Russkaya Pravda

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Russkaya Pravda
Kormchaia of 1282 (Novgorod
)
CreatedFrom the beginning of the 11th century
Author(s)Prince's administration.
PurposeGuidance for the princely court.

The Russkaya Pravda (Rus' Justice, Rus' Truth,

feudal division. It was written at the beginning of the 12th century and remade during many centuries. The basis of the Russkaya Pravda, Pravda of Yaroslav was written at the beginning of the 11th century. The Russkaya Pravda was a main source of Kievan Rus' law.[8][9]

In spite of great influence of

Byzantine legislation on the contemporary world, and in spite of great cultural and commercial ties between Byzantium and Kievan Rus', the Russkaya Pravda bore no similarity whatsoever to that of the Byzantine Empire. The absence of capital and corporal punishment rather reflects Norse jurisprudence.[10][11]

Editions

Copy of the "Extensive edition".[12] Beginning manuscript: "СОУДЪ ꙖРОславль ‧ володимирица⁘⁓ Правда роусьскаꙗ :" (Sudŭ Jaroslavlĭ Volodimirica. Pravda Rusĭskaja.)

Three recensions of Russkaya Pravda are known: the Short Edition (Kratkaya), the Extensive Edition (Prostrannaya), and the Abridged Edition (Sokrashchyonnaya). Over 110 extant copies dating from the 13th to the 18th centuries are preserved, included in various manuscripts: chronicles and compilations. Of these, over 100 copies, including the oldest preserved, are of the Extensive Edition.

This code was discovered by the historian

Novgorod chronicles and brought to the attention of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1738. The first commented edition of the text was published by August Ludwig von Schlözer
in 1767.

Genesis and evolution

Pravda Rus'skaya's legal regulations reflected the evolution of the social relations in the Rus' of the 11th-13th centuries. Common law, Knyaz legislation, and legal proceedings represented the basis of "RP".

The Short Edition of Rus' Justice contains two apparently distinct parts, called by researchers Pravda Yaroslava (Yaroslav's Law, ca. 1017), otherwise known as Drevneyshaya Pravda (the Oldest Justice) of Yaroslav the Wise, and Pravda Yaroslavichey (The Law by Yaroslav's sons, ca. 1054). Some indicate other distinct components of the text, possibly added later.

The Yaroslav's Law comprised legal regulations of feudal law along with the archaic regulations that could be traced back to the primitive communal system. According to a popular theory, it was promulgated in order to settle a conflict between

Varangian
population of the city.

Subsequent development and improvement of the Rus' Justice took place in times of Yaroslav's sons and his grandson

Novgorod, and Rostov-Suzdal
province in 1068–1071.

In the arising Russian state, the Pravda Rus'skaya was replaced in 1497 by the

Novgorod
.

Institutions

"Pravda Yaroslavichey" increased responsibility of a given community for killing a

moneylenders
.

Administering justice in Kievan Rus by Ivan Bilibin

The Pravda stabilized the system of feudal relations and social inequality. During 11th-13th centuries it made new laws for the smerds ("smerd" – a feudal-dependent peasant), zakups ("zakup" - a feudal-dependent peasant, who could become free after paying off his "zakup", a feudal loan), kholops ("kholop" – a feudal-dependent peasant, who could be killed or sold like a slave) etc. The Vast Edition of Pravda contains special regulations regarding the status of zakups and kholops. It also reflects the role of the court of a knyaz, by increasing and giving various forms of punishment and penalties. It instituted fines that benefited the knyaz or his administration with diminished compensation to the victims.

