.[218]

Mali

See also: Mali War

In April 2022, Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported that Russian mercenaries, believed to be members of the Wagner Group, had committed atrocities against hundreds of civilians in Mali, alongside members of the Malian Armed Forces. According to the NGO, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project, as many as 456 civilians died in nine incidents involving Malian forces and Wagner fighters, between January and mid-April 2022. The largest single atrocity was committed by Russian and Malian forces in the Moura massacre, where around 300 civilian men were killed on 23 March 2022.[219][220][221]

Legal proceedings

Regional

The Russian government denied accountability in its local courts. While thousands of investigations were undertaken, only one person was convicted for crimes against the Chechens in the Chechen wars—

Elza Kungaeva and sentenced to 10 years in prison in 2003[222]—which led Amnesty International to conclude that there is "no accountability" and that a Russian "lack of prosecution has resulted in a climate of impunity".[223]

On 29 March 2005 Sergey Lapin was sentenced to 11 years for torture of Chechen student Zelimkhan Murdalov in police custody, who disappeared since.[224] In December 2007, Lt Yevgeny Khudyakov and Lt Sergei Arakcheyev were sentenced to 17 and 15 years for killing three Chechen construction workers near a Grozny checkpoint in January 2003.[225]

Igor Strelkov was sentenced in absentia by a Dutch court to a life in prison for shooting down MH17

On 24 May 2018, after extensive comparative research, the Dutch investigation concluded that the Buk that shot down the 2014

GRU operatives—and one Ukrainian—Leonid Kharchenko—associated with the Donetsk People's Republic.[229][230][231] On 17 November 2022, a Dutch court found Girkin, Dubinsky and Kharchenko guilty and sentenced them in absentia to a life in prison.[232]

On 29 August 2003, a Dutch court (Rechtbank's Gravenhage) found that the Samashki massacre of 250 Chechen civilians was a crime against humanity.[233] On 9 November 2021, Ukraine authorities arrested Denis Kulikovsky, a senior warden of the Izoliatsiia detention center in Donetsk People's Republic, where prisoners were tortured.[234]

Russian President Vladimir Putin, who has ruled Russia since 2000, and Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu are both accused of war crimes[235]

On 15 March 2022, the United States Senate passed a resolution unanimously declaring Russia's leader Vladimir Putin a war criminal.[236]

In 2022, National parliaments, including those of Poland, Ukraine, Canada, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Republic of Ireland, declared that a genocide was taking place in Ukraine.[237]

On 13 May 2022, Ukrainian authorities started their first war crimes trial involving the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, when Russian soldier

Lukyanivka.[241] On 23 December 2022, a Ukrainian court sentenced four Russian soldiers to 11 years in prison for abducting and torturing three residents of Borova who formed an Anti-Terrorist Unit.[242] On 3 March 2023, a Ukrainian court sentenced a Russian pilot to 12 years in prison for dropping eight bombs on the Kharkiv TV and radio station.[243] By December 2022, Ukraine identified more than 600 suspected war criminals from Russia, including Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu.[244]

International

The Russian government tried to effectively block or prevent any kind of international prosecution of its role in suspected war crimes by an international court, using its seat at the

Security Council to veto resolutions which called for an investigation and bringing accountability of the downing the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 over Donetsk Oblast[245] and for crimes being committed in Syria.[246] It denied that a chemical attack had taken place in Douma on 7 April 2018, but this was nonetheless confirmed in a report by the UN-backed Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.[247]

On 7 April 2022, the United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/3 suspended Russia from the UN Human Rights Council due to war crimes in Ukraine.[248]

On 23 November 2022, the

energy infrastructure, hospitals, schools and shelters violate international law and endanger Ukrainian civilians in winter.[249] On 19 January 2023, the European Parliament also adopted a resolution recommending the establishment of an international tribunal to prosecute Putin and Belarus' leader Alexander Lukashenko for war crimes.[250]

In its 2024 report on the siege of Mariupol, Human Rights Watch published a list of 10 people who should be held responsible for war crimes due to their command responsibility:[251]

European Court of Human Rights

See also: Mikheyev v. Russia; Musayev, Labazanova and Magomadov v. Russia; and Estamirov and Others v. Russia

Due to impunity for Russian soldiers in Russia, hundreds of victims of abuse have filed applications with the

extrajudicial executions, torture, and for failing to properly investigate these crimes in Chechnya.[20]

On 21 January 2021, the ECHR also separately found Russia guilty of murder, torture, looting and destruction of homes in Georgia, as well as preventing the return of 20,000 displaced Georgians to their territory.[21][22][23]

International Criminal Court

See also: International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine
International Criminal Court building in The Hague

When the International Criminal Court (ICC) started to investigate Russia's annexation of Crimea for possible violations of international law, Russia withdrew its membership on 16 November 2016.[26] Nonetheless, in its preliminary 2017 report, the ICC found that "the situation within the territory of Crimea and Sevastopol would amount to an international armed conflict between Ukraine and the Russian Federation" as well that it "factually amounts to an ongoing state of occupation".[252] It further found that there is credible evidence that at least 10 people have disappeared and are believed to have been killed on Crimea for opposing the change of its status.[253] In January 2016, the ICC also opened an investigation into possible war crimes perpetrated during the 2008 Russo-Georgian War.[254]

On 28 February 2022, the ICC prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan announced that he will launch an investigation into alleged war crimes in Ukraine.[255] On 17 March 2023, the ICC issued arrest warrants against Vladimir Putin and Russia’s Commissioner for Children’s Rights

illegal transfer of civilians (children) from occupied Ukraine to Russia.[256]
Human Rights Watch welcomed the indictment, saying it "advances justice".[257] Amnesty International also lauded ICC's decision, recommending that the indictment should be expanded to include many other war crimes as well.[258]

On 5 March 2024, the ICC indicted Lieutenant General

Sergei Kobylash, Commander of Russian Aerospace Forces, and Admiral Viktor Sokolov, Commander of the Black Sea Fleet, for war crimes and crimes against humanity perpetrated through attacks at civilian objects, causing excessive incidental harm to civilians or damage to civilian objects, and inhumane acts during the attacks against Ukrainian electric infrastructure from October 2022 through March 2023.[259][260]

US President Joe Biden allowed the US to cooperate with the ICC in sharing evidence of Russian war crimes.[261]

International Court of Justice

See also: Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)

Ukraine brought a case before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) against Russia. On 16 March 2022, a ruling was reached, and the ICJ ordered Russia to "immediately suspend the military operations" in Ukraine.[262]

International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine

Main article:
International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine

On 4 March 2022, the

International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, an independent international committee of three human rights experts with a mandate to investigate violations of human rights and of international humanitarian law in the context of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[263]

See also

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Publications

External links

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