Russians in Ukraine

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine, see
Occupied territories of Ukraine
.
Russians in Ukraine
Total population
In the
Slavic people (East Slavs, West Slavs, South Slavs
)

2001 Ukrainian census, 8,334,100 identified as ethnic Russians (17.3% of the population of Ukraine); this is the combined figure for persons originating from outside of Ukraine and the Ukrainian-born population declaring Russian ethnicity.[1]

Geography

Largest ethnicities in Ukraine's cities and raions, according to the 2001 census. Russians are in blue

Ethnic Russians live throughout Ukraine. They comprise a notable fraction of the overall population in the east and south, a significant minority in the center, and a smaller minority in the west.[1]

The west and the center of the country feature a higher percentage of Russians in cities and industrial centers and much smaller percentage in the overwhelmingly Ukrainophone rural areas.

Autonomous republic of Crimea).[1]

Outside of Crimea, Russians are the largest ethnic group in

Makiyivka (50.8%) in Donetsk Oblast, Ternivka (52.9%) in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Krasnodon (63.3%) and Sverdlovsk (Dovzhansk) (58.7%) and Krasnodonskyi raion (51.7%) and Stanychno-Luhanskyi (61.1%) raion in Luhansk Oblast, Izmail (43.7%) in Odesa Oblast, Putyvl Raion (51.6%) in Sumy Oblast.[4]

History

Early history

One of the most prominent Russians in Medieval Ukraine (at that time the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) was Ivan Fyodorov, who published the Ostrog Bible and called himself a Muscovite.

In 1599, Tsar

Oskol River, the first city and the first fortress in Eastern Ukraine. To defend the territory from Tatar raids the Russians built the Belgorod
defensive line (1635–1658), and Ukrainians started fleeing to be under its defense.

Sloboda Ukraine
The regional concentration of the ethnic Russian population of Ukraine in 1897

More

Treaty of Pereyaslav, Ukrainian Cossacks lands, including the modern northern and eastern parts of Ukraine, became a protectorate of the Tsardom of Russia. This brought the first significant, but still small, wave of Russian settlers into central Ukraine (primarily several thousand soldiers stationed in garrisons,[5] out of a population of approximately 1.2 million non-Russians).[6]

A map of what was known as Novorossiya (New Russia) during the Russian Empire - in yellow. Includes territories of modern Ukraine, Russia and Moldova

At the end of the 18th century, the Russian Empire

Donets Basin
also marked the commencement of a large-scale industrialization and an influx of workers from other parts of the Russian Empire.

Nearly all of the major cities of southern and eastern Ukraine were established in this period: Aleksandrovsk (now Zaporizhzhia; 1770), Yekaterinoslav (now Dnipro; 1776), Kherson and Mariupol (1778), Sevastopol (1783), Simferopol and Novoaleksandrovka (Melitopol) (1784), Nikolayev (Mykolaiv; 1789), Odesa (1794), Lugansk (Luhansk; foundation of Luhansk plant in 1795).

Both Russians and Ukrainians made up the bulk of the migrants – 31.8% and 42.0% respectively.[

Kievan Rus.[citation needed
]

In the beginning of the 20th century, Russians were the largest ethnic group in the following cities:

Feodosiya (46.84%), Yalta (66.17%), Kerch (57.8%), Sevastopol (63.46%), Chuhuiv (86%).[4]

Russian Civil War in Ukraine

The first

Russian Empire Census, conducted in 1897, showed extensive usage (and in some cases dominance) of the Little Russian, a contemporary term for the Ukrainian language,[8] in the nine south-western Governorates and Kuban. Thus, when the Central Rada officials were outlining the future borders of the new Ukrainian state they took the results of the census in regards to the language and religion as determining factors. The ethnographic borders of Ukraine thus turned out to be almost twice as large as the original Bohdan Khmelnytsky State incorporated into the Russian Empire during the 17-18th centuries.[9]

During World War I, a strong national movement managed to obtain some autonomous rights from the Russian government in Saint Petersburg. However, the October Revolution brought big changes for the new Russian Republic. Ukraine became a battleground between the two main Russian war factions during the Russian Civil War (1918–1922), the Communist Reds (Red Army) and the Anti-Bolshevik Whites (Volunteer Army).

The

Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Republic
.

The Russian SFSR government supported military intervention against the Ukrainian People's Republic, which at different periods controlled most of the territory of present-day Ukraine with the exception of Crimea and Western Ukraine.[6] Although there were differences between Ukrainian Bolsheviks initially,[10] which resulted in the proclamation of several Soviet Republics in 1917, later, due in large part to pressure from Vladimir Lenin and other Bolshevik leaders, one Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed.

The Ukrainian SSR was

Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
) and other neighboring provinces, which contained a substantial number of ethnic Russians.

Ukrainization in Early Soviet times

In his 1923 speech devoted to the national and ethnic issues in the party and state affairs, Joseph Stalin identified several obstacles in implementing the national program of the party. Those were the "dominant-nation chauvinism", "economic and cultural inequality" of the nationalities and the "survivals of nationalism among a number of nations which have borne the heavy yoke of national oppression".[11]

In Ukraine's case, both threats came, respectively, from the south and the east: Novorossiya with its historically strong Russian cultural influence, and the traditional Ukrainian center and west. These considerations brought about a policy of Ukrainization, to simultaneously break the remains of the Great Russian attitude and to gain popularity among the Ukrainian population, thus recognizing their dominance of the republic.[12] The Ukrainian language was mandatory for most jobs, and its teaching became compulsory in all schools.

