Russians

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Russians
Russian: русские
Total population
c. 135 million[citation needed]
Regions with significant populations
Russia   105,620,179 (2021)
Russian Jews)[10]
Uzbekistan720,324 (2019)[11]
Belarus706,992 (2019)[12]
Canada622,445 (2016)
(Russian ancestry, excluding Russian Germans)[13]
Other countries
Latvia454,350 (2022)[14]
Kyrgyzstan352,960 (2018)[15]
Estonia315,252 (2021)[16]
Argentina300,000 (2018)[17]
Moldova201,218 (2014)[18]
France200,000[19] to 500,000[19][20]
Turkmenistan150,000 (2012)[21]
Lithuania129,797 (2017)[22]
Italy120,459[23]
Azerbaijan119,300 (2009)[24]
Finland90,801 (2020)[25]
Spain72,234 (2017)[26]
Australia67,055 (2006)[27]
Turkey50,000–100,000
(2019)[28][29]
Poland40,000 (2019)[30]
Romania36,397 (2002)
(Lipovans)[31]
Czech Republic35,759 (2016)[32]
Tajikistan35,000 (2010)[33]
South Korea30,098 (2016)[34]
Georgia26,453 (2014)[35]
Hungary21,518 (2016)[36]
Sweden20,187 (2016)[37]
China15,609 (2000)[38]
Bulgaria15,595 (2002)[39]
Armenia14,660 (2002)[40]
Greece13,635 (2002)[41]
Slovakia8,116 (2021)[42][43]
India6,000–15,000 (2011)[44]
Denmark7,686 (2019)[45]
New Zealand5,979 (2013)[46]
Languages
Russian (Russian Sign Language)
Religion
Predominantly Eastern Orthodoxy (Russian Orthodoxy), minority irreligion
Related ethnic groups
Other East Slavs (Belarusians, Ukrainians, Rusyns)[47]

The Russians (

mother tongue of the Russians; Orthodox Christianity has been their majority religion since the formation of a Russian identity in the Middle Ages. They are the largest Slavic nation and the largest European nation
.

The Russians were formed from East Slavic tribes, and their cultural ancestry is based in Kievan Rus'. Genetically, the majority of Russians are very similar to their East Slavic counterparts,[47] unlike Northern Russians, who belong to the Northern European Baltic gene pool. The Russian word for the Russians is derived from the people of Rus' and the territory of Rus'. The Russians share many historical and cultural traits with other European peoples, and especially with other East Slavic ethnic groups, specifically Belarusians and Ukrainians.

The vast majority of Russians live in native Russia, but notable minorities are scattered throughout other post-Soviet states such as Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine, and the Baltic states. A large Russian diaspora (sometimes including Russian-speaking non-Russians), estimated at around 25 million people,[48] has developed all over the world, with notable numbers in the United States, Germany, Brazil, and Canada.

Ethnonym

The standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is "Russians" in English.

Russian citizens", regardless of ethnicity or religious affiliation.[50]

The name of the Russians derives from the early medieval

Novgorod that later became Kievan Rus'.[51]

From the early nineteenth century, several politically charged theories of Russian nationality were developed, among them, the ideas of a single "all-Russian nation" encompassing the East Slavic peoples, or a "triune nation" of three brotherly "Great Russian", "Little Russian", and "White Russian" peoples. Today some consider this as a colonial expression of Russian supremacy.[52][53] The common view of East Slavs today is of separate Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian nations.[citation needed]

History

Ancient history

East Slavic tribes and peoples, 8th–9th century

The ancestors of modern Russians are the

Meshchera.[59]

From the 7th century onwards, the East Slavs slowly assimilated the native Finnic peoples,[60] so that by year 1100, the majority of the population in Western Russia was Slavic-speaking.[55][56] Recent genetic studies confirm the presence of a Finnic substrate in modern Russian population.[61]

