Russians
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2022) |
Russian: русские | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Total population | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
c. 135 million[citation needed] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Regions with significant populations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Russia 105,620,179 (2021) Russian Jews)[10] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uzbekistan | 720,324 (2019)[11] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Belarus | 706,992 (2019)[12] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Canada | 622,445 (2016) (Russian ancestry, excluding Russian Germans)[13] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Russian (Russian Sign Language) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Religion | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Predominantly Eastern Orthodoxy (Russian Orthodoxy), minority irreligion | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Related ethnic groups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other East Slavs (Belarusians, Ukrainians, Rusyns)[47] |
The Russians (
The Russians were formed from East Slavic tribes, and their cultural ancestry is based in Kievan Rus'. Genetically, the majority of Russians are very similar to their East Slavic counterparts,[47] unlike Northern Russians, who belong to the Northern European Baltic gene pool. The Russian word for the Russians is derived from the people of Rus' and the territory of Rus'. The Russians share many historical and cultural traits with other European peoples, and especially with other East Slavic ethnic groups, specifically Belarusians and Ukrainians.
The vast majority of Russians live in native Russia, but notable minorities are scattered throughout other post-Soviet states such as Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine, and the Baltic states. A large Russian diaspora (sometimes including Russian-speaking non-Russians), estimated at around 25 million people,[48] has developed all over the world, with notable numbers in the United States, Germany, Brazil, and Canada.
Ethnonym
The standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is "Russians" in English.
The name of the Russians derives from the early medieval
From the early nineteenth century, several politically charged theories of Russian nationality were developed, among them, the ideas of a single "all-Russian nation" encompassing the East Slavic peoples, or a "triune nation" of three brotherly "Great Russian", "Little Russian", and "White Russian" peoples. Today some consider this as a colonial expression of Russian supremacy.[52][53] The common view of East Slavs today is of separate Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian nations.[citation needed]
History
Ancient history
The ancestors of modern Russians are the
From the 7th century onwards, the East Slavs slowly assimilated the native Finnic peoples,[60] so that by year 1100, the majority of the population in Western Russia was Slavic-speaking.[55][56] Recent genetic studies confirm the presence of a Finnic substrate in modern Russian population.[61]
Outside archaeological remains, little is known about the predecessors to Russians in general prior to 859 AD, when the Primary Chronicle starts its records.[62] By 600 AD, the Slavs are believed to have split linguistically into southern, western, and eastern branches.[citation needed]
Medieval history
The Rus' state was established in northern Russia in the year 862,
After the 13th century, Moscow became a political and cultural center. Moscow has become a center for the unification of Russian lands.[67] By the end of the 15th century, Moscow united the northeastern and northwestern Russian principalities, overthrew the "Mongol yoke" in 1480,[68] and would be transformed into the Tsardom of Russia after Ivan IV was crowned tsar in 1547.[69]
Modern history
In 1721, Tsar Peter the Great renamed his state as the Russian Empire, hoping to associate it with historical and cultural achievements of ancient Rus' – in contrast to his policies oriented towards Western Europe. The state now extended from the eastern borders of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to the Pacific Ocean, and became a great power; and one of the most powerful states in Europe after the victory over Napoleon. Peasant revolts were common, and all were fiercely suppressed. The Emperor Alexander II abolished Russian serfdom in 1861, but the peasants fared poorly and revolutionary pressures grew. In the following decades, reform efforts such as the Stolypin reforms of 1906–1914, the constitution of 1906, and the State Duma (1906–1917) attempted to open and liberalize the economy and political system, but the Emperors refused to relinquish autocratic rule and resisted sharing their power.