By the early 1930s attitudes towards the policy of Ukrainization had changed within the Soviet leadership. In 1933 Stalin declared that local nationalism was the main threat to Soviet unity.[6] Consequently, many changes introduced during the Ukrainization period were reversed: Russian language schools, libraries and newspapers were restored and even increased in number. Changes were brought territorially as well, forcing the Ukrainian SSR to cede some territories to the RSFSR. Thousands of ethnic Ukrainians were deported to the far east of the Soviet Union, numerous villages with Ukrainian majority were eliminated with Holodomor, while remaining Ukrainians were subjected to discrimination.[13][14] During this period parents in the Ukrainian SSR could choose to send their children whose native language was not Ukrainian to schools with Russian as the primary language of instruction.

Later Soviet times

The territory of Ukraine was one of the main battlefields during World War II, and its population, including Russians, significantly decreased. The infrastructure was heavily damaged and it required human and capital resources to be rebuilt. This compounded with depopulation caused by two famines of 1931–1932 and a third in 1947 to leave the territory with a greatly reduced population. A large portion of the wave of new migrants to industrialize, integrate and Sovietize the recently acquired western Ukrainian territories were ethnic Russians who mostly settled around industrial centers and military garrisons.[15] This increased the proportion of the Russian speaking population.

Near the end of the War, the entire population of Crimean Tatars (numbering up to a quarter of a million) was expelled from their homeland in Crimea to Central Asia, under accusations of collaborations with Germans.[16][17] The Crimea was repopulated by the new wave of Russian and Ukrainian settlers and the Russian proportion of the population of Crimea went up significantly (from 47.7% in 1937 to 61.6% in 1993) and the Ukrainian proportion doubled (12.8% in 1937 and 23.6% in 1993).[18]

The Ukrainian language remained a mandatory subject of study in all Russian schools, but in many government offices preference was given to the Russian language that gave an additional impetus to the advancement of Russification. The 1979 census showed that only one third of ethnic Russians spoke the Ukrainian language fluently.[6]

In 1954, the

transfer of the Crimean Oblast from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR. This action increased the ethnic Russian population of Ukraine by almost a million people. Many Russian politicians considered the transfer to be controversial.[19] Controversies and legality of the transfer remained a sore point in relations between Ukraine and Russia for a few years, and in particular in the internal politics in Crimea. However, in a 1997 treaty between the Russian Federation and Ukraine, Russia recognized Ukraine's borders and accepted Ukraine's sovereignty over Crimea.[6]

Ukraine after the dissolution of the Soviet Union

Further information: Russia–Ukraine relations and 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
UNA-UNSO led by a member of the Lviv Oblast Council.[20]
2001 Ukrainian Census the percentage of Russian population tends to be higher in the east and south in the country.[1]

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine became an independent state. This independence was supported by the referendum in all regions of Ukrainian SSR, including those with large Russian populations.[21] A study of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine found that in 1991, 75% of ethnic Russians in Ukraine no longer identified themselves with the Russian nation.[22] In the December 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum 55% of the ethnic Russians in Ukraine voted for independence.[23]

The return of Crimean Tatars has resulted in several high-profile clashes over land ownership and employment rights.[24]

In 1994 a referendum took place in the Donetsk Oblast and the Luhansk Oblast, with around 90% supporting the Russian language gaining status of an official language alongside Ukrainian, and for the Russian language to be an official language on a regional level; however, the referendum was annulled by the Kyiv government.[25][26]

Much controversy has surrounded the reduction of schools with Russian as their main language of instruction. In 1989, there were 4,633 schools with Russian as the main instruction language, and by 2001 this number fell to 2,001 schools or 11.8% of the total in the country.[27] A significant number of these Russian schools were converted into schools in with both Russian and Ukrainian language classes. By 2007, 20% of pupils in public schools studied in Russian classes.[28]

Some regions such as Rivne Oblast have no schools with Russian only instruction left, but only Russian classes provided in the mixed Russian-Ukrainian schools.[29] As of May 2007, only seven schools with Russian as the main language of instruction are left in Kyiv, with 17 more mixed language schools totaling 8,000 pupils,[30] with the rest of the pupils attending the schools with Ukrainian being the only language of instruction. Among the latter pupils, 45,700 (or 18% of the total) study the Russian language as a separate subject[30] in the largely Russophone Ukrainian capital,[2][31] although an estimated 70 percent of Ukraine's population nationwide consider that Russian should be taught at secondary schools along with Ukrainian.[32]

The

UNA-UNSO led by the member of Lviv Oblast Council.[20] UNA-UNSO members searched the building, partially destroyed archives and pushed people out from the building.[20] Their attackers declared that everything in Ukraine belonged to the Ukrainians, so the Russians and the Jews were not allowed to reside or have property there.[20] The building was vandalized during the Papal Visit to Lviv in 2001,[33] then in 2003 (5 times),[34][35] 2004 (during the Orange Revolution[36]), 2005,[37][38] 2006.[39]

2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine
.