Outside archaeological remains, little is known about the predecessors to Russians in general prior to 859 AD, when the Primary Chronicle starts its records.[62] By 600 AD, the Slavs are believed to have split linguistically into southern, western, and eastern branches.[citation needed]

Medieval history

The Rus' state was established in northern Russia in the year 862,

Kiev, thereby uniting the northern and southern lands of the East Slavs under one authority. The state adopted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated as a state as a result of in-fighting between members of the princely family that ruled it collectively.[66]

After the 13th century, Moscow became a political and cultural center. Moscow has become a center for the unification of Russian lands.[67] By the end of the 15th century, Moscow united the northeastern and northwestern Russian principalities, overthrew the "Mongol yoke" in 1480,[68] and would be transformed into the Tsardom of Russia after Ivan IV was crowned tsar in 1547.[69]

Modern history

Grandma's Fairy Tales, by Vassily Maximov

In 1721, Tsar Peter the Great renamed his state as the Russian Empire, hoping to associate it with historical and cultural achievements of ancient Rus' – in contrast to his policies oriented towards Western Europe. The state now extended from the eastern borders of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to the Pacific Ocean, and became a great power; and one of the most powerful states in Europe after the victory over Napoleon. Peasant revolts were common, and all were fiercely suppressed. The Emperor Alexander II abolished Russian serfdom in 1861, but the peasants fared poorly and revolutionary pressures grew. In the following decades, reform efforts such as the Stolypin reforms of 1906–1914, the constitution of 1906, and the State Duma (1906–1917) attempted to open and liberalize the economy and political system, but the Emperors refused to relinquish autocratic rule and resisted sharing their power.

2010 census:[70]
  above 80%

A combination of economic breakdown,

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. From its first years, government in the Soviet Union based itself on the one-party rule of the Communists, as the Bolsheviks called themselves, beginning in March 1918. The approach to the building of socialism, however, varied over different periods in Soviet history: from the mixed economy and diverse society and culture of the 1920s through the command economy and repressions of the Joseph Stalin era to the "era of stagnation" from the 1960s to the 1980s. The actions of the Soviet government caused the death of millions of citizens in the famine of 1930–1933 and the Great Purge. The attack by Nazi Germany and the ensuing war, together with the Holocaust, again claimed millions of lives. Millions of Russian civilians and prisoners of war were killed or starved to death during Nazi Germany's genocidal policies called the Hunger Plan and the Generalplan Ost, including one million civilian casualties during the Siege of Leningrad. After the victory of the Soviet Union and the Western Allies, the Soviet Union became a superpower opposing Western countries during the Cold War
.

By the mid-1980s, with Soviet economic and political weaknesses becoming acute, Soviet leader

.

Geographic distribution

Ethnic Russians in former Soviet Union states in 1994

Ethnic Russians historically migrated within the areas of the former

Doukhobors in Canada, emigrated as religious dissidents fleeing the central authority.[72]

Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery in Paris, the resting place of many eminent Russian émigrés
after 1917

There are also small Russian communities in the Balkans — including Lipovans in the Danube delta[73] — Central European nations such as Germany and Poland, as well as Russians settled in China, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Australia. These communities identify themselves to varying degrees as Russians, citizens of these countries, or both.[citation needed]

Significant numbers of Russians emigrated to

West Hollywood of the Los Angeles area.[citation needed
]

After the

People's Republic of China (as the Russ); there are approximately 15,600 Russian Chinese living mostly in northern Xinjiang, and also in Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang.[citation needed
]

According to the

Russian Federation decreased by nearly 5.43 million, from roughly 111 million people in 2010 to approximately 105.5 million in 2021.[75]

Ethnographic groups

Lipovans in the Danube Delta

Among the Russians, a number of

Starozhily, some groupings of Old Believers (Kamenschiks, Lipovans, Semeiskie), and others.[76]

The main ones are the Northern and Southern Russian groups. At the same time, the proposal of the ethnographer

Dmitry Zelenin in his major work of 1927 Russian (East Slavic) Ethnography to consider them as separate East Slavic peoples[77] did not find support in scientific circles.[citation needed
]

Russia's Arctic coastline had been explored and settled by Pomors, Russian settlers from Novgorod.[78]

Cossacks inhabited sparsely populated areas in the Don, Terek, and Ural river basins, and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of parts of Russia.[79]

Genetics

Saint-Petersburg
.

