Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) | |||||||||
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Part of Russo-Persian Wars | |||||||||
Peter the Great's fleet | |||||||||
| |||||||||
Belligerents | |||||||||
Kingdom of Kartli[1] | Safavid Iran | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Shah Tahmasp II | |||||||||
Strength | |||||||||
Russian Army: 61,039[8] | Unknown | ||||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||||
36,664 Russian army deaths[8] | Unknown |
The Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723, known in Russian historiography as the Persian campaign of Peter the Great,[9] was a war between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran, triggered by the tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions and to prevent its rival, the Ottoman Empire, from territorial gains in the region at the expense of declining Safavid Iran.
The Russian victory ratified for Safavid Iran's cession of their territories in the
The territories remained in Russian hands for nine and twelve years, when respectively according to the Treaty of Resht of 1732 and the Treaty of Ganja of 1735 during the reign of Anna Ioannovna, they were returned to Iran.
Background
Before the war, the nominal Russian border was the
In 1721, rebellious
Preparations
Between 1714 and 1720, several Russian sailors had mapped the
Campaign
All dates old style used in Russian accounts of the time, followed by the new style (N.S.) modern equivalent, 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar.
Phase One (1722)
The flotilla arrived at the mouth of the Sulak on 27 July 1722 (August 7 N.S.) and Peter, carried ashore by four boatmen, was the first to disembark. There, he learned that some of his cavalry had been defeated by Kumyks and Chechens at Endirey. Peter responded with a punitive expedition using Kalmukh troops. He went south and camped at what later became Petrovsk. On August 12 (August 23 N.S.), he made a state entry into Tarki, the capital of the Shamkhalate of Tarki, where the ruler received him as a friend. Next day, he headed south to Derbent, the flotilla following coastwise. He sent envoys to the next major ruler, the Sultan of Utemish. Sultan Mahmoud Otemishsky[16] killed the envoys and gathered about 16,000 men at Utemish to bar the way. The mountaineers fought valiantly, but could not withstand the disciplined infantry. Utemish was burned and all the prisoners hanged in revenge for the murder of the envoys. On learning of this, the Khan of Derbent offered Peter the keys to the city on August 23 (September 3 N.S.). Derbent is at a narrow point on the coastal plain and has long been considered the northern gateway to Iran. While in Derbent, Peter learned that the flotilla had been caught in a storm and most of the supplies lost. Since there was no possibility of resupply this late in the season, he left a strong garrison at Derbent, marched back to the Terek River, took ship to Astrakhan and, on December 13 (December 24 N.S.), made a triumphal entry into Moscow.
Phase Two (1722/23)
Before leaving Astrakhan, Peter, on 6 November (17 November N.S.), sent Colonel Shipov and two battalions south to occupy the Iranian city of
After a long siege on 26 June 1723 (7 July 1723 N.S.) General Matyushkin took the Iranian town of Baku and soon Shirvan to the west and then the three Iranian provinces on the south coast of the Caspian Sea. On September 12 (September 23 N.S.), the Russians and Iranians made a treaty in which the Russians would drive out the Afghans and restore Shah Tahmasp to the throne in return for the cession of Derbent, Baku and the three south coast provinces. Next year, Prince Meshchersky went to Iran but was unable to secure ratification and was almost killed.
The war was formally concluded by the
Aftermath
The war was a costly war for both sides in different measures. Iran had lost swaths of its territories, while Russia had suffered large human losses. The campaign proved costly; of the 61,039 men who took part, 36,663 did not return.
Peter was determined to keep the newly conquered Iranian territories in the
In 1732, on the eve of the Russo-Turkish War, the government of Empress Anna Ioannovna, Peter's successor, returned many of the annexed territories to Iran as a part of the Treaty of Resht, to construct an alliance with the Safavids against the Ottoman Empire.[17] By the 1735 Treaty of Ganja, the remaining territories were returned, including Derbent, Baku and Tarki, and Iran was again in full possession of its territories in the North and South Caucasus and in contemporary northern Iran. The Russian troops nevertheless had not evacuated from the Iranian provinces until 1734.[18]
As The Cambridge History of Iran adds, "perhaps the only long-term consequence was the consciousness on the part of Russia's rulers that their armies had once marched beyond the Caucasus, that the Russian flag had flown over the southern shore of the Caspian Sea."
However, the sequel was additionally disastrous for the Georgian rulers who had supported Peter's venture. In eastern Georgia,
See also
References
- ^ Персидский поход 1722-23
- ^ a b c d "722". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- ^ a b "Кумыкский мир". Archived from the original on 28 October 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- ^ a b Официальный сайт администрации Табасаранского района Населенные пункты Archived 2012-11-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Treaty of St Petersburg (1723), Alexander Mikaberidze, Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. I, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 850.
- ISBN 9639776173p 86
- ^ "lekia.ru". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fisher et al. 1991, p. 321
- ^ Elena Andreeva, Russia and Iran in the Great Game: Travelogues and Orientalism, (Routledge, 2007), 38.
- ^ Axworthy 2010, p. 42.
- ^ a b c Fisher et al. 1991, p. 316.
- ^ a b Sicker 2001, p. 48.
- ^ Axworthy 2010, p. 62.
- ^ Matthee 2005, p. 28.
- ^ Atkin 1980, p. 4.
- ^ Персидский поход Петра Великого: Низовой корпус на берегах Каспия (1722—1735) / И. В. Курукин; Науч. ред. к.и.н. Т. А. Коняшкина; МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова, Институт стран Азии и Африки. — М.: Квадрига, Объединенная редакция МВД России, 2010
- ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 729.
- ^ Langaroudi, EIr; Langaroudi, R. Rezazadeh (2009). "GĪLĀN vi. History in the 18th century". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 6. pp. 642–645.
- Allen, W.E.D.(1950). "Two Georgian Maps of the First Half of the Eighteenth Century". Imago Mundi, Vol. 10: 99.
Sources
- Atkin, Muriel (1980). Russia and Iran, 1780–1828. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816656974.
- ISBN 978-0857721938.
- Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. Cambridge: ISBN 978-0521200950.
- Matthee, Rudolph P. (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500–1900. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691118550.
- Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0275968915.
- Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
- The Armenian Rebellion of the 1720s and the Threat of Genocidal Reprisal
- [1]
- Dunlop, John B. (1998), Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict, ISBN 0521636191.