After the

2014 Crimean referendum, and sent a request to Russia to send military forces into the Crimea to "protect" the local population from the right-wing Euromaidan protesters, which marked the beginning of the Russian annexation of Crimea. Major Anti-Maidan protests took place in other Russian speaking major cities like Donetsk, Odesa, and Kharkiv. The council of the Donetsk Oblast voted to have a referendum to decide the future of the oblast.[41]

On 3 March, a number of people started storming Donetsk Oblast administrative building, waving Russian flags and shouting ″Russia!″ and ″

far-right political organizations like Svoboda and UNA-UNSO. If the authorities failed to comply with the demands, the Oblast council reserved itself the ″right to ask for help from the brotherly people of the Russian Federation.″[43]

The pro-Russian protests in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine escalated into an armed separatist insurgency.[44][45][46] This led the Ukrainian government to launch a military counter-offensive against the insurgents in April 2014. During this war Luhansk and Donetsk, cities with a large ethnic Russian population,[47] have seen heavy shelling.[48][49] According to the United Nations, 730,000 refugees from the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts have fled to Russia since the beginning of 2014.[50] Approximately 14,200 people, including 3,404 civilians, have died from 2014-2022 because of the war.

Ruslan Stefanchuk, the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, said that there is no "Russian ethnic minority" in Ukraine and that "if these people show aggression rather than respect towards Ukraine, then their rights should be correspondingly suppressed."[51]

Discrimination

In total, according to a 2007 country-wide survey by the Institute of Sociology, only 0.5% of the respondents describe as belonging to a group that faces discrimination by language.[52]: 133–135  Furthermore, in a poll held October 2008, 42.8% of the Ukrainian respondents said they regard Russia as “very good” while 44.9% said their attitude was “good" (87% positive).[53]

Pro-Russian activists in Odesa, March 2014

According to the Institute of Sociology surveys conducted yearly between 1995 and 2005, the percentage of respondents who have encountered cases of ethnic-based discrimination against Russians during the preceding year has consistently been low (mostly in single digits), with no noticeable difference when compared with the number of incidents directed against any other nation, including the Ukrainians and the Jews.[54] According to the 2007 Comparative Survey of Ukraine and Europe only 0.1% of Ukrainian residents consider themselves belonging to a group which is discriminated by nationality.[52]: 156  However, by April 2017 in a public opinion survey conducted by Rating Group Ukraine, 57 percent of Ukrainians polled expressed a very cold or cold attitude toward Russia, as opposed to only 17 percent who expressed a very warm or warm attitude.[55]

Some surveys indicate that Russians are not socially distanced in Ukraine. The indicator of the willingness of Ukraine's residents to participate in social contacts of varying degrees of closeness with different ethnic groups (the

Bogardus Social Distance Scale) calculated based on the yearly sociological surveys has been consistently showing that Russians are, on the average, least socially distanced within Ukraine except the Ukrainians themselves.[56] The same survey has shown that, in fact, that Ukrainian people are slightly more comfortable accepting Russians into their families than they are accepting Ukrainians living abroad.[56] Such social attitude correlates with the political one as the surveys taken yearly between 1997 and 2005 consistently indicated that the attitude to the idea of Ukraine joining the union of Russia and Belarus is more positive (slightly over 50%) than negative (slightly under 30%).[57]

Russian political refugees in Ukraine

Since Dignity Revolution the Russian government dramatically increased the anti-opposition campaign which resulted in politically motivated cases against Russian liberal opposition. As a result, many notable Russians moved to Ukraine to avoid political prosecution in Russia.[citation needed]

Notable examples are

Evgeny Kiselyov
and others.

According to the statistics presented by the United Nation's Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), in 2014 approximately 140 Russians applied for political asylum in Ukraine. In the first six months of 2015 this number grew by fifty people more.[58]

In the same time Ukrainian migration policies are complicated and limit the number of Russians who can successfully apply for a refugee status.[citation needed]

Russophobia

The ultra-nationalist political party

Ukraine's government in 2014.[64] But the party lost 30 seats of the 37 seats (its first seats in the Ukrainian Parliament[65] it had won in the 2012 parliamentary election) in the late October 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election[65] and did not return to Ukraine's government.[66]

Russian language

Main article: Russian language in Ukraine

According to 2006 survey by Research & Branding Group (Donetsk) 39% of Ukrainian citizens think that the rights of the Russophones are violated because the Russian language is not official in the country, whereas 38% of the citizens have the opposite position.[67][68] According to annual surveys by the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences 43.9% to 52.0% of the total population of Ukraine supports the idea of granting the status of state language to Russian.[32] At the same time, this is not viewed as an important issue by most of Ukraine's citizens. On a cross-national survey involving ranking the 30 important political issues, the legal status of the Russian language was ranked 26th, with only 8% of respondents (concentrated primarily in Crimea and Donetsk) feeling that this was an important issue.[69]

Russian continues to dominate in several regions and in Ukrainian businesses, in leading Ukrainian magazines, and other printed media.[70] Russian language in Ukraine still dominates the everyday life in some areas of the country.