A combination of economic breakdown,
By the mid-1980s, with Soviet economic and political weaknesses becoming acute, Soviet leader
Geographic distribution
Ethnic Russians historically migrated within the areas of the former
after 1917There are also small Russian communities in the Balkans — including Lipovans in the Danube delta[73] — Central European nations such as Germany and Poland, as well as Russians settled in China, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Australia. These communities identify themselves to varying degrees as Russians, citizens of these countries, or both.[citation needed]
Significant numbers of Russians emigrated to
After the
According to the
Ethnographic groups
Among the Russians, a number of
The main ones are the Northern and Southern Russian groups. At the same time, the proposal of the ethnographer
Russia's Arctic coastline had been explored and settled by Pomors, Russian settlers from Novgorod.[78]
Cossacks inhabited sparsely populated areas in the Don, Terek, and Ural river basins, and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of parts of Russia.[79]
Genetics
This section's factual accuracy is disputed. (March 2023) |
In accordance with the 2008 research results of Russian and Estonian geneticists, two groups of the Russians are distinguished: the northern and southern populations.[80][81]
The Central and Southern Russians, to which the majority of Russian populations belong, according to Y chromosome R1a, are included in the general "East European" gene cluster with the rest East and West Slavs (Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), as well as the non-Slavic Hungarians and Aromanians.[82][80][83] Genetically, East Slavs are quite similar to West Slavs; such genetic similarity is somewhat unusual for genetics with such a wide settlement of the Slavs, especially the Russians.[84] The high unity of the autosomal markers of the East Slavic populations and their significant differences from the neighboring Finnic, Turkic and Caucasian peoples were revealed.[80][82]
The
Consequently, the already existing biologo-genetic studies have made all hypotheses about the mixing of the Russians with non-Slavic ethnic groups or their "non-Slavism" obsolete or pseudoscientific. At the same time, the long-standing identification of the Northern Russian and Southern Russian ethnographic groups by ethnologists was confirmed. The previous conclusions of physical anthropologists,[86] historians and linguists (see, in particular, the works of the academician Valentin Yanin) about the proximity of the ancient Novgorod Slavs and their language not to the East, but to west Baltic Slavs. As can be seen from genetic resources, the contemporary Northern Russians also are genetically close of all Slavic peoples only to the Poles and similar to the Balts. However, this does not mean the northern Russians origin from the Balts or the Poles, more likely, that all the peoples of the Nordic gene pool are descendants of Paleo-European population, which has remained around Baltic Sea.[80][85]
Language
Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia.[87] It is the most spoken native language in Europe,[88] the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia,[89] as well as the world's most widely spoken Slavic language.[89] Russian is the third-most used language on the Internet after English and Spanish,[90] and is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[91] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.[92]
Culture
Literature
Russian literature is considered to be among the world's most influential and developed.[93] It can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed.[94] By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, with works from Mikhail Lomonosov, Denis Fonvizin, Gavrila Derzhavin, and Nikolay Karamzin.[95] From the early 1830s, during the Golden Age of Russian Poetry, literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama.[96] Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent: Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protégé Alexander Pushkin came to the fore.[97] Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet.[95]
The first great Russian novelist was
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and
Philosophy
Science
In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by
Music
Until the 18th century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances.
Soviet and Russian conservatories have turned out generations of world-renowned soloists. Among the best known are violinists David Oistrakh and Gidon Kremer,[143][144] cellist Mstislav Rostropovich,[145] pianists Vladimir Horowitz,[146] Sviatoslav Richter,[147] and Emil Gilels,[148] and vocalist Galina Vishnevskaya.[149]
During the Soviet times,
Cinema
Russian and later
The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. The comedies of
Architecture
The history of
Religion
Russia's largest religion is Christianity—It has the world's largest Orthodox population.[181][182] According to differing sociological surveys on religious adherence, between 41% to over 80% of the total population of Russia adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church.[183][184][185]
Non-religious Russians may associate themselves with the Orthodox faith for cultural reasons. Some Russian people are
Other world religions have negligible representation among ethnic Russians. The largest of these groups are
Since the fall of the
Sports
Russia is the leading nation in
See also
- All-Russian nation
- European ethnic groups
- List of Russian artists
- List of Slavic studies journals
References
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The Ganelin Trio was the greatest ensemble of free-jazz in continental Europe, namely in Russia. Like other European improvisers, pianist Vyacheslav Ganelin, woodwind player Vladimir Chekasin and percussionist Vladimir Tarasov too found a common ground between free-jazz and Dadaism. Their shows were as much music as they were provocative antics.
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For the Russian band DDT, it was hard enough being a rock group under the Soviet regime. The band, which formed in 1981, gave secret concerts in apartments, bomb shelters, and even kindergarten classrooms to avoid the attention of authorities... Later, the policies of perestroika allowed bands to perform out in the open. DDT went on to become one of Russia's most popular acts...
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{{cite book}}
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{{cite web}}
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Bibliography
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- Sankina, S. L. (2000). Этническая история средневекового населения Новгородской земли [Ethnic history of the medieval population of the Novgorod land] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg. ISBN 5-86007-210-4.)
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Zelenin, Dmitry K. (1991) [1927]. Восточнославянская этнография [Russian (East Slavic) Ethnography] (in Russian). Translated by K.D. Tsivina. Moscow: Nauka. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021. [First published in German as Russische (Ostslawische) Volkskunde (Berlin; Leipzig, 1927).])
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: CS1 maint: postscript (link
External links
- Media related to Russians at Wikimedia Commons
- (in Russian) 4.1. Population by nationality Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- (in Russian) "People and Cultures: Russians" book published by Russian Academy of Sciences
- Pre-Revolutionary photos of women in Russian folk dress