Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) | |||||||||
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Tsardom of Russia Cossack Hetmanate |
Poland–Lithuania | ||||||||
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The Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667, also called the Thirteen Years' War,
The Commonwealth initially suffered defeats, but it regained its ground and won several decisive battles. However, its plundered economy was not able to fund the long conflict. Facing internal crisis and civil war, the Commonwealth was forced to sign a truce. The war ended with significant Russian territorial gains and marked the beginning of the rise of Russia as a great power in Eastern Europe.
Background
The conflict was triggered by the
Although the Zemsky Sobor of 1651 was poised to accept the Cossacks into the Moscow sphere of influence and to enter the war against Poland–Lithuania, the Tsar waited until 1653, when a new popular assembly eventually authorized the protectorate of Ukraine with Tsardom of Russia. After the Cossacks ratified the agreement at the Pereiaslav Council, the Russo-Polish War became inevitable.
Invasion of the Commonwealth
In July 1654 the Russian army of 41,000 (nominally under the Tsar, but in fact commanded by Princes
.The Russian position at Smolensk was endangered as long as
In the meantime, Prince
Thereupon the Tsar's troops in December swarmed over
by the end of the year.Campaign of 1655
In the winter and spring of 1655, (Prince) Radziwill launched a counter-offensive in Belarus, recapturing Orsha and besieging Mogilyov. This siege continued for three months with no conclusion. In January, Sheremetev and Khmelnitsky were defeated at the Battle of Okhmativ, while a second Polish army (allied with the Tatars) crushed a Russian-Ukrainian contingent at Zhashkov.
Alarmed by these reverses, the Tsar hastened from Moscow and at his instigation a massive offensive was launched. The Lithuanian forces offered little effective resistance and surrendered
Elsewhere, Prince
Armistice and campaign against Vyhovsky
The Russians advance into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth led to the kingdom of Sweden
The Tsar concluded with Sweden the advantageous
An uprising arose in the
Russian forces stunned at Konotop tried to renegotiate a peace treaty on any terms. However, the change of powers within the Cossack Hetmanate reflected the amount influence of the Russian foreign policy in Ukraine and reassured voivode Trubetskoi. Trubetskoi invited Khmelnytsky to renegotiate.
Advising by starshyna not to rush it Yuri Khmelnytsky sent out
Arriving there Khmelnytsky discovered that he was ambushed.
End of the war
In July 1662, the Right-Bank forces of
Towards the end of 1663, the Polish-Lithuanian King crossed the Dnieper and invaded
Peace negotiations dragged on from 1664 until January 1667, when
In addition to the territorial changes from the war, this conflict sparked major changes in the Russian military. While the Russian army was still a "semi-standing, mobilized seasonally", this conflict moved it along the path toward a standing army, laying the groundwork for Russian military successes under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great.[8]
This war, occurring during a time known as the Deluge, was a major negative outcome for the Polish nation. While Poland had been able to regain some of its lost territories, in the long-term it greatly weakened and left Poland increasingly vulnerable to Russian incursions. The country found itself unable to prevent the future Partitions of Poland, in which Russia took a major part.[9]
List of battles in chronological order
- This section needs expansion with: more battles from the Polish and Russian wikipedia's. You can help by adding to it. (January 2024)
Polish victory - 12
- Russian victory - 8
- Another result - 2
Notes
- ^ Polish sources testify that he died near Mogilev in 1665 , killed by meal during lunch. Russian sources say that he died in Moscow.
References
- ^ Овсій, Іван Олексійович. Зовнішня політика України від давніх часів до 1944 року: навч. посібник для студ. гуманітар. спец. вищих закладів освіти / І. О. Овсій . — Київ: Либідь, 1999. — 238 с. Дата обращения: 20 августа 2017. Архивировано из оригинала 13 октября 2017 года
- ISBN 978-1-139-50444-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.
- ^ Wojna moskiewska R. 1654-1655. Warsaw: Kubala,Ludwik. 1910.
- ^ a b (in Polish) Kubala L. WOJNA MOSKIEWSKA. R. 1654–1655. SZKICE HISTORYCZNE, SER.III, WARSZAWA, 1910: Chapter VII, Bitwa pod Szkłowem i pod Szepielewiczami Archived 2015-07-01 at the Wayback Machine also available as John III Sobieski (King of Poland) (1845). Ojczyste spominki w pismach do dziejów dawnéj Polski: diaryusze, relacye, pamiȩtniki ... Tudzież listy historyczne do panowania królów Jana Kazimierza i Michała Korybuta, oraz listy Jana Sobieskiego. J. Cypcer. pp. 114–115. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
- ^ Грамоты из переписки царя Алексея Михайловича с Богданом Хмельницким в 1656 г.
- ^ Babulin, I. (2015). Kanevskaya bitva 16 ijulya 1662 goda. Zabytaya pobeda [Battle of Kanev July 16, 1662 Forgotten victory] (in Russian). p. 41.
- S2CID 19755686. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
- ^ "557lec3&4Decline&PartitionsofPoland". acienciala.faculty.ku.edu.