On February 23, 2014, the

official state language of all Ukraine, including Crimea which is populated by a Russian-speaking majority.[71] Repeal of the law was met with great disdain in Southern and Eastern Ukraine.[72] The Christian Science Monitor reported: "The [adoption of this bill] only served to infuriate Russian-speaking regions, [who] saw the move as more evidence that the antigovernment protests in Kiev that toppled Yanukovich's government were intent on pressing for a nationalistic agenda."[73] A proposal to repeal the law was vetoed on 28 February 2014 by acting President Oleksandr Turchynov.[74] On 28 February 2018 the Constitutional Court of Ukraine ruled the 2012 law on minority languages unconstitutional.[75]

On September 25, 2017, a new law on education was signed by President

official languages of the European Union.[76] The law faced criticism from officials in Russia and Hungary.[77]
According to the New Europe:

The latest row between Kiev and Budapest comes on the heels of a bitter dispute over a decision by Ukraine’s parliament – the Verkhovna Rada – to pass a legislative package on education that bars primary education to all students in any language but Ukrainian. The move has been widely condemned by the international community as needlessly provocative as it forces the historically bilingual population of 45 million people who use Russian and Ukrainian interchangeably as mother tongues to become monolingual.[78]

The Unian reported that "A ban on the use of cultural products, namely movies, books, songs, etc., in the Russian language in the public has been introduced" in the Lviv Oblast in September 2018.[79]

Authors

Some authors born in Ukraine who write in the Russian language, notably

Marina and Sergey Dyachenko and Vera Kamsha
, were born in Ukraine, but moved to Russia at some point. Marina and Sergey Dyachenko moved to California.

Russo-Ukrainian War

Further information: Russo-Ukrainian War

Demographics

Trends

Census year Total population
of Ukraine		 Russians %
1926 29,018,187 2,677,166 9.2%
1939 30,946,218 4,175,299 13.4%
1959 41,869,046 7,090,813 16.9%
1970 47,126,517 9,126,331 19.3%
1979 49,609,333 10,471,602 21.1%
1989 51,452,034 11,355,582 22.1%
2001 48,457,000 8,334,100 17.2%

In general the population of ethnic Russians in Ukraine increased due to assimilation and in-migration between 1897 and 1939 despite the famine, war and Revolution. Since 1991 it has decreased drastically in all regions, both quantitatively and proportionally. Ukraine in general lost 3 million Russians, or a little over one-quarter of all Russians living there in the 10-year period between 1991 and 2001, dropping from over 22% of the population of Ukraine to just over 17%. In the past 22 years since 2001, a further drop of Russian numbers has continued.

Several factors have affected this – most Russians lived in urban centres in Soviet times and thus were hit the hardest by the economic hardships of the 1990s. Some chose to emigrate from Ukraine to (mostly) Russia or to the West. Finally some of those who were counted as Russians in Soviet times declared themselves Ukrainian during the last census.[80]

The Russian population is also hit by the factors that affected all the population of Ukraine, such as low birth rate and high death rate.[81]

Numbers

2001 census showed that 95.9% of Russians in Ukraine consider the Russian language to be native for them, 3.9% named Ukrainian to be their native language.[82] The majority, 59.6%[83] of Ukrainian Russians were born in Ukraine. They constitute 22.4% of all urban population and 6.9% of rural population in the country.[83]

Women make up 55.1% of Russians, men are 44.9%.[83] The average age of Russians in Ukraine is 41.9 years.[83] The imbalance in sexual and age structure intensifies in western and central regions.[83] In these regions the Russians are concentrated in the industrial centers, particularly the oblast centres.[83]

Current demographic trends

Number of Russians by region (Oblast) per the last systematic census in 2001

Oblast Number in 2001[84] Percent in 2001
Donetsk Oblast 1,844,400 38.2
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 627,500 17.6
Kyiv 337,300 13.1
Kharkiv Oblast 742,000 25.6
Lviv Oblast 92,600 3.6
Odesa Oblast 508,500 20.7
Luhansk Oblast 991,800 39.0
Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1,180,400 58.3
Zaporizhzhia Oblast 476,800 24.7
Kyiv Oblast 109,300 6.0
Vinnytsia Oblast 67,500 3.8
Poltava Oblast 117,100 7.2
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast 24,900 1.8
Khmelnytskyi Oblast 50,700 3.6
Cherkasy Oblast 75,600 5.4
Zhytomyr Oblast 68,900 5.0
Zakarpattia Oblast 31,000 2.5
Mykolaiv Oblast 177,500 14.1
Rivne Oblast 30,100 2.6
Sumy Oblast 121,700 9.4
Chernihiv Oblast 62,200 5.0
Kherson Oblast 165,200 14.1
Ternopil Oblast 14,200 1.2
Volyn Oblast 25,100 2.4
Kirovohrad Oblast 83,900 7.5
Chernivtsi Oblast 37,900 4.1
Sevastopol 270,000 71.6

Religion

Main article: Religion in Ukraine

The majority of the Russians are Christians of the Eastern Orthodox Faith and predominantly belong to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church,[citation needed] a former Ukrainian exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, which received an ecclesiastical Autonomy from the latter on October 27, 1990.[85]

There are small minorities of

atheists.[citation needed
]

Politics

Elections

Petro Poroshenko Bloc in southern regions.[86]

Political parties whose electoral platforms are crafted specifically to cater to the Russian voters' sentiments fared exceptionally well. Until the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election several of Ukraine's elections,[87] political parties that call for closer ties with Russia received a higher percentage of votes in the areas where Russian-speaking population predominate.