In accordance with the 2008 research results of Russian and Estonian geneticists, two groups of the Russians are distinguished: the northern and southern populations.[80][81]

The Central and Southern Russians, to which the majority of Russian populations belong, according to Y chromosome R1a, are included in the general "East European" gene cluster with the rest East and West Slavs (Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), as well as the non-Slavic Hungarians and Aromanians.[82][80][83] Genetically, East Slavs are quite similar to West Slavs; such genetic similarity is somewhat unusual for genetics with such a wide settlement of the Slavs, especially the Russians.[84] The high unity of the autosomal markers of the East Slavic populations and their significant differences from the neighboring Finnic, Turkic and Caucasian peoples were revealed.[80][82]

The

Consequently, the already existing biologo-genetic studies have made all hypotheses about the mixing of the Russians with non-Slavic ethnic groups or their "non-Slavism" obsolete or pseudoscientific. At the same time, the long-standing identification of the Northern Russian and Southern Russian ethnographic groups by ethnologists was confirmed. The previous conclusions of physical anthropologists,[86] historians and linguists (see, in particular, the works of the academician Valentin Yanin) about the proximity of the ancient Novgorod Slavs and their language not to the East, but to west Baltic Slavs. As can be seen from genetic resources, the contemporary Northern Russians also are genetically close of all Slavic peoples only to the Poles and similar to the Balts. However, this does not mean the northern Russians origin from the Balts or the Poles, more likely, that all the peoples of the Nordic gene pool are descendants of Paleo-European population, which has remained around Baltic Sea.[80][85]

Language

Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia.[87] It is the most spoken native language in Europe,[88] the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia,[89] as well as the world's most widely spoken Slavic language.[89] Russian is the third-most used language on the Internet after English and Spanish,[90] and is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[91] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.[92]

Culture

Russian artist Boris Kustodiev's Maslenitsa, 1916

Literature

Leo Tolstoy's (1828–1910) notable works include the novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina, often cited as pinnacles of realist fiction.

Russian literature is considered to be among the world's most influential and developed.[93] It can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed.[94] By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, with works from Mikhail Lomonosov, Denis Fonvizin, Gavrila Derzhavin, and Nikolay Karamzin.[95] From the early 1830s, during the Golden Age of Russian Poetry, literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama.[96] Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent: Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protégé Alexander Pushkin came to the fore.[97] Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet.[95]

The first great Russian novelist was

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and

Nikolay Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. Influential émigré writers include Vladimir Nabokov.[111] Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the Gulag camps.[112]

Philosophy

anarcho-communism.[115] Mikhail Bakhtin's writings have significantly inspired scholars.[116] Helena Blavatsky gained international following as the leading theoretician of Theosophy, and co-founded the Theosophical Society.[117] Vladimir Lenin, a major revolutionary, developed a variant of communism known as Leninism. Leon Trotsky, on the other hand, founded Trotskyism. Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century.[118]

Science

Periodic Law and creating a version of the periodic table of elements
.

Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table, the main framework of modern chemistry.[121] Sofya Kovalevskaya was a pioneer among women in mathematics in the 19th century.[122] Grigori Perelman was offered the first ever Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award for his final proof of the Poincaré conjecture in 2002, as well as the Fields Medal in 2006, both of which he declined.[123][124]

semiconductor junctions, and discovered light-emitting diodes.[128] Vladimir Vernadsky is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiogeology.[129] Élie Metchnikoff is known for his groundbreaking research in immunology.[130] Ivan Pavlov is known chiefly for his work in classical conditioning.[131] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics.[132]

Vladimir Zworykin was the inventor of the iconoscope and kinescope television systems.[135] Theodosius Dobzhansky was the central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis.[136] George Gamow was one of the foremost advocates of the Big Bang theory.[137]
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky is called the father of theoretical astronautics, whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as Valentin Glushko, and many others.[138]: 6–7, 333 

In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by

spacewalk, exiting the space capsule during Voskhod 2.[140]

Music

The classic ballet of Swan Lake was composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893)

Until the 18th century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances.