In an attempt to abolish the

hereditary law. The Pravda made use of witnesses, oaths and of the trial by water or iron, a kind of a last-resort test used to prove defendant's innocence or guilt in legal proceedings. The legal process also included testimony witnesses, evidence, collecting or hot pursuit
. Investigators had to check for false accusations, as well.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Pravda Russkaya / ed. by Boris Grekov. - Moscow; Leningrad: publisher of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - Vol. 3: Facsimile of the texts. - 1963. (Russian: Правда Русская / Под общ. ред. акад. Б.Д. Грекова. - М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР. Т. III: Факсимильное воспроизведение текстов. - 1963).
  2. ^ Yaroslav Padokh (1993). "Ruskaia Pravda". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 4. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  3. ISBN 9780852299616
    . Under Yaroslav the codification of legal customs and princely enactments was begun, and this work served as the basis for a law code called the Russkaya Pravda ("Russian Justice").
  4. ^ А. М. Камчатнов. Хрестоматия по истории русского литературного языка (Памятники X - XIV веков по рукописям X - XVII веков). Москва, 2009 год.
    • Русская правда древнейшей Пространной редакции по списку из пергаменной рукописи 1280 года [XIII век] Новгородской, или Климентовской, Кормчей, хранящемуся в ГИМ (Син. № 132).
    • Формат – in folio, почерк – устав, текст – в два столбца.
    • Описание: Св. к.-1, № 183.
    • Издания: Карский Е. Ф. Русская правда. Фототипич. изд. Л., 1930; Правда Русская. I. Тексты. Под. ред. Б. Д. Грекова. М.; Л., 1940.
    • Фрагменты текста приведены по рукописи, варианты – по изданиям.
    • (л. 615 в) «СОУДЪ ꙖРОславль ‧ володимирица⁘⁓ Правда роусьскаꙗ ‧»
  5. ^ А. А. Зимин. Правда русская. Монография. Москва, "Древлехранилище", 1999 год.
    • Приложения. Перечень списков Правды Русской: Пространная Правда,
    Синодально-Троицкая группа: Синодальный вид:
    • 1(8). С — Синодальный I список. 80-е годы XIII века. — ГИМ. Синод. № 132.
  6. ^ By Troitzky manuscript (second half of the 15th century): «Суд Ярослава Владимеричь, Правда Руськая»
  7. ^ Руська Правда. Тексти на основі 7 списків та 5 редакцій. Склав та підготував до друку проф. С. Юшков. Видавництво Української Академії Наук. Київ, 1935
  8. ^ Yushkov, Serafim. Course of the History of State and Law of the USSR. - Moscow: Yurizdat (Juridical Publisher), 1949. - Vol. 1: Social and Political System and Law of Kievan State. - 542 p. (Russian: Юшков С.В. Курс истории государства и права СССР. – М.: Юриздат, 1949. – Т. I: Общественно-политический строй и право Киевского государства. – 542 с..
  9. ^ Zimin, Aleksandr. Pravda Russkaya. - Moscow: Drevlekhranilische ("Archive"), 1999. – 421 p. (Russian: Зимин А.А. Правда Русская. – М.: Древлехранилище, 1999. – 421 с.).
  10. ^ Orest Subtelny (2009). The Ukraine: A History. p. 16.
  11. ISBN 9781848447257
    .
  12. ^ Pravda Russkaya / ed. by Boris Grekov. - Moscow; Leningrad: publisher of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - Vol. 3: Facsimile of the texts. - 1963. (Russian: Правда Русская / Под общ. ред. акад. Б.Д. Грекова. - М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР. Т. III: Факсимильное воспроизведение текстов. - 1963).

Some editions

  • English translation of Short Russkaya Pravda by Daniel H. Kaiser Archived 17 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine: Source: The Laws of Rus' - Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries, tr., ed. Daniel H. Kaiser (Salt Lake City: Charles Schlacks Publisher, 1992), 15-19.
  • English translation of Vast Russkaya Pravda by Daniel H. Kaiser Archived 17 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine: Source: The Laws of Rus' - Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries, tr., ed. Daniel H. Kaiser (Salt Lake City: Charles Schlacks Publisher, 1992), 20-34.
  • Main edition: Pravda Russkaya / ed. by Boris Grekov. - Moscow; Leningrad: publisher of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - Vol. 1: Texts. - 1940. Vol. 2: Commentaries. - 1947. Vol. 3: Facsimile of the texts. - 1963. (Russian: Правда Русская / Под общ. ред. акад. Б.Д. Грекова. - М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР. - Т. I: Тексты. - 1940; Т. II: Комментарии. - 1947; Т. III: Факсимильное воспроизведение текстов. - 1963).
  • Memorials of Russian Law / ed. by Serafim Yushkov. Issue 1: Memorials of Law of Kievan State of the 10th-12th centuries / Aleksandr Zimin. - Moscow: Gosyurizdat (State Juridical Publisher), 1952. - 287 p. (Russian: Памятники русского права / Под ред. С.В. Юшкова. – М.: Госюриздат, 1952. – Вып. I: Памятники права Киевского государства X–XII вв. / Сост. А.А. Зимин. – 287 с.).

Some references

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