Parties like the

Nataliya Vitrenko Bloc 2.93% coming closest of the small parties to overcoming the 3% barrier.[88][89]

In the

Fatherland (successor to Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc) came second with 25.54%.[92][93] The Communist Party of Ukraine raised its percentage of the votes in this election to 13.18%.[93]

In the

war in Donbas and the unilateral annexation of Crimea by Russia elections were not held in Crimea and also not in large parts of Donbas, both were before stronghold of the Party of Regions and the Communist Party of Ukraine.[98][99][100][101][102][103][104][92]

Pro-Russian movements in Ukraine

See also:
2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine

In 2014, there were political parties and movements in Ukraine that advocated a pro-Russian policy, and pro-Russian political organizations.[105][106] Many of these were opposed to Ukrainian independence and openly advocated for the restoration of the Russian Empire.[107] Few in number, they generated media coverage and political commentary.[108][109]

The actions organized by these organizations are most visible in the Ukrainian part of historic

Russophone parts of southern Ukraine (and a majority in the Crimea),[1]
these territories maintain particularly strong historic ties with Russia on the human level. Thus, a stronger than elsewhere in the country pro-Russian political sentiment makes the area a more fertile ground for the radical pro-Russian movements that are not as common elsewhere in the country.

As of December 2009 clashes between Ukrainian nationalists and pro-Russian organisations do sometimes take place.[110]

Organizations

Among such movements are the youth organizations, the

Alexander Dugin, the Moscow-based leader of the ESM and his associate Pavel Zariffulin have also been barred from travelling to Ukraine because of their involvement in the activities of these organizations, although bans have been later lifted and reinstated again.[112]

These movements openly state their mission as the disintegration of Ukraine and restoration of Russia within the borders of the former Russian Empire[107] and, reportedly, have received regular encouragement and monetary support from Russia's politically connected businessmen.[113] These organizations have been known not only for their pro-Russian activities, but have been also accused of organising massive acts of protest.[114]

Bakhchisaray, Kerch, Odesa, Kharkiv with Feodosian protesters. Others say: "The future of Ukraine is in the union with Russia", "Crimea and Russia: the strength lies in unity", "Russia – friend, NATO
– enemy", "Shame to traitors."

Some observers point out the Russian government and the Russian Orthodox Church's support of these movements and parties in Ukraine, especially in Crimea.[116] The publications and protest actions of these organizations feature strongly pro-Russian and radically anti-NATO messages, invoking the rhetoric of "Ukrainian-Russian historic unity", "NATO criminality", and other similar claims.

Some observers link the resurgence of radical Russian organizations in Ukraine with

Kremlin's fear that the Orange Revolution in Ukraine could be exported to Russia, and addressing that possibility has been at the forefront of these movements' activities.[117]

"Russian marches"

As a branch of a similar Russian organization the Eurasian Youth Union (ESM) has been organizing annual Russian Marches. The November 2006 "Russian march" in Kyiv, the capital, gathered 40 participants, but after the participants attacked the riot police, it was forced to interfere and several participants from were arrested.[118] In Odesa and Crimean cities the November 2006 "Russian marches" drew more participants, with 150–200 participants in Odesa,[118] and 500 in Simferopol[118] and went more peacefully. The marchers were calling for the Ukrainian and Russian Orthodox Church unity as well as the national unity between Russia and Ukraine. In Odesa the march of about 200 people carried anti-Western, pro-Russian slogans and religious symbols.[119][120]

Public opinion

In March 2022, shortly after the start of the

Russian invasion of Ukraine, a poll found that 82% of ethnic Russians living in Ukraine said they did not believe that any part of Ukraine was rightfully part of Russia. The poll did not involve respondents from Crimea or the separatist-controlled part of Donbas.[121] 65% of Ukrainians—including 88% of those of Russian ethnicity—agreed that "despite our differences there is more that unites ethnic Russians living in Ukraine and Ukrainians than divides us".[121]