Nikolay Rubinstein.[141] The later tradition of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by Sergei Rachmaninoff, one of the last great champions of the Romantic style of European classical music.[142] World-renowned composers of the 20th century include Alexander Scriabin, Alexander Glazunov, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich, Georgy Sviridov and Alfred Schnittke.[141]

Soviet and Russian conservatories have turned out generations of world-renowned soloists. Among the best known are violinists David Oistrakh and Gidon Kremer,[143][144] cellist Mstislav Rostropovich,[145] pianists Vladimir Horowitz,[146] Sviatoslav Richter,[147] and Emil Gilels,[148] and vocalist Galina Vishnevskaya.[149]

During the Soviet times,

rave band, has gained popularity in Russia and across Europe.[158]

Cinema

Poster of Battleship Potemkin (1925) by Sergei Eisenstein, which was named the greatest film of all time at the Brussels World's Fair in 1958.[159]

Russian and later

The Battleship Potemkin.[160] Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably Sergei Eisenstein and Andrei Tarkovsky, would go on to become among of the world's most innovative and influential directors.[161][162] Eisenstein was a student of Lev Kuleshov, who developed the groundbreaking Soviet montage theory of film editing at the world's first film school, the All-Union Institute of Cinematography.[163] Dziga Vertov's "Kino-Eye" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism.[164] Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including Chapaev, The Cranes Are Flying, and Ballad of a Soldier.[citation needed
]

The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. The comedies of

cosmonauts before any trip into space.[168] In 2002, Russian Ark was the first feature film ever to be shot in a single take.[169] Today, the Russian cinema industry continues to expand.[170]

Architecture

Saint Basil's Cathedral, built between 1555 and 1683, in Moscow

The history of

Russian Revival style. In early 20th-century, Russian neoclassical revival became a trend.[176] Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were the Art Nouveau, Constructivism,[179] and Socialist Classicism.[180]

Religion

Trinity Sunday in Russia; the Russian Orthodox Church has experienced a great revival since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a country that had a policy of state atheism.

Russia's largest religion is Christianity—It has the world's largest Orthodox population.[181][182] According to differing sociological surveys on religious adherence, between 41% to over 80% of the total population of Russia adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church.[183][184][185]

Non-religious Russians may associate themselves with the Orthodox faith for cultural reasons. Some Russian people are

Doukhobors which in the 18th century rejected secular government, the Russian Orthodox priests, icons, all church ritual, the Bible as the supreme source of divine revelation and the divinity of Jesus, and later emigrated into Canada. An even earlier sect were Molokans which formed in 1550 and rejected Czar's divine right to rule, icons, the Trinity as outlined by the Nicene Creed, Orthodox fasts, military service, and practices including water baptism.[citation needed
]

Other world religions have negligible representation among ethnic Russians. The largest of these groups are

]

Since the fall of the

Rodnovery, the revival of the Slavic native religion also common to other Slavic nations.[188]

Sports

Maria Sharapova is a Russian former world No. 1 tennis player

Euro 2008.[194] Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup,[195] and the 2018 FIFA World Cup.[196]

Russian national basketball team won the EuroBasket 2007,[200] and the Russian basketball club PBC CSKA Moscow is among the most successful European basketball teams. The annual Formula One Russian Grand Prix is held at the Sochi Autodrom in the Sochi Olympic Park.[201]

Russia is the leading nation in

1980 Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow,[206] and the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics were hosted in Sochi.[207][208]

See also

References

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External links