Notable Ukrainians of Russian ethnicity

Actors

Architects

Artists and sculptors

Businesspeople

Engineers

Literature

Military

Music

Politicians

Scientists

Sportspeople

Other

See also

References

  1. ^
    2001 Ukrainian Census. Archived from the original
    on July 6, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
  2. ^ a b In the 2003 sociological survey in Kyiv the answers to the question 'What language do you use in everyday life?' were distributed as follows: 'mostly Russian': 52%, 'both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure': 32%, 'mostly Ukrainian': 14%, 'exclusively Ukrainian': 4.3%.
    "What language is spoken in Ukraine?". Welcome to Ukraine. February 2003..
  3. ^ "Why Eastern Ukraine is an integral part of Ukraine". The Washington Post.
  4. ^
    ISBN 966-7007-60-X
  5. ^ "Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Slobidska Ukraine". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. December 14, 2007. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  6. ^
    ISBN 0-8020-8390-0
    , 600
  7. ^ V.M. Kabuzan: The settlement of Novorossiya (Yekaterinoslav and Taurida guberniyas) in 18th–19th centuries. Published by Nauka, Moscow, 1976. Available on-line at Dnipropetervosk Oblast Universal Science Library, Retrieved 15 November 2007
  8. ^ 1897 Census on Demoscope.ru Retrieved on 20th May 2007.
  9. ^ Kulchitsky, Stanislav. "Імперія та ми" [Empire and we]. day.kyiv.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  10. Zerkalo Nedeli, December 4–10, 2004. In Russian Archived 2012-07-03 at archive.today, in Ukrainian Archived 2010-02-18 at the Wayback Machine
    .
  11. ^ "National Factors in Party and State Affairs – Theses for the Twelfth Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Approved by the Central Committee of the Party". URL
  12. ^ For more information, see Ukrainization in the UkSSR (1923–1931)
  13. ^ Stalin's Genocides (Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity). Princeton University Press, 2010 http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/stalins-genocides/
  14. ^ "As Stalin Starved Ukrainians, Kids Ate Each Other: Lewis Lapham". Bloomberg.com. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
  15. ^ Терлюк І.Я. Росіяни західних областей України (1944–1996 р.р.) (Етносоціологічне дослідження). – Львів: Центр Європи, 1997.- С.25.
  16. ISBN 0-7864-0336-5, Selected pages
  17. ISBN 0-313-30921-3, Selected pages
  18. ^ Directory of resources on minority human rights and related problems of the transition period in Eastern and Central Europe. Demographic Balance and Migration Processes in Crimea. Retrieved June 3, 2007
  19. ^ Our Security Predicament, Vladimir P. Lukin, Foreign Policy, No. 88 (Autumn, 1992), pp. 57–75
  20. ^
    ISBN 966-7617-65-3
  21. ISBN 978-0-521-00148-9
    (page 197)
  22. ISBN 978-0-415-17195-3
    (page 92)
  23. ISBN 1416560726
    (page 178)
  24. ^ "Tatars push to regain their historic lands in Crimea". Today's Zaman. March 31, 2006. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
  25. ^ "Донбасс: забытый референдум-1994". 12 May 2014.
  26. ^ "Киев уже 20 лет обманывает Донбасс: Донецкая и Луганская области еще в 1994 году проголосовали за федерализацию, русский язык и евразийскую интеграцию".
  27. ^ A. Dokurcheva, E. Roberova, The use of Russian language in education in CIS and the Baltics, Retrieved on 12th December 2007 Archived 2007-12-01 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ "Как соблюдается в Украине языковая Хартия?". 21 September 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  29. ^ В. В. Дубичинский, "Двуязычие в Украине?", Культура народов Причерноморья №60, Т.3, 6 – 9, (pdf)
  30. ^ a b Шестая часть киевских школьников изучает русский язык, Korrespondent.net, May 29, 2007
  31. Zerkalo Nedeli, April 29 – May 12, 2006. in Russian Archived 2007-02-17 at the Wayback Machine, in Ukrainian Archived 2007-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^
    ISBN 966-8075-61-7, (pdf Archived 2014-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
    ), p. 58
  33. ^ ГАНЕБНА ВИТІВКА Archived January 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ "На Украине разгромили помещение Российского культурного центра". ИА REGNUM. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  35. ^ Русский культурный центр во Львове расписали нехорошими словами Archived March 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ "Російський культурний центр став помаранчевий". portal.lviv.ua. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  37. ^ Чия рука тягнеться по камінь? Archived June 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ Вчинено черговий акт вандалізму на Російський культурний центр у Львові Archived January 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ "Опоганивши Російський культурний центр, Львів демонструє свою "європейськість"". 13 April 2019.
  40. ^ Lina Kushch (3 December 2013). "Donetsk view: Ukraine 'other half' resents Kiev protests". BBC News.
  41. ^ "Донецкий облсовет проголосовал за референдум". Gazeta.ua. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  42. ^ "В Донецке несколько сотен радикалов с криками "Россия" штурмуют ОГА". Gazeta.ua. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  43. ^ "Облсовет Луганская угрожает разоружить Майдан руками "братской" России". Gazeta.ua. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
  44. ^ "Ukraine crisis: Timeline". BBC News. 13 November 2014.
  45. ^ Grytsenko, Oksana (12 April 2014). "Armed pro-Russian insurgents in Luhansk say they are ready for police raid". Kyiv Post.
  46. ^ Peter Leonard (13 April 2014). "Kiev government to deploy troops in Ukraine's east". Yahoo News. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  47. ISBN 1136720731, page 140
  48. ^ "In Shell-Torn Luhansk, Food and Water Is Scarce: 'Welcome to Hell!'". Newsweek. 15 August 2014.
  49. ^ "East Ukraine city of Luhansk dying under siege, residents say". The Denver Post. 5 August 2014.
  50. ^ "About 730,000 have left Ukraine for Russia due to conflict - UNHCR". Reuters. August 5, 2014.
  51. ^ "Жодних російських нацменшин в Україні немає і не може бути – Стефанчук" (in Ukrainian). ТСН. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ... жодних російських нацменшин в Україні наразі не може бутию... Якщо цей народ не демонструє поваги, а навпаки - здійснює агресію проти України, то його права мають бути ущемлені в цій частині.
  52. ^
    ISBN 978-966-02-4352-1
    .
  53. ^ Russia, Ukraine relationship going sour, say polls, Kyiv Post (October 2, 2008)
  54. ^ See Panina, p. 48
  55. ^ [1], Brookings (October 18, 2017)
  56. ^ a b Panina, pp. 49–57
  57. ^ Panina, p. 29
  58. ^ Martin, Kerry; writer, ContributorFreelance; Brooklyn, an organizer of immigrant communities in (2016-02-17). "Russian Refugees in Ukraine: The Broken Hopes". HuffPost. Retrieved 2019-07-29. {{cite web}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
  59. ^ "Svoboda Fuels Ukraine’s Growing Anti-Semitism". Algemeiner Journal. 24 May 2013.
  60. ^ "UKRAINIAN APPEALS TO ANTI-SEMITISM IN ELECTION WIN". ICare. 11 April 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
  61. BBC Ukrainian
    (November 6, 2010)
  62. Ukrayina Moloda
    (March 17, 2009)
  63. ^ The Ukrainian Nationalism at the Heart of ‘Euromaidan’, The Nation (January 21, 2014)
  64. ^ "Ukraine's revolution and the far right". BBC News. 7 March 2014.
  65. ^ a b Ukraine election:President Yanukovych party claims win, BBC News (29 October 2012).
  66. Ukrayinska Pravda
    (2 December 2014)
  67. ^ Большинство украинцев говорят на русском языке, Podrobnosti, December 04, 2006.
  68. ^ Украинцы лучше владеют русским языком, чем украинским: соцопрос, REGNUM, December 04, 2006
  69. ^ Громадський рух – Не будь байдужим. Ще не вмерла Україна ... круглий стіл.
  70. ^ "TOLERANCE REDUCES NEED FOR RUSSIAN LANGUAGE LAW IN UKRAINE". Eurasia today. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
  71. ^ Traynor, Ian (24 February 2014). "Western nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis". The Guardian.
  72. ^ "На Украине протестуют против начатой новыми властями борьбы с русским языком". 26 February 2014.
  73. ^ Ayres, Sabra (February 28, 2014). "Is it too late for Kiev to woo Russian-speaking Ukraine?". The Christian Science Monitor.
  74. ITAR-TASS
    . 2014-03-01.
  75. ^ Constitutional Court declares unconstitutional language law of Kivalov-Kolesnichenko, Ukrinform (28 February 2018)
  76. ^ "Ukraine defends education reform as Hungary promises 'pain'". The Irish Times. 27 September 2017.
  77. ^ "Ukrainian Language Bill Facing Barrage Of Criticism From Minorities, Foreign Capitals". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 24 September 2017.
  78. ^ "Hungary-Ukraine relations hit new low over troop deployment". New Europe. 26 March 2018.
  79. ^ "Lviv region bans movies, books, songs in Russian until end of Russian occupation". Unian. 19 September 2018.
  80. ^ The Ukrainian Weekly. Oleh Wolowyna. 2001 Census results reveal information on nationalities and language in Ukraine Retrieved on May 30, 2007
  81. ^ Рождаемость в Украине самая низкая в Европе, Demoscope.ru, April 16–29, 2007 (in Russian)
  82. ISBN 966-7007-60-X
  83. ^
    ISBN 966-7007-60-X
  84. ^ "Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 - English version - Results - General results of the census - National composition of population". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  85. ^ Определение Архиерейского Собора Русской Православной Церкви 25 – 27 октября 1990 года об Украинской Православной Церкви Archived June 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  86. ^
    BBC Ukrainian (16 September 2015)
    (in Ukrainian) Party of Regions: Snake return, The Ukrainian Week (2 October 2015)
    After Ukraine’s elections, Russia has few good options by Anna Arutunyan, European Council on Foreign Relations
    (12th November, 2014)
  87. ^ Ukraine’s Parliamentary Election: What Happened? What’s Next? by Steven Pifer, Brookings Institution (October 27, 2014)
  88. ^ a b Central Election Commission of Ukraine Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  89. ^ a b Yanukovych Loses 300,000 While Tymoshenko Receives Additional 1.5 Million Archived 2008-01-11 at the Wayback Machine, Ukrainska Pravda
  90. ^ Новый состав Кабмина принят единогласно, news.mediaport.ua(in Russian)
  91. ^ (in Ukrainian)Народна депутатка з Луганська від БЮТу раніше підтримувала Віктора Януковича, Gazeta.ua (March 23, 2007)
  92. ^ a b After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions, Centre for Eastern Studies (7 November 2012)
  93. ^ a b With all party lists ballots counted, Regions Party gets 30%, Batkivschyna 25.54%, UDAR 13.96%, Communists 13.18%, Svoboda 10.44%, Kyiv Post (November 8, 2012)
  94. ^ Poroshenko Bloc to have greatest number of seats in parliament, Ukrinform (8 November 2014)
    People's Front 0.33% ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections - CEC, Interfax-Ukraine (8 November 2014)
    Poroshenko Bloc to get 132 seats in parliament - CEC, Interfax-Ukraine (8 November 2014)
  95. ^ Kharkiv, Luhansk, Zaporizhia regions prefer Opposition Bloc, Interfax-Ukraine (27.10.2014)
  96. Time magazine
    (October 27, 2014)
  97. ^ General official results of Rada election, Interfax-Ukraine (11 November 2014)
    Central Election Commission announces official results of Rada election on party tickets, Interfax-Ukraine (11 November 2014)
  98. ^ Ukraine crisis: President calls snap vote amid fighting, BBC News (25 August 2014)
  99. ^ "Ukraine elections: Runners and risks". BBC News. 22 May 2014. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  100. ^ Olszański, Tadeusz A. (29 October 2014), A strong vote for reform: Ukraine after the parliamentary elections, OSW—Centre for Eastern Studies
  101. ^ Центральна виборча комісія України - WWW відображення ІАС "Вибори народних депутатів України 2012"
    "CEC substitutes Tymoshenko, Lutsenko in voting papers". 30 August 2012. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  102. ISBN 978-3-525-36912-8
    (page 396)
  103. openDemocracy.net
    (January 3, 2011)
  104. The Jamestown Foundation (17 October 2012)
    UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again Archived 2013-05-15 at the Wayback Machine by Taras Kuzio, Oxford Analytica
    (5 October 2007)
  105. ^ "Leftist, pro-Russian extremists defy Yushchenko over history". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  106. ^ "СБУ собирается ликвидировать пророссийские радикальные организации в Крыму через суд". Новости Луганска и Луганской области. Луганские новости сегодня. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  107. ^
    Ukrayinska Pravda
    , July 18, 2006
  108. ^ Foreign Ministry to apply drastic measures in case Russian "Eurasian Union of Youth" responsible for vandalism on Hoverla mountain, The National Radio Company of Ukraine
  109. ^ MP Candidate Herman (Party Of Regions): Vandalism Act At Hoverla Beneficial To Tymoshenko Bloc, Ukrainian News Agency
  110. ^ Violence rocks Sevastopol a day after Christmas, Kyiv Post (December 28, 2009)
  111. Den
    , 13 August 2007
  112. ^ SBU singled out people responsible for Hoveral attack Archived 2008-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, Novynar, 20 October 2007
  113. ^ Андреас Умланд, Фашистский друг Витренко, Ukrainska Pravda 26.09.2006
  114. ^ 2007 РБК-Україна При штурмі СБУ в Києві арештовано 10 активістів ЄСМ 14.06.2006
  115. NEWSru.com
    , June 2, 2006.
  116. ^ The Sunday Times Once more into the valley of death? October 24, 2004
  117. Zerkalo Nedeli, March 12–18, 2005. In Russian Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, in Ukrainian Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
    .
  118. ^ a b c "Вместе с бабой – семь человек"::Киевская милиция пообщалась с участниками "Русского марша", Kommersant-Ukraine, November 6, 2006
  119. ^ ""Російський марш" в Одесі серед інших піднімав тему єдності УПЦ із Московським Патріархатом".
  120. Podrobnosti
    , November 4, 2006
  121. ^ a b "Ukrainians want to stay and fight, but don't see Russian people as the enemy. A remarkable poll from Kyiv". European Leadership Network. 14 March 2022.
  122. ^ Novinsky wins by-election to Rada in Sevastopol, according to CEC, Interfax-Ukraine (8 July 2013)
  123. ^ "Познер. Гость в студии – Николай Азаров". 1 канал. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 28 June 2012 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  124. TSN. 6 October 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help
    )
  125. ^ Микола Азаров став прем’єр-міністром (in Ukrainian). Gazeta.ua. 12 March 2010. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  126. ^ "Mykola Azarov: Yanukovych's Right-Hand Man". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 12 March 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010.
  127. ^ Wojciechowski, M. Janukowycz zmienia konstytucję Ukrainy, przedłuża sobie kadencję i podkreśla polskie korzenie. "Gazeta Wyborcza". Kiev, 02/2011.
  128. ^ "Polski Network. ''Znani Polacy współcześnie''". Polskinetwork.org. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  129. ^ Template:Be icon Бiрыла, М. В. (1966). Беларуская антрапанiмiя. Уласныя iмёны, iмёны-мянушкi, iмёны па бацьку, прозвiшчы. Мiнск: Навука i тэхнiка. с. 85–86.
  130. ^ "Oleg Blokhin: FK Moskva should be among the three prize-winners". Terrikon, News, Statistics, Fans, January 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  131. ^ https://newsland.com/user/4297702037/content/fedor-emelianenko-na-novyi-god-sdelaet-iz-iapontsa-salat-olive/4271953
  132. ^ http://kinoafisha.ua/persons/f-dor-emelyanenko
  133. ^ http://www.kp.ru/daily/25805/2785618/

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russians_in_Ukraine&oldid=1